Forensics Chapter 7

What is biometrix?

A cutting edge form of access control that accurately and efficiently identifies humans through the use of biological and behavioral trait

Which physiological biometric trait is Used the most and the least?

Fingerprints: most cost-effective, widely used, and easy to install (similar to hand and vein scans) Retina and Iris scans: more secure, but expensive Facial scans: least accurate form

The FBI has been integrating biometric technology into their new identification system. In 2014, The Next Generation Identification (NGI) system replaced the ______________

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System. Which contains seven focal points.

This template is known as an

IrisCode

who created the iris code?

John Daugman

Who created Eigenfaces

Matthew Turk and Alex Pentland in 1990

The majority of biometric systems can be split into two different groups.

Physical biometrics and behavioral biometrix

Facial recognition techniques

Principal Component Analysis , Linear Discriminant Analysis, and Elastic Bunch Graph Matching.

What is one of the most complex and important components of a biometric system?

The feature extraction module

What are two main functions of biometrics?

The first function is biometric matching or verification and the second relates to access control through biometric identification.

T or F Facial recognition works in tandem with the FBI's fingerprint system.

True

two categories of facial recognition

appearance-based and model-based facial recognition

The NGI system provides a _________ selection of resources and information for law enforcement agencies across the country.

broader

the main component for an iris scanner is a

camera

Biometric identification allows you to

create and store databases of biological traits and compare them to the individual attempting to gain entry into a device or facility. ex facial recognition

Eigenfaces is

creates matrices of human faces and uses complex equations to create individual features. Facial recognition has become a fully active increment of the NGI system.

Data is collected through a sensor and it is then sent to a ______________ Different set-ups are used utilizing different types of equipment (like NIR (Near infrared) cameras, wavelength cameras, or a sensitive microphone). Basically it clears up inaccuracies like noise or blurry aspects of images

data acquisition module

Once the information completes its runs through a

data preprocessing module

The enrollment process, captures a person's biometric data and stores it in a

database for later use.

After enrollment the second step is

extraction

In addition to the IPS, the FBI has an internal unit called Facial Analysis, Comparison, and Evaluation (FACE) Services that provides

face recognition capabilities, among other things, to support active FBI investigations. , FACE Services contains civil photos from state and federal government databases, such as visa applicant photos and selected states' driver's license photos. The total number of face photos available to FACE Services in all searchable repositories is over 411 million.

After data processing model next step is

feature extraction

The extraction module is responsible for Every system uses different equations and algorithms to judge unique characteristics

finding patterns in the traits extracted by the sensor by using mathematical equations.

physiological biometrics, which contains:

fingerprints, hand scans, iris scans, retina scans, and facial scans. Used the most. Fingerprints: most cost-effective, widely used, and easy to install (similar to hand and vein scans) Retina and Iris scans: more secure, but expensive Facial scans: least accurate form

behavioral biometrics, which is much less stable and includes:

handwriting, voice, keystroke, and gait recognition. Used infrequently. More experimental. Handwriting is most common. Gait is not very accurate.

Interstate Photo System (IPS)

has a database containing 30 million front-facing mugshot photos of individuals to be used for facial recognition analysis. Over 80 percent of the photos in IPS are criminal.

Biometric matching allows you to

identify someone out of a crowd by scanning select biometric characteristics into a database

FBI has implemented the NPPS, what is the NPPS?

national palm print service

iris codes use a

polar coordinate system to map information found in a particular individuals iris

first new NGI increment will be known as the

rap back service

voice recognition system, the data processing module would

remove any background noise from a recorded entry

template generation model

responsible for saving all raw data produced by feature extraction and putting into simple to read formats for the system

Iris biometrics is replacing _______________ because it is an all around better technology and more functional for both law enforcement and business security. The eye is one of the most common means of identification. The Iris is unique and remains unchanged throughout life.

retina biometrics

The template generation module is responsible for saving all of the raw data produced by feature extraction and putting it into a

simple and easy to read format for the system. Basically a template is made representing one person.

The first process that each biometrics system must perform is known as

the enrollment process.

facial scans are

the most innacurate form of biometrics

Template module allows you

to compare a user to the rest of the data for the purpose of determining whether a match exists. Basically this allows the new template to be compared to all templates stored in a database or multiple databases.