Foundations of Modern Psych Exam 3

Horney's Neurotic Needs

"Moving Toward People" (compliant) need for approval; depend on other • "Moving Against People" (aggressive) need for power, status; exploit other • "Moving Away from People" (detached) need for space, distance; avoid other

Franz Anton Mesmer

(1734-1815) introduced the application of hypnosis to the treatment of emotional disturbances through "animal magnetism; Viennese physician who was part scientist, part showman; became known as the "Father of Hypnosis"; believe the human body contained magnetic force that operated like the magnets used by physicists; this animal magnetism was capable of penetrating objects and acting on them from a distance, and also cure nervous disorders by restoring the equilibrium between the patent's magnetic levels and levels of prevalent in the environment; was popular in Paris and patients often experience convulsions or trances and woke up miraculously cured; fled to Switzerland when an investigating commission reported unfavorably on his work

Benjamin Rush

(1745-1813) first psychiatrist to pen a formal practice in the US; also signer of the Declaration of Independence; established the first hospital that was devoted solely for the treatment of emotional disturbances; working in the mechanistic tradition, he believed everything could be explained in terms of physical aws and fitted within scientific, ration structure; practiced bloodletting or pumping blood into them; developed a rotating chain that would spin patients unconscious, dunked patients in icy water, credited with the first sedating technique

Phillipe Pinel

(1745-1825) French physicians; considered mental illness to be a natural phenomenon treatable by the methods of natural science; released patients from their chains and treated them decently, taking time to listen to their complaints; maintained precise case history files and data on cure rates; following his example, chains were struck from patients in Europe and the US and the scientific study of mental illness became widespread; inspired Dorothea Dix who petitioned state legislators in the US to mandate humanitarian treatment for the mentally ill

Adolph Quetelet

(1796-1874) Belgian mathematician; convinced that statistics provided an insight into human behavior and the understanding of society; first to use statistical methods and normal curve of distribution with biological and social data; the normal curve had not bee applied to human variability until he showed the measures of height taken from 10,000 subjects approximated the normal curve

Francis Galton

(1822-1911) hax extraordinary intelligence; began medical training at Birmingham General Hosptial at 16; studied mathematics under Isaac Newton; cousin of Charles Darwin; in Hereditary Genius, he argued individual greatness or genius occurred within families far too often to be explained solely by environmental influences; founded the science of eugenics; wrote more than 30 papers on problems of inheritance; he was impressed by Quetlet's data and assumed the bell curve would hold for mental characteristics; he suggested any large set of measurements or values of human characteristics could be meaningfully described by 2 numbers: the average value of the distribution (the arithmetic mean) and the dispersion or range of variation around this average value (standard deviation); his work in statistics yield one of science's most important measures: the correlation; originated the concept of mental tests assuming that intelligence could be measured in terms of a person's sensory capacities and that the higher the intelligence, the higher the level of sensory functioning; established his Anthropometric Lab in 1884; worked on the diversity of associations of ideas and reaction time; his investigation of mental images marks the first extensive use of psychological questionnaire

Jean Martin Charcot

(1825-1893) head of neurological clinic at Salpetriere, a Paris hospital for insane women; has some success treating hysterical patients but means of hypnosis in medical terminology, making them more acceptable to the French Academy of Science; his work was primarily neurological, however, emphasizing physical disturbances such as paralysis; ______'s student Pierre Janet continued his work, and they both helped change the focus of psychiatrists from somatic (physical) to psychic (mental) POV; proposed the psychological trauma associated with hysteria was revealed in the patient's dreams

G. Stanley Hall

(1844-1924) received the first American doctoral degree in psychology; claimed to be the first American student in the first year of the first psychology lab; began the first psych lab in the US and first American psychology journal; first president of Clark University, invited Freud and Jung to speak at the 20th anniversary of Clark University in Mass in 1909; organizer and first president of the APA; one of the first applied psychologists; established first psychology department in US at Johns Hopkins in 1883; Wundt's book Physiological Psychology aroused ____'s interest in the new science; gave lectures about the psychological study of children being a major component of the teaching profession; established the laboratory of psychophysiology in 1883; founded the American Journal of Psychology in 1887, the first psychology journal in the US; ____ made Clark University more receptive to women and minority students; the first African American to earn a PhDin psych, Francis Cecil Sumner, studied under _____; his work was governed by the conviction that the normal growth of the mind involved a series of evolutionary stages; used questionnaire sin his research; responsible for the recapitulation theory

Sigmund Freud

(1856-1939) believed he administered the third shock to the collective human ego by proclaiming that we are not the rational rulers of our lives but are under the influence of unconscious forces of which we are unaware and over which we have little, if any, control; had read all of Darwin's work and written notes in the margins, praising them to colleagues Francis Galton; much of ______'s theory is autobiographical, deriving from his own childhood experiences; he was convinced that in cocaine he had discovered a miracle drug that would cure everything, eventually switching from using cocaine to drinking wine; received his MD in 1881 and established a practice as a clinical neurologist; Charcot alerted _____ to the role of sex in hysterical behavior; he retained catharsis as a treatment method and developed from it the technique of free association, through which he found his patients' memories reached back to their childhoods, and many of the repressed experiences they recalled concerned sexual issues; came up with the seduction theory and then went back on it; he became a textbook example of his own theory when his sexual frustration surfaced in the form of neuroses; ______'s self analysis resulted in the publication of The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) now considered his major work; spoke at Clark Uni in 1909 and received an honorary doctorate in psychology; got mouth cancer and then the Nazis denounced psychoanalysis; freud's discover of his patients' resistances led him to formulate the fundamental principles of repression; believed all mental events, even dreams, are predetermined, and that nothing occurs by chance or free will

Alfred Binet

(1857-1911) developed the first truly psychological test of mental ability; discovered psychology and studied on his own after recovering from a nervous breakdown at 22; initiate the era of modern intelligence testing; believed assessing cognitive functions such as memory, attention, imagination, and comprehension would provide a more appropriate measure of intelligence; investigated intellectual tasks that children could master at different ages with psychiatrist Theodore Simon; from this constructed a 30 problem intelligence test in ascending order of difficulty focused on 3 cognitive functions: judgment, comprehension, and reasoning

Karl Pearson

(1857-1936) developed the current formula for calculating the correlation coefficient (the ______ product-moment coefficient of correlation) with Galton encouragement; the symbol for the correlation coefficient r is taken from the first letter of the word regression, in recognition of Galton's discover of the tendency of inherited human traits to regress toward the mean

James McKeen Cattell

(1860-1944); promoted a practical, test-oriented approach to the study of mental processes; his psychology was concerned with human abilities rather than content of consciousness (closer to being a functionalist); became interested in psychology as a result of his experiences with drugs; studied under Wundt and returned to work in his lab in 1883, conducting his own "American" research and teaching Wundt to use a typewriter; working with Francis Galton, developed the order-of-merit ranking method & both emphasized using statistics in psychology; worked for UPenn and Columbia, where during his career more doctorates in psych were awarded than any other graduate school in the US; introduced the term mental tests

Hugo Munsterberg

(1863-1916) studied under Wundt; powerful consultant to business and government leaders; honored professor at Harvard and elected president of both APA and American Philosophical Association; founder of applied psychology in US and Europe and one of only 2 psychologist ever accused of being a spy; moved from Germany to America; his book Psychotherapy (1909) described techniques for treating a variety of mental disorders; promoted clinical psychology by describing specific ways in which disturbed people could be helped; was against Prohibition, expressing the position that alcoholic beverages in moderation could be beneficial; was supportive of women such as Mary Whiton Calkins, but declared women should not be trained for careers because it took them away from home; published On the Witness Stand in 1908 about the psychological factors that can affect a trial's outcome; also a promoter of industrial psychology

Charles Spearman

(1863-1945) British psychologist who theorized that a general factor of intelligence, g, is present in varying degrees in different human abilities; earned his PhD from University of Leipzig under Wundt; his attempt to establish general, fundamental laws of psychology was based on his statistical work in determining correlations among mental abilities; Because measures of seemingly different mental abilities consistently indicate correlations, he concluded that the prevalence of positive correlations must result from the general factor, g

Henry Goddard

(1866-1957) presented the French translated to English version of Binet's IQ test to American psychologists in 1908 & proposed psychologists conduct examinations on immigrants coming into Ellis Island using his translation of the Binet Simon intelligence test; the only undefeated head football coach at the University of Southern California; called his translation of the intelligence test the Binet-Simon Measuring Scale of Intelligence; At Ellis Island, in spite of the huge handicap of the test being administered in English to people with poor command of English, his evidence from the tests were later used to support federal legislation restricting the immigration of racial and ethnic groups assumed to be inferior in intelligence

Lightner Witmer

(1867-1956) began the field of clinical psychology and opened the world's first psychology clinic in 1896; interested in assessing and testing learning and behavioral problems in schoolchildren; founded an experimental clinic in 1896; offered the first college course on clinical psychology & started the first journal Psychological Clinic, which he edited for 29 years; was a consultant to public schools; worked under Cattell and was eventually chosen as his successor; studied with Wundt and Kulpe and was classmates with Titchener;

Walter Dill Scott

(1869-1955) first person to apply psychology to personnel selection, management, and advertising; author of the first book The Theory and Practice of Advertising (1903) in the field and first hold the title of professor of applied psychology; founder of the first psychology consulting company and first psychologist to receive the Distinguished Service Medal from the US Army when he helped them select military personnel for WWI; argued that because consumers don't act rationally, they can be easily influenced by advertising; also believed women were more easily persuaded than men; for selecting the best employees; devised rating sales and group tests to measure the characteristics of people who were already successful in those occupations; defined intelligence in practical terms such as judgment, quickness, and accuracy

Robert Woodworth

(1869-1962) constructed the Personal Data sheet when the army expressed interest in separating out neurotic recruits, which was a self report inventory on which respondents were instructed to check the nervous system that applied to them, served as a prototype for future group tests

Alfred Adler

(1870-1937) early disciple of Freud; developed a theory in which social interest plays a major role and he is the only psychologist to have a string quartet named for him; had pneumonia an rickets in childhood; started out as a ophthalmology and received his medical degree from University of Vienna in 1895; Freud named Adler president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society in 1910; served as a physician in the Austrian army during WWI & later organized child guidance clinics for the Vienna school system; during the 1920 his social psychological system individual psychology attracted many followers; was appointed professor of medical psychology at New York's Long Island College of Medicine; believed human behavior is determined by social forces, not biological instincts; proposed social interest, defined as an innate potential to cooperate with others to achieve personal and societal goals; focused on conscious rather than unconscious determinants of behavior & emphasized the unity and consistency of personality; believed in equality for the sexes and supported the women's emancipation movements of the day; proposed a generalized feeling of inferiority as a major motivating force in behavior, as it was in her own life, failure to compensate can leader to development of an inferiority complex; believed we have the capacity to determine our own personality in accordance with our unique style of life; studied personality and birth order (first born dethroned by second, second born pacemaker, youngest never dethroned, many role models, only children oedipal fixation)

Carl Jung

(1875-1961) developed a word association test to determine personality complexes in his patients; early disciple of Freud, but unlike the others, had established a professional reputations before associating with Freud, after their friendship disintegrated in 1914, he developed his analytical psychology, which opposed most of Freud's work and included persona, animus and anima, psychological types (extravert vs introvert; sensing vs intuiting, thinking vs feeling), collective unconscious, and achetypes; also had a rough childhood; graduated with a medical degree from University of Basel in Switzerland in 1900; worked in mental hospital in Zurich and was appointed lecturer in psychiatry at University of Zurich; was troubled when writing The Psychology of the Unconscious bc he realized her did not agree with orthodox psychoanalysis; became the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1911; had troubling dreams and documented them in The Red Book; warned female disciples that sooner or later they would fall in love with him; defined libid as a generalized life energy of which sex was only a part of and that extroverts direct libido outside the self and introverts direct it inward; believed we are shaped by the past but also our goals, hopes, and aspirations for the future; said there was 2 levels of unconscious, the personal and collective; discover that the archetypes that occur most frequently and that are the most important in shaping our personality are the person, the animal, and the animus, the shadow, and the self, with the self being the most important; believed personality differences were expressed through thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting

Lewis M Terman

(1877- 1956) developed the version of Binet's intelligence test that has since been the standard, naming it the Stanford-Binet test after the university he was affiliated with; adopted the concept of the intelligence quotient; studied with G. Stanley Hall; later wrote the revised version of the Stanford Binet test, widely known as the Terman-Merrill test, with Maude Merrill James in 1937; gathered norms on california schoolchildren to create the Stanford Binet; interested in giftedness; longitudinal study of gifted children from california public school: the "termites"

Harry Hollingworth

(1880-1956) teacher at Barnard College & research for Coca Cola when the company was on trial in 1911 against it's legal use of caffeine; insistence on high ethical standards of research; conducted 40 days of research involving 64,000 measurements on sensory, motor, and mental skills under conditioned providing various doses of caffeine; found no harmful effects or significant declines in performance and Coca Cola won the case; performed applied research for a number of companies; ex. Wrigley's chewing gum finding positive benefits of; determining more effective advertisement for firearms manufacturer

Melanie Klein

(1882-1960) her theories about the development of a child's inner world transformed psychoanalysis and have had a deep and far-reaching impact; rooted in Sigmund Freud's thinking but asserted that all human beings relate to others from birth and, consequently the transference in psychoanalytic treatment is always alive and active; joined the Berlin Psychoanalytical Society in 1921, beginning to analyze young children; noticed that their play and the toys they used carried important symbolic meaning for them, and that this could be analyzed much in the same way as dreams could be analyzed in adults; work demonstrated that her psychoanalytic technique of understanding and interpreting anxieties, especially fear linked with aggressive impulses, could free up the patient and enable further exploration of their inner worlds

Karen Horney

(1885-1952) early feminist who trained as a Freud psychoanalyst in Berlin; she described her work as an extension of Freud's system; through self analysis she concluded that by studying medicine and engaging in promiscuous sexual behavior, she was acting more like a man than a women; from 1914-1918, she took orthodox psychoanalytic training at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute, where she later became a faculty member and began private practice; in 1932, she went to the US as associate director of the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis; founded the American Institute of Psychoanalysis and Association for Advancement of Psychoanalysis; founded the American Journal of Psychoanalysis; disputed Freud's view that personality depends on unchanging biological forces and denied the preeminence of sexual factors, challenged the validity of the Oedipal theory, and discarded the concepts of libido and the 3 part structure of personality; she did accept unconscious motivation and the existence of emotional, non-rational motives; argued men are motivated by womb envy, that they're jealous of women for their ability to give birth; basic anxiety, the feeling a child has of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile word, is a fundamental concept of ______'s system, and believed it arises from parent child relationship; believed nothing in a child's development was universal; everything depended on social, cultural, and environmental factors; first woman to present a paper on the topic of feminine psychology at an international psychoanalytic congress; his neurotic needs detail characteristics solutions to basic anxiety: "moving toward people" (compliant) need for approval, depend on others; "moving against people" (aggressive) need for power, status; exploit others; "moving away from people" (detached) need for space, distance; avoid others

Leta Hollingworth

(1886-1939) using the empirical techniques of the new functional psychology, Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley and ___ ____ demonstrated that Darwin and other were wrong about women; completed her PhD with Cattell at Columbia in 1908; held teaching positions but was not permitted to teach in public schools bc she was married; conducted extensive empirical research on the variability hypothesis, the idea that for physical, psychological, and emotional functioning, women were a more homogenous and average froup than men and showed less variation; challenged the concept of an innate instinct for motherhood and questioned the idea that women could find satisfaction only through bearing children; made significant contributions to clinical, education, and school psychology, especially the educational and emotional needs of gifted children (coining this term)

Harry Stack Sullivan

(1892-1949) American psychiatrist who developed a theory of psychiatry based on interpersonal relationships; his theory of psychiatry says people differ by their reoccurring interpersonal situations, believed that anxiety and other psychiatric symptoms arise in fundamental conflicts between individuals and their human environments and that personality development also takes place by a series of interactions with other people; security operation: habitual patterns of relating, transfers from parent to significant others; made substantial contributions to clinical psychiatry, especially the psychotherapy of schizophrenia, and suggested that the mental functions of schizophrenics, though impaired, are not damaged past repair and can be recovered through therapy

David Wechsler

(1896-1981) American psychologist and inventor of several widely used intelligence tests for adults and children; earned his PhD from Columbia in 1925; In 1939 he produced a battery of intelligence tests known as the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. The original battery was geared specifically to the measurement of adult intelligence, for clinical use. He rejected the idea that there is an ideal mental age against which individual performance can be measured, and he defined normal intelligence as the mean test score for all members of an age group; the mean could then be represented by 100 on a standard scale; created the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children in 1949 and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in 1955, and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence in 1967

Gordon W. Allport

(1897-1967) born in rural Indiana; older brother Floyf became a famous social psychologist; traveled to Europe to visit Freud; got his PhD from Harvard in 1922; taught the first course in personality; professor at Harvard until he died in 1967; founder of trait concept in personality psychology; traits as "bio-psycho-social" tendencies that reside within the person; emphasis on study on normal persons; major and minor traits; importance of development; personality as the "life story" of individuals; his functional autonomy approach favored emphasis on the problems of the adult personality rather than on those of infantile emotions and experiences

David Shakov

(1901-1981) considered the father of contemporary clinical psychology; gave meaning to the Scientist-Practitioner Model of graduate training for clinical psychology, or the Boulder model, which was adopted by the APA in 1949; provided leadership in espousing the view that the clinical psychologist's role is that of both scientist and practitioner in the mental health field; one of only two persons honored by the American Psychological Association with two of its most prestigious awards: the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award and the Distinguished Professional Contribution Award

Carl R Rogers

(1902-1987) developed person-centered therapy & advanced a personality theory based on a single motivational factor similar to Maslow's concept of self-actualization; ideas derived from his person-centered therapy to those treated at university counseling centers; believed personality is shaped by the present and how we consciously perceive it; at 22 while attending a Christian student conference in China, he finally freed himself from his parents' fundamentalist code and adopted a more liberal philosophy of life for himself; received his PhD in clinical and education psych in 1931 from Columbia; spent 9 years at the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children; taught at Ohio State University and University of Chicago; believed the greatest motivating force in personality is the drive to actualize the self; the primary requisite for development of psychological health is unconditional positive regard in childhood; to him, psychologically healthy or fully functioning persons have the following qualities: an openness to and appreciation of all experience, tendency to live fully, ability to be guided by instances, sense of freedom, high degree of creativity, continual need to maximize potential

John Bowlby

(1907-1990) psychoanalyst that believed mental health and behavioral problems could be attributed to early childhood; his evolutionary theory of attachment suggests children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with other; the concept of monotropy says child needs to attach to one main figure; suggests there's a critical period for developing attachment at 2.5 year and if not during this time, it may not happen at all; his maternal deprivation hypothesis suggests continual disruption of attachment could result in long term cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties; believed an internal working model is a cognitive framework comprising mental representation for understanding world, self and others and is based on relationship with primary caregiver

Abraham Maslow

(1908-1970) been called the spiritual father of humanistic psychology; he had emotionally distant and abuse parents that influenced his work in psychology; went to Cornel and University of Wisconsin; deeply affected by a parade he saw in NY after the surprised attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbor, resolving to devote himself to developing a psychology that focused on the highest human ideals; in his view, each person possesses an innate tendency towards self actualization; his hierarchy of needs are proposed in the order they must be satisfied: physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, and self actualization; wrote Motivation and Personalty in 1954

Mary Ainsworth

(1913-1999) developmental psychologist perhaps best known for her Strange Situation assessment and contributions to the area of attachment theory; elaborated on Bowlby's research on attachment and developed an approach to observing a child's attachment to a caregiver; identified three major styles of attachment that children have to their parents or caregivers: secure, anxious avoidant, anxious resistant

Albert Ellis

(1913-2007) born in Pittsburgh; got his PhD from Columbia in 1947; trained in psychoanalysis; wrote many books on human sexuality; wrong Reason & Emotion in Psychotherapy in 1962; responsible for Rational Emotive Psychotherapy, later changed to Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) with aimed to address the behaviors and belief systems of a client; founded the Institute for Rational Living in 1959; His strong opinions on theology, sexual relations, and therapeutic diagnoses led to several books and heated debates among religious therapists and his peers

Timothy Leary

(1920-1996) got his PhD in 1950 from Berkeley; taught at Berkeley and Harvard; developed interpersonal circumplex model to measure Sullivan's concepts; did research with LSD and Psilocybin; He concluded that psychedelic drugs could be effective in transforming personality and expanding human consciousness; Along with psychologist Richard Alpert (later Ram Dass), he formed the Harvard Psilocybin Project and began administering psilocybin to graduate students; he also shared the drug with several prominent artists, writers, and musicians; fired from Harvard in 1963; counterculture hero, in prison from 1973-1976

Jeanne and Jack Block

(1922-1981) met at Stanford, took courses together; collaborative efforts leading to their dissertations where they formulated notions of ego control and ego resiliency, reflecting a Lewinian take on psychodynamic theory; initiated a longitudinal study of personality development. This "Block and Block" Project provided material for research on a variety of topics, including parenting effects, delay of gratification, and various cognitive styles; ego-control and ego-resiliency: Ego-control measures the degree to which an individual has the ability to delay gratification in service of future goals, under controllers act spontaneously; over controllers are more likely to plan for the long term; Ego-resiliency refers to the ability to moderate one's typical level of control to accommodate new circumstances; there are also 3 kinds of kids according to the Blocks: undercontrolled (low ego, low resilience); overcontrolled (high ego, love resilience); and resilient (moderage ego, high resilience)

Walter Mischel

(1930-2018) best known for his study of delayed gratification known as the "marshmallow test"; got his PhD from Ohio State in 1956 and was a professor at the University of Colorado, Harvard, and Stanford; began a study on delayed gratification—the ability to abstain from instant but less-desirable outcomes in favor of deferred but more-desirable outcomes. The experimenter seated preschool-age children alone at a table with a desired treat such as a marshmallow and, before exiting the room, presented them with a choice: either (1) to ring a bell to call the researcher back and, upon his return, consume the single marshmallow or (2) to wait until the researcher's voluntary return and be rewarded with not one but two marshmallows. While some children were unable to wait a full minute ("low delayers"), others were able to wait up to 20 ("high delayers") by employing various distraction techniques (e.g., covering their eyes with their hands, singing, and turning around in their chairs) to avoid looking at the tempting object; follow up studies showed high delayers achieved greater academic success

Jerry Wiggins

(1931-2006) American personality and clinical psychologist known for developing scales to assess the traits in the circumplex model, writing and editing texts on personality theory and psychometrics and for developing measures of interpersonal behavior; simplified Leary's interpersonal circumplex; arguing that trait terms specify different kinds of ways in which individuals differ; was most concerned primarily with interpersonal traits and carefully separated these from other categories of traits

George Vaillant

(1934-) well known for his extensive work on defense mechanisms. Many consider his work on defense mechanisms an extension of the pioneering efforts of Sigmund Freud, who introduced the concept of defense mechanisms; graduated from Harvard Medical School and then received his psychoanalytic training in Freudian psychology at the Boston Psychoanalytic Institute; took Freud's defense mechanisms and added some of his own and organized then into four levels, or hierarchies, ranging from the unhealthiest responses to ego anxiety (level 1) to the healthiest (level 4); believes that the use of lower lever defense mechanisms reflects significant emotional impairment in the person using them. This impairment decreases with each level to the point that people using level 4 defense mechanisms can actually see admirable outcomes

Mihaly Csikszentmihaly

(1934-2021) proposed the concept of "flow" and one of the co-founders of the field of positive psychology; studied how people obtained flow state and focused on athletes and artiest; worked with Seligman to develop a focus on happiness, well-being, and positivity with a goal of creating a field focused on human well-being and conditions that enable people to flourish and live satisfying lives; wrote Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience in 1990

Martin Seligman

(1942-) introduced the science of happiness into American psychology, thereby precipitating another school of thought, not particularly happy guy; APA president in 1998; earned his PhD in 1967 from UPenn; Seligman's call for positive psychology received an extremely enthusiastic response; found those who earned more money said they were more satisfied with their lives than those who earned less, however, positive feelings such as joy, happiness, subjective well being, were less dependent on money and more dependent on such factors as feeling respected, being in control of one's life, and having close friends and family; subjective well being improves with age, except among people with serious health problems or physical limitations in old age; married people report higher levels of happiness; people who score high on measures of subjective well being are also high in self efficacy internal locus of control, a strong desire for control over one's life, self esteem, self acceptance, self determination, extraversion, and conscientiousness; research indicated happiness comes first and leads to behaviors that result in success; suggested "flourishing" was a better word than "happiness" or "well being" to describe people who stand at the top of teh happiness scale; said happiness alone is not enough to give life full and deep meaning; positive psych keeps focus on empirical research; origins in behavioral paradigm, but ideologically similar to humanism

Paul Costa and (Robert) Jeff McCrae

(~1942 -) created the five factor model/ theory of personality; initially proposed a factor called openness, and then added agreeable and conscientiousness; together they developed the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) to measure neuroticism, extraversion, and openness, later revised to include agreeableness and conscientiousness both work in the Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, Gerontology Research Center and work collaboratively on many research projects; the five factor stand up well when measures against other tests, including the list of human needs proposed by Henry Murray

vail conference

1973 conference sponsored by APA to address demand for psychologists; offered alternative to Boulder Model; scholar -professional concept; broad study of psychological science, emphasis on technique and applications; no dissertation requirement for Psy D; professional schools

manifest, latent

2 levels of dreams: _____ content -> recalled events ; ____ content -> hidden/symbolic meaning (not all have this)

Tripartite Model

A model that describes three roles that parents can play in their children's development: interactive partner, direct instructor, and provider of opportunities.

flourishing

According to positive psychologists, the state of being free from mental illness and also living an enthusiastic, meaningful, and effective life; Seligman defines as top of the happiness scale; 10-18% of world's population

Cattell, Terman, Hathaway

Assessment peeps of clinical psychology

mental age concept of IQ

Binet and Simon defined this as the age at which children of average ability could perform specific tasks; ex. If a child of chronological age of 4 passed al lthe tests mastered by the sample average of 5 year olds, than that 4 year old child's mental age is 5; Lewis Terman developed the version of the test used today at Stanford, naming it the Stanford-Binet test; the IQ measure, defined as the ratio between mental age and chronological age, has originally been developed by William Stern

no

Does psychoanalysis believe in free will?

babylonians, greek philosophers, christians

Early inhuman approaches to mental disorders: ___ magic & power; _____ ____ -> persuasive & healing words; ______ -> evil spirits, torture, execution

oral, anal, phallic, latency, puberty

Freud's 4 psychosexual stages of development

free association

Freud's technique; patient lies on a couch and is encouraged to talk openly and spontaneously, expressing every idea no matter how embarrassing or foolish; Freud's goal was to bring into conscious awareness repressed memories or thoughts, which were assumed to be the source of the patient's abnormal behavior

Anna Freud

Freud's youngest daughter; leader of neo-Freudian ego psychology; Freud practiced analysis on her himself; she devoted her life to development and extension of psychoanalysis theory and its application to the treatment of emotionally disturbed children, developing an approach to psychoanalytic therapy with children that took into account their relative immaturity and level of verbal skill; she revised orthodox psychoanalytic theory to expand the role of the go functioning independently of the id; was arrested and detained by Nazis in 1938 when they went into Austria

recapitulation theory

Hall's idea that the psychological development of children repeats the history of the human race, evolving from a near-savage state in infancy and childhood to a rational, civilized human being in adulthood; apart of Adolescence: Its Psychology, and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education;

Binet-Simon Scales

Henry Goddard's translation from French to english of the intelligence test; an intelligence test consisting of 30 problems arranged in ascending order of difficulty and focused on 3 cognitive functions: judgment, comprehension, and reasoning

sexual, life, death

How did the Great War inspire Thanatos? Human drives are not just _____ ; ___ drive and _____ drive

hysteria

Janet rejected the opinon that this was a physical problem and conceived of it as a mental disorder caused by memory impairments, fixed ideas, and unconcious forces; Charcot proposed that the psychological trauma associated with ___ revealed in the patient's dreams; Janet said the causes of ___ were contained in dreams, and he used dream analysis as a therapeutic tool; in 1895, Freud and Breur published Studies on _____, the book making the formal beginning of psychoanalysis; in it contained Freud's conviction that sex was the sole cause of neurotic behavior

personal, collective

Jung's 2 levels of the unconscious mind: ____ unconscious: reservior of material once was conscious but as been forgotten; and ____ unconscious: the deepest level of the psyche, containing inherited experiences of human and prehuman species

Archetype

Jung's concept; inherited tendencies within the collective unconscious that dispose a person to behave similar to ancestors who confronted a similar situation; persona is the mask we wear when we come in contact with people; anima is fem qualities in men; animus is masc qualities in women; shadow is our darker self; self is more important and integrates and balances all aspects of the unconscious

Infant attachment categories

Mary Ainworth's categories; classification by the Strange Situation; Ainsworth concluded that there were three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active; said you cannot move up the hierarchy without achieving the previous step

neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness

Personality traits, the big 5

normal curve

Quetelet was the first to use statistical methods and the ___ __ of distribution with biological and social data; the ___ __ had been used in work on distribution of measurement and error in scientific observation, but it had not been applied to human variability until Quetlet showed the measures of height taken from 10,000 subjects approximated on the ___ ___; his phrase l'homme moyen (the average man) expressed the finding that most physical measurements cluster around the average or center of the distribution, and fever are found toward the extreme

Association for Psychological Science (APS)

The professional psychological organization formed in 1988 when an academic-scientific contingent broke off from the APA. Goals of the APS include advancing the discipline of psychology, preserving its scientific base, and promoting public understanding of the field and its applications.

happiness

____ comes before success

learned helplessness

a phenomenon in which repeated exposure to uncontrollable stressors results in individuals failing to use any control options that may later become available; first described in 1967 by Overmier and Seligman after experiments in which animals were exposed to unavoidable shock later failed to learn to escape the shocks when in a different apparatus

interpersonal circumplex

a psychological model for conceptualizing, organizing, and assessing interpersonal motives, dispositions, and interactions; defined graphically by two orthogonal axes (which means two lines - one up and down, one side to side); 1. The vertical (up and down) axis reflects agency (who has the power: dominance to submissive range); 2. The horizontal (side to side) axis reflects affiliation (do I want to be with this person or move away from them: friendly to hostile); Wiggin's simplified Leary's model to say all social behavior can be represented by 2 dimensions: dominance as in status seeking, need for control, power motives and warmth as in nurturance seeking, need for affection, affiliation motives

mesmerism

a therapeutic technique popularized in the late 18th century by Franz Anton Mesmer, who claimed to effect cures through the use of a vitalistic principle that he termed animal magnetism. The procedure involved the application of magnets to ailing parts of a patient's body and the induction of a trancelike state by gazing into the patient's eyes, making certain "magnetic passes" over him or her with the hands, and so forth. Variants of mesmerism remained popular for much of the 19th century, when they were gradually superseded by hypnosis; in England, ___ was given a new name and greater credibility when physician and surgeon James Braid called the trancelike state neurohypnology, from which the term hypnosis was eventually derived

objects relation theory

a variation of psychoanalytic theory that diverges from Sigmund Freud's belief that humans are motivated by sexual and aggressive drives, suggesting instead that humans are primarily motivated by the need for contact with others—the need to form relationships; aim is to help an individual in therapy uncover early mental images that may contribute to any present difficulties in one's relationships with others and adjust them in ways that may improve interpersonal functioning"object" in the grammatical sense; mental concepts of self and others; good and bad objects (Melanie Klein), "splitting" of good and bad objects; separation-individual process; important concept of transference in psychotherapy; attachment theory (John Bowlby)

Freudian slip

a verbal mistake that is thought to reveal an unconscious belief, thought, or emotion

ego development stages

also called Valiant's Developmental Hierarchy; infantile: young children, psychosis-> denial, regression; immature: adolescence, personality disorders-> projection, displacement; neurotic: common in everyone-> rationalization, reaction formation; mature: healthiest adults-> sublimation, humon

Philosophical speculations about unconscious psychological phenomena; early idea about treating mental disorder; evolutionary theory

antecedent influences on psychoanalysis

ego mechanisms of defense

anxiety induced tension, which motivates the individual to take some action to reduce it; the ego develops ____ __ _____, which are unconscious denials or distortions of reality, such as denial, displacement, shifting, projection, attributing, rationalization, reinterpreting, reaction, expressing, regression, retreating, repression, denying, sublimation, or altering; in Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936), Anna clarified the ____ _____ as they operate to protect the ego from anxiety

psychoanalysis

arose within the traditions of medicine and psychiatry from attempts to treat persons labeled by society as mentally ill; subject matter is psychopathology, primary method is clinical observation rather than controlled laboratory experimentation; deals with unconscious; developed a revolt against the somatic orientation; rejected bc of unconscious vs consciousness, abnormal vs normal, clinical case studies vs experiments, medical training as a pre requisite, problem of falsifiability, and problem of parsimony; goal is to overcome repression and resistance, bring unconscious to consciousness

Adult attachment styles

based on John Bowlby's attachment theory; secure: positive self, positive others; preoccupied: negative self, positive others; detached: positive self, negative others; fearful: negative self, negative others; Researchers Main and Solomon added a fourth attachment style known as disorganized-insecure attachment.3 Numerous studies have supported Ainsworth's conclusions and additional research has revealed that these early attachment styles can help predict behaviors later in life

hawthorne effect

behavior changes as a result of being studied; workers are motivated by management attending to their needs; informal social organizations in the workplace affect productivity most; collaborative team approaches; new science of organization behavior; stemmed from Western Electric company plant in Chicago study of productivity factors conducted by Henry A. Landsberger

Boulder conference

conference from which the Boulder Model, or scientist practitioner model, emerged from held in August of 1949 sponsored by the U.S. Veterans Administration and the National Institute of Mental Health: 2 week meeting of 73 members of the APA; 70 resolutions were adopted; core knowledge and skills; practicum and internship training; research dissertation; "scientist-practitioner" model the concept underlying university training of doctoral clinical (or other applied) psychologists in the United States that is intended to prepare individuals both to provide services and to conduct research on mental health problems

rational-emotive therapy

created by Albert Ellis; original version of cognitive therapy; epictetus: men are distrubed not by things but by views which they take; A-B-C model' irrational behavior as a causal factor in emotional disturbance; disputing techniques; an approach that helps you identify irrational beliefs and negative thought patterns that may lead to emotional or behavioral issues; Once you've identified these patterns, a therapist will help you develop strategies to replace them with more rational thought patterns.

client centered therapy

created by Carl Rogers; also known as person centered therapy; places the responsibility for improvement on the person or client rather than the therapist, as in psychoanalysis, Rogers assumed that people are able to consciously and rationally change their thoughts and behaviors from undesirable to desirable; people are motivated by growth and impeded by "conditions of worth; more than 400 college counseling centered based on Roger's ___ ___ therapy were established under the auspices of Vetermind Administration to help returning veterans adjust to civilian life after WWII; warmth and positive regard; active listening; mirroring of thoughts and affects; no judgment or advice

Army Alpha and Beta tests

created by Yerkes and Arthur Otis; Yerkes assembled a staff of 40 psychologists to develop a group intelligence test; during WWI, Yerkes assembled a staff to develop a group intelligence test to assess recruits, classify them, and assign them suitable tasks; Otis noticeably contributed the multiple choice type question for the test; most of the actual testing happened after the war ended, and Yerkes found more Americans were illiterate than previously thought

Anthropometric Laboratory

established by Galton in 1844 at the International Health Exhibition and later moved to London's South Kensington Museum; during the 6 years the lab remained active, Galton collected data from more than 9,000 people; after paying a small admission fee, people would pass down the length of a table of anthropometric and psychometric measurements and be assessed by an attendant who recorded the data on a card; his data later proved reliable and information on developmental trends for childhood, adolescence, and maturity within the population tested

peak experiences

first described by William James; a mystical state; ineffable, noetic, transient, passive; a tremendous intensification of any of the experiences in which there is loss of self or transcendence of it; don't have to be self actualized to have them but if you are, you are more likely to have more of these experiences; ex. Problem centering, intense concentration, intense sensuous experience, self-forgetful and intense enjoyment of music or art

third force

focuses on inner needs, happiness, fulfillment, the search for identity, and other distinctly human concerns. It consciously attempted to address issues neglected by behaviorists and Freudians; never as concerned with research as it was with the meaning and purpose of human existence; Faced in the 1940s and 1950s with a choice between (1) Freudian theory, with its emphasis on unconscious sexual motives, and (2) behaviorism, which refused to deal with mental processes, increasing numbers of American psychologists chose neither. They began looking for a third alternative; In the early 1960s, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and several other psychologists proclaimed an alternative; didnt continue bc none of the students wanted to become professors, all went into counseling therapy

pearson product-moment coefficient

formula for calculating the correlation coefficient created by Karl Pearson; the symbol r is taken from regression in recognition of Galton's discovery of the tendency of inherited human traits to regress toward the mean

eugenics

founded by Francis Galton; Galton wanted to improve the inherited qualities of the human race; if people of considerable talent were selected and mated generation after generation, the result would be a highly gifted human race; he proposed the development of intelligence tests to choose exceptional men and women designated for selective breeding, and he recommended that those who scored high be offered financial incentives for marrying and producing children

self-actualization

in Maslow's view, each person possesses an innate tendency toward this; this date involved the active use of all our qualities and abilities, the development and fulfillment of our potential; to become this, we must first satisfy needs that stand lower in an innate hierarchy; each need must be satisfied in turn before the next need can motivate us; ___-____ers share the following tendencies: an objective perception of reality; a full acceptance of their own nature; a commitment and dedication to some kind of work; simplicity and naturalness of behavior; a need for autonomy, privacy, and independence; intense mystical or peak experiences; empathy with and affection for all humanity; resistance to conformity; a democratic character structure; an attitude of creativeness; a high degree of what Adler termed social interest

mental tests

introduced by Cattell in an article published in 1890; tests dealing primarily with elementary sensorimotor measurements, including dynamometer pressure, rate of movement (how quickly the hand can move 50cm), 2 point skin sensitivity threshold, amount of pressure on the forehead necessary to cause pain, just noticeable differences in judging weights, reaction time for sounds, and time for naming colors; Cattell concluded tests of this type of were not valid predictors of college achievement or, by assumption, intellectual ability (similar results to Titchener's lab)

American Psychological Association (APA)

organized in 1892 largely through G. S. Hall's efforts, at his invitation, a dozen psychologists met in his home to plan the organization, and elected him the first president; by 1900, the group included 127 members; controlled by the academic branch of psychology; changed the membership requirements in 1919, candidates for membership had to have published experimental research, this eliminated the possibility of membership for many applied psychologists and many women psychologists

Psychic approach

promoted emotional or psychological explanations for abnormal behavior

flow

proposed by Mihaly Csikszentmihaly; optimal conscious experience; intrinsic motivation; deep engagement in an activity; activity provides immediate feedback; highly challenging BUT within one's ability level; universal and occurs across all classes, genders, ages, and cultures, and it can be experienced during many types of activities; one of life's highly enjoyable states of being, wrapping us entirely in the present, and helping us be more creative, productive, and happy

Freud, Rogers, Ellis

psychotherapy peeps of clinical psychology

hypnosis

state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion; started with mesmer; charcot gave it medical terms which helped reputation; Janet said hysteria was a mental disorder and hypnosis could be a treatment; somatic -> psychic treatment

industrial psychlogy

the primary focus of ____ ___ during the 1920s was the selection and placement of job applicants, matching the right person with the right job; Munsterberg was a promoter of this, he embarked on this work in 1901 with an article titled "Psychology and the Market" which covered several areas to which psychology could contribute to: vocational guidance, advertising, personnel management, mental testing, employee motivation, and the effects of fatigue on monotony on job performance; Munsterberg argued the best way to increase job efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction was to select workers for positions that matched their mental and emotional abilities

transference

the process by which a patient responds to the therapist as if the therapist were a significant person (such as parent) in the patient's life; Anna O or Bertha Pappenheim, the young lady whose case became pivotal to the development of psychoanalysis, did this with the love she felt for her father, for her therapist, Josef Breur, whom treated her under hypnosis

Catharsis

the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions; before Freud

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive; developed from Seligman's learned helplessness theory; redirects focus on pathology and maladjustment; attributional (explanatory) styles; optimism and pessimism -> effects on healthy and longevity; character strengths and virtues

emmanuel movement

the trend toward the psychic approach to mental illness was fostered in the US by thi, which argued for the use of psychotherapy; by focusing on the benefits of talk therapy, its promoters made the public and medical community aware of the importance of psychological factors as potential causes of mental illness; begun by Elwood Worcester, rector of the Emmanuel Church in Boston; the talk therapy sessions, for individuals and groups, were conducted by religious leaders of several denominations; they relied heavily on the power of suggestion and moral authority of clergy in urging proper course of behavior for patients; although the movement was embraced enthusiastically by the public, the medical community and clinical psychologists such as Witmer and Munsterberg strongly opposed the ideas od ministers acting as psychotherapists

positive regard

the unconditional love of a mother for her infant; Rogers emphasized the importance of the mother-child relationship as it affects the child's growing sense of self; if the mother satisfies the infant's need for love, then the infant will ten d to become a healthy personality

Somatic Approach

the view that bodily continuity is necessary and sufficient for you to persist through time; held that abnormal behavior had physical causes suc has brain ;esions, under stimulated nerves, overly tight nerve, or too little or too much blood

objective, neurotic, moral

three types of anxiety