Foundations Test 2
Four areas of gymnastics:
- military (national preparedness) - medical (therapeutic healing) - pedagogical (educational) - aesthetics (expression of feelings)
Key point: Early Athenians
emphasized Greek ideal, boys attended wrestling schools and music schools, girls had no physical training, adult males trained physically at gyms
Key point: English sports
emphasized for upper-class boys for learning values and believed in "playing the game for the game's sake", British amateur sport ideal
Hitchcock's system
emphasized health through required exercises with light apparatus
Key point: Spartans
emphasized military supremacy, boys and girls trained physically
Colonial Americans
engaged recreationally in bowling, sleighing, fox hunting, horse racing, hawking, cockfighting, rounders, cricket, and boxing
Riding of modern Pentathlon
equestrian show jumping, involves jumping 12 hurdles (15 jumps) with over a length of 350 to 450 meters
Attainable
establish a challenging, yet realistic, path to achieving the goal
Specific
establish a definite goal that is important and write it down
YMCA
established a training school to prepare physical directors for developing the all-around man
Key point: Johann Basedow
established school for boys based on the naturalistic principles from Rousseau
Tournaments of Middle Ages
favorite amusements of people Grand tourney or melee Joust
Anthropometrics
find the average, ideal college male using age, weight, height, chest girth, arm girth, forearm girth, lung capacity, and pull-ups
Shooting of modern Pentathlon
fire 20 shots within 40 seconds each from a 10 meter distance using a 10 meter air pistol and stationary targets
Who were the speakers of the Boston Conference on Physical Training?
for the German system, Sargent system, Hitchcock's program
Physical Activity of Puritans
forbid frivolous activities
What was unique about Danish gymnastics?
formalized exercise on command with no individual expression allowed
William Anderson
founded two normal schools for physical education and was pivotal in establishing the Association for the Advancement of Physical Education
Physical Activity of Virginians
fox hunting, horse racing, hawking, cockfighting
In the Late Athenian Era, military successes in Persian Wars led to...
freedoms, individualism, and self-confidence
Volunteer activities
gaining experiences related to a potential career are invaluable ways to learn which and to what degree activities are personally rewarding and enjoyable
Edward Hitchcock
give lectures on health, led the light gymnastics program for students, and used anthropometrics to find the average, ideal college male at Amherst College
The Military Gymnastic Institute was...
government financed and the first normal school for physical education
Competitors and spectators of the Olympic games were...
guaranteed safe passage (truce) through warring city-states (up to 40,000)
Key point: Renaissance
health stressed to overcome epidemics, embraced the classical ideal of "a sound mind in a sound body"
How often were the Olympic games?
held ever 4 years in honor of Zeus and Olympic Council of gods
Franz Nachtegall established what in 1799?
his private gymnasium based on the ideas of GutsMuths
English Sports:
movement in the public schools for upper-class boys students worked toward (and were) the highest ideal of British sportsmanship
What was the theme of Danish Gymnastics?
nationalism
Were there any women allowed in the Olympic games?
no, except for those who were in charge of the sacrifices
Catherine Beecher
offered calisthenics, a course of exercises designed to promote health and thus to secure beauty and strength, esp for females
Zeus
olympic games developed to honor him
Fencing of modern Pentathlon
series of one-touch bouts with each competitor using epee swords with a single touch deciding each match
Timely
set a specific time limit so you will know that the price to be paid will be worth it when the goal is accomplished
Modern Pentathlon
shooting fencing swimming riding running
Shinny
similar to hockey
Grand tourney or melee
similarities to war with many men fighting with real weapons
Campus Martius and military camps
training for military (running, jumping, swimming, javelin, fencing, archery, riding, marching)
Charles Beck
turner and friend of Friedrich Jahn, was the first teacher of Round Hill School established an outdoor gymnastics area translated Jahn's book; taught German gymnastics to school
Key point: Homeric Era
upper-class males, who were warriors, competed in funeral games in boxing, chariot racing, wrestling, foot racing, and throwing the javelin and discus
Amateur Athletic Union
'check the evils of professionalism and promote amateur sport'
Timeline of important events with males in Early Athenian Era:
- 18: became citizen - bw 18-20: subject to military service (had to be ready for war)
Regulations for the Olympic games:
- Greek citizen - be from any social class - train for 10 months - train last month at Olympia under judges supervision - pledged an oath of fair play - competed in the nude
What books did Johann Friedrich GutsMuths write?
- Gymnastics for the Young (1792): foundation for physical education - Games (1796): 105 games classified with skills
Development of the Greek Ideal:
- Man of Action - Man of Wisdom - emulated Greek gods who were believed to have superior intellect and physical capabilities
National Strength and Conditioning Association
- NSCA-Certified Personal Trainer - Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist - Certified Special Population Specialist
Attitudes toward Sports held by students in public schools:
- a "public school" type boy was more a product of sports and games than of books and scholastic training - physical fitness was not valued, instead, if one engages in sports, he will be fit, sports are just a part of life - sports were played by those less specialized, the level of expertise will be lower - skills are seldom practiced because sports skills will be learned by playing - mostly played bw houses with few spectators - masters acted as coaches - upper-class males believed in "playing the game for the game's sake" - sports believed to teach socialization skills, leadership, loyalty, cooperation, sportsmanship, self-discipline, and initiative
Timeline for pursuing an internship or job: third year in college
- add entries about academic achievements and collegiate experiences to resume - meet with internship advisor - participate in majors club in area of interest - attend job fairs or career events and seek out internships - attend meeting of state, regional, or national profession organization to begin networking for internships - explore internship opportunities online, print media, or campus resources - investigate college's program for connecting students with alumni for internships - attend seminars offered by career development center
Ideals depicted through Greek Athletics in Pan-Hellenic Festivals:
- appreciation of aesthetics of beauty of movement - beautiful body matched with beautiful deeds - respect for courage and endurance - reverence for the gods - emphasized honor, modesty, and fair play - opposed one-sided development - love of competition- man against man for superiority, not for records
List some sports played by Native Americans:
- archery - baggataway (lacrosse) - canoeing - fishing - footraces - shinny - swimming
Renaissance main elements:
- artists depicted the human body as revelation of beauty - health stressed to overcome epidemics - embraced classical ideal of "a sound mind in a sound body"
Amateur athletics on track and field:
- athletic clubs, that emphasized track and field, offered sport competitions for their upper-class male members - 1868: New York Athletic Club founded - Athletic club began to pay top athletes to compete for their clubs
Activites of squire:
- attended the knight or lord of castle as a valet and bodyguard - served his meals - assisted him in battle - cleaned his armor - learned knightly arts of riding, swimming, archery, climbing, jousting, wrestling, fencing, courtly manners - learned responsibilities of knighthood
What sports were introduced? (men's amateur athletics)
- baseball (1744 in England, 1839 in US) - cycling (late 1800s) - tennis (from England) - golf (from Scotland) - cricket and croquet clubs - *1891*: basketball - 1896: volleyball
Roles of the boys growing up in Spartan Era:
- bw ages 7-20: stayed in barracks training for military, in companies of 64 boys with one leader and later in 4 companies or a troop, discipline was *severe* - bw 20-30: in military - age 30: became citizens and married - bw 30-50: males trained boys in barracks
Focus of Middle Ages:
- chivalry - knightly training
Characteristics of Native American Sports:
- closely aligned with social, spiritual, and economic aspects - gambling was widespread - sports varied by tribe
Timeline for pursuing an internship or job: fourth year in college
- complete advanced courses in major - attend meeting of state, regional, or national professional org to begin networking with other professionals - participate in majors club - prepare letters of application for internships and make contacts with potential internship sites - complete internship application process and attend internship orientation meeting - add entries about academic achievements and collegiate experiences, complete resume - complete mock job interview - continue to network at career events and job fairs - identify and ask individuals who will be willing to write letters of recommendation
Why should I get certified?
- confirms attainment of a high level of competence and achievement of professional standards - demonstrates that fundamental knowledge and skills associated with job responsibilities have been learned - shows willingness and commitment to enhance career preparation - provides potential clients and general public with quality control measure that reassures them of proven level of competence - enables potential employers to differentiate among applicants
What took place in the Early Athenian Era:
- developed into a liberal, progressive, and democratic city-state - Greek Ideal of unity of the Man of Action and the Man of Wisdom - Athenian education
Catharine Beecher
- director of Hartford Seminary for Girls (1824) and founder of Western Female Institute (1837) - Calisthenics - principles from Per Henrik Ling's Swedish gymnastics - one of first to actively struggle to establish physical education as part of school curriculum on a daily basis - developed home exercise programs that women could participate in - improved vanity, vitality, improving health to become best wife and mother
What took place in the Spartan Era:
- early years they had freedoms and cultural activities - Man of Action later took over with emphasis on military supremacy - state controlled life and education - girls were trained at home in gymnastics to bear healthy children boys were raised at home until age seven and trained by mothers
Physical Therapy
- employment opportunities - exceptional salary - feasible work-life balance - job security - fast growing job - high demand - unemployment rates are low - state licensed - health care professional - helps patients obtain highest level of function after experienced some sort of medical or health-related issue - devise multiple approaches to help reduce pain and restore function - master's bachelor's degrees
Events in the Olympic games:
- footraces - wrestling - pentathlon - boxing - chariot racing - horse racing - pancratium - boys' events - races in armor
What occurred during Roman Republic:
- freedoms for people under aristocratic oligarchy, more democratic - moral and military training (sup to intellectual attainment) - goal to become citizen-soldier - Campus Martius and military camps - ages 17-47 could be drafted for war - when not training or fighting, males and females were spectators at festivals
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn created:
- half-holiday excursions in natural setting (based on GutMuths' ideas) - 1810: Turnplatz (outdoor exercising ground) with vaulting bucks, parallel bars, climbing ladders and ropes, balance beams, running track, wrestling ring - physical education was means, not end (hope of German freedom lay in the development of strong, sturdy, fearless youth for national regeneration)
How to gain experience with a career:
- internships - volunteer activities (helping with special olympics, community projects, or as a research or lab assistant) - working in intramurals, with sport clubs, or as a sportswriter with your college newspaper) - officiating - youth sport coach - obtain a certification
Timeline for pursuing an internship or job: first year in college
- learn about available resources on campus (advisors) - talk with professors about majors and careers - make appointment at career development center to assess yourself - participate in extracurricular club or activity related to career - begin file of activities and experiences for resume - apply for part-time or summer job related to career
British Amateur Sport Ideal:
- learned moral values such as sportsmanship and teamwork, through sports - showed an upper-class snobbishness toward competing against those who might violate the amateur tradition - developed muscular Christianity
What happened in Roman Empire?
- loss of individual freedoms - lessened emphasis on military prowess - hired mercenaries after Romans had established the Empire - accompanied by a decay of morals
Games and festivals in Roman Empire
- maybe as frequently as 250 days of the year - stages for spectator entertainment for political purposes
What was the difference between Athenian education between boys and girls:
- moral (character) training at home for both boys and girls - girls at home got no intellectual and practically no physical training
Importance of Internships:
- more extensive learning experiences - benefit from extensive hands-on experiences - obtain better preparation for employment - gain a competitive edge when seeking employment - develop networks with potential employers - learn from fellow employees and build good relationships with them - impress internship employers, making them more likely to hire you as a full-time employee - position yourself for more job offers - qualify for a higher starting salary - advance through more frequent promotions
China
- only the military class valued physical development
What occurred in German School Gymnastics?
- program: - free exercise with music - marching with music and stressed discipline - little formalism in sports, games, and dancing - manual of gymnastics for schools
What occurred in the Philanthropinum?
- program: 1 hr in morning, 2 hrs in afternoon, 2 hrs of manual labor - fencing, dancing, riding, vaulting (Basedow) - running, jumping, throwing, wrestling (Simon)
What occurred in the Schnepfenthal Institute?
- program: daily for 3 hours natural activities greek-type activities knightly activities military exercises manual labor
Pentathlon includes:
- race of 1 or 2 stades - javelin (8 to 10 feet to test both distance and form- with leather thong) - long jump using halteres - discus - wrestling
Boys (upper-class) of Early Athenian Era:
- raised at home until 7 (sometimes went with fathers to gyms) - if could afford formal education (Palaestra or Didascaleum)
Key characteristics of German School Gymnastics:
- required exercise hall - trained instructors (established a normal school to train them) - offered one class period per day - made pe equal to other subjects by giving grades - adapted to age levels - provided for boys and girls
What equipment did they use in Danish gymnastics?
- rope ladders - climbing masts and poles - balance beams - vaulting horse (like GutsMuths)
English sports included:
- rugby - association football - cricket - track and field - rowing
List some factors that shaped early Native American sports:
- strong connection between sport and other aspects of life - desire to develop mind, body, and spirit - assumption that adhering to rules and precision was unimportant - strong allegiance to fair play - importance of art as expression
Requirements at Amherst
- students attended lectures on health - students were required to attend 30 minutes classes 4 times/week - each class participated in 20 minutes on light gymnastics and marching - students could spend 10 minutes on individual apparatus work or sports - anthropometrics
Timeline for pursuing an internship of job: second year in college
- take introductory course for major - join professional organization as student member - prepare a draft of resume - learn more about various careers - select a major and meet with academic advisor to plan - interview a person in career interested - participate in at least two extracurricular or clubs related to career
Knightly training
- until 7 years: training at home - Page (7-14 years)- under lady of another vastly for general training - Squire (14-21 years)- under direction of knight or lord for physical training - 21 years- could become knight
Pan Hellenic Festivals
- warriors to display physical prowess (men) - Haraean games for women- foot race
Egypt
- warriors trained - dancing was valued in religion
India
- yoga (system of meditation and regulated breathing)
Heraean Games:
-every fourth year, 16 women who also participate in games weave a robe for Hera -footraces for women (about 1/6th of stadium length) starts with youngest then goes to oldest of maidens -run: hair hangs down, tunic ---reaches to a little above knee, bare right shoulder as far as breast - winner: olive crown and portion of cow sacrificed to Hera, may dedicate statues with name inscribed
Main element of Reformation:
-protestant sects relegated physical education to an inferior position and endeavored to curb worldly pleasures - exercise was okay for health- in order to serve God better - protestant work ethic affected the US
*Professional Preparation Institutions
...
Horse racing
1 to 6 laps
Factors that shaped early Native American sports:
1. strong connection between sports and other aspects of life 2. desire to develop mind, body, and spirit 3. assumption that adhering to rules and precision was unimportant 4. strong allegiance to fair play 5. importance of art as expression
Middle Ages
11th and 16th centuries, especially 1250-1350
Chariot racing
12 laps around 500-meter hippodrome
Renaissance
1400-1600
Reformation
1500s
Enlightenment
1600-1800
Educational Naturalism
1700s
Timeline of gymnastics:
1819 (illegal- underground) 1840 (legal) 1848 (illegal- underground)
When was Round Hill School founded and where?
1823/Massachusetts
When and by whom was the YMCA founded in London, England?
1844/George Williams
When was YMCA founded in Boston?
1851
Base salaries for beginning teachers with baccalaureate degrees will be at least..., with larger, urban school systems paying over...
20,000/40,000
In 1860, there were...
22 turnvereins and 1672 members
Circus Maximus capacity
260,000 people
Roman Empire
27 BC to 476 AD
Hellenistic Period
323 BC to 146 BC
"Golden Age"
443 BC to 429 BC, cultural explosion as Man of Wisdom was stressed and Man of Action ignored
Late Athenian Era
480 BC to 404 BC
Roman Republic
500 BC to 27 BC
Spartan Era
776 BC to 371 BC
Early Athenian Era
776 BC to 480 BC
Olympic games
776 BC-400AD
Javelin
8-10 feet to test both distance and form (with leather thong)
Association of Physical Education->
AAHPERD->SHAPE
ACSM certificates:
ACSM Certified Personal Trainer ACSM Certified Health Fitness Specialist ACSM Certified Group Exercise Instructor ACSM Certified Clinical Exercise Specialist ACSM Registered Clinical Exercise Physiologist ACSM/ACS Certified Cancer Exercise Trainer ACSM/NCPAD Certified Inclusive Fitness Trainer ACSM/NSPAPPH Physical Activity in Public Health Specialist
Man of Wisdom
development of mind and philosophical abilities
Manoralism
economics
In the Hellenistic Period, under who did all Greek city-states unite? What happened?
Alexander the Great/diffused Greek culture throughout his empire
Who was Boston Normal School of Gymnastics directed by?
Amy Morris Homans
Who established the Posse Normal School in 1890?
Baron Nils Posse
Who were strong supporters for physical activity to benefit health?
Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
Which *city* was the first to require daily exercise in schools?
Boston
Where did Baron Nils Posse teach?
Boston Normal School of Gymnastics (1889-1890)
William Anderson
Brooklyn (Anderson) Normal School (1886-1953) Chautaugua Summer School Physical Education (1886-1930s)
Which was the first state to pass a law requiring that students do physical education twice a day for at least 5 minutes?
California (then Ohio)
Who designed an exercise program for children and realized that you don't have to have equipment for physical activity?
Catherine Beecher
Who wrote the first textbook on physical education?
Catherine Beecher
Who did Dioclesion Lewis borrow ideas from?
Catherine Beecher and Per Henrik Ling
The YWCA training school was...
Central School of Hygiene and Physical Education
Who founded the Schnepfenthal Institute in 1785?
Christian Salzmann (teacher at the Philanthropinum)
After ___, flourished in American and leisure sports emphasized. What sports?
Civil War/baseball, Olympic games
What occurred in Swedish gymnastics?
Day's order- progressive, precise execution of movements on command (for 11 body parts) adapted to age and ability levels adapted to both sexes adapted apparatus to children
Franz became what in 1804?
Director of the Military Gymnastic Institute
Danish gymnastics was furthered by who...
Franz Nachtegall
Adolph Spiess created the...
German School Gymnastics (late 1840s)
What game was made just for women in the Pan Hellenic Festival?
Haraean games (foot races)
Who was the leader for the educational segment of the RGCI in 1840s for Swedish gymnastics?
Hjalmar Ling
German gymnastics was individualized under who...
Jahn
Who discovered basketball?
James Naismith at the YMCA Training School
Main contributor to Educational Naturalism
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
German Gymnastics contributors
Johann Basedow Johann Friedrich Simon
Who introduced German gymnastics (also)?
Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1786-1835) (Basedow, Simon, GutsMuths, Salzmann, Jahn, Spiess)
Who was the first physical education teacher?
Johann Friedrich Simon
Main contributor to Enlightenment
John Locke (knightly activities for British gentlemen; 'a sound mind in a sound body' in 1693 in Some Thought Concerning Education')
Who were the founders of the Round Hill School?
Joseph Cogswell and George Bancroft
Who were the leaders of the Reformation?
Martin Luther and John Calvin
Who financed the first conference on physical training?
Mary Hemenway
Who founded Boston Normal School of Gymnastics in 1889?
Mary Hemenway
Who was the first teacher at Boston Normal School of Gymnastics?
Nils Posse
What was the first teacher training school for physical education in the US in 1861-1868?
Normal Institute for Physical Education in Boston
Hartvig Nissen
Norwegian, came to Washington, DC in 1883 taught at Harvard Summer (gym at Harvard) School, Sargent Normal School, and Posse-Nissen School
Delphine Hanna
Oberlin 1903 Professor of physical education Anthropometrics of college women instructed Luther Gulick, Thomas Wood, Jay Nash, and Jesse Williams
Who was the founder of Swedish gymnastics?
Per Henrik Ling
Johann Basedow developed...
Philanthropinum (1774) (school of philanthropy)
What was the Schnepfenthal Institute patterned after?
Philanthropinum and naturalism
Which was the first school to introduce physical education in the US?
Round Hill School
In 1814, which Swedish Institute was created? who was the director?
Royal Gymnastics Central Institute/ established by government for military purposes with Ling as director
How to Prepare for a career:
SMART goal setting
Dudley Sargent created...
Sargent School for Physical Education in 1881 (initially taught women at Harvard Annex and later became a teacher training school for physical education)
Bowling was termed...
Skittles
In the early years, the Olympic Games were dominated by...
Spartans (46 of 81 victories)
In 1896, What happened regarding women's intercollegiate sports?
University of California and Stanford University participated in first intercollegiate basketball game
Who trained the younger boys in German gymnastics?
Vorturners
The Boston Normal School of Gymnastics moved to...
Wellesley College as Department of Hygiene and Physical Education in 1909
The Association for the Advancement of Physical Education was founded by?
William Anderson
Who invited professionals to meet at Brooklyn Normal school and developed Association of Physical Education?
William Anderson
Who discovered volleyball?
William Morgan at the YMCA
What was founded in 1866 in Boston by Mrs. Henry Durant?
YWCA
Swimming of modern Pentathlon
a 200 meter free style race
Calisthenics
a course of exercises designed to promote health and thus to secure beauty and strength (no special room or apparatus, for whole family but especially for females)
Running of modern Pentathlon
a cross-country race over uneven terrain and a distance of 3000 meters
Internship
a formal supervised period of work in a position related to a potential career provides an excellent opportunity to expand one's knowledge, learn more about career options, build networks, and help prepare for working in a selected field
The Spartan society was...
a narrow-minded society (conquering), at one time, 9000 Spartans to 250,000 captives
Harvard Summer School (1887-1932)
advanced teacher training program
Sargent's system
advocated development of the body through individualized exercises on apparatus
Baron Nils Posse
after graduating from the Royal Gymnastics Central Institute in Sweden, came to Boston in 1885
Wrestling
always the deciding event
English sports influenced what?
amateur sport worldwide and especially in the US
What is the Philanthropinum based on?
based on naturalistic principles from Rousseau
What was the goal during the Roman Republic?
become a citizen-soldier
English sports in Universities:
believed in informal, casual, and non-inteense sports involvement usually students played several sports no paid coaches no faculty involvement and support purchased own equipment, paid own travel association football and hockey paid for upkeep of fields for other sports winning the 'blue' was very prestigious
Physical Activity of Dutch
bowling, sleighing, horse racing
What sports were promoted at Harvard?
boxing, rowing, and baseball (no Swedish or German gymnastics)
Purpose of Boston Conference on Physical Training in 1889?
bring to the attention of general public and leaders in filed the Swedish system
German gymnastics
developed individual abilities and healthy, strong youth for war using apparatus
Sport communication
careers are available in sport broadcasting, journalism, and photography (bachelor's)
Fitness
careers in fitness may include leadership, instruction, and exercise prescription in clinical, club, and specialized settings (master's, bachelor's)
Recreation
careers in recreation include public and private physical activity and sport programs in a variety of settings (bachelor's and master's)
Teaching
careers in teaching exist in schools, clubs, camps, recreation programs, and colleges (bachelor's degree in adapted physical education or equivalent and state certification or licensure, bachelor's degree in physical education and state certification or licensure, expert in teaching physical activities and sports, master's in pe)
Sport Management
careers in this exist in schools, colleges, public programs, and professional sports and may include finance, event and facility management, marketing, public relations, sales, and other commercial and sport applications (bachelor's, master's)
Manual labor
carpentry, gardening
Key point: Greece
characterized by Greek Ideal of man of action and man of wisdom
Events of the Homeric Era:
chariot racing wrestling foot racing boxing javelin discus
Exercise machines
chest weights, chest pulleys, chest developers, leg machines, rowing machines (students used these machines in individualized programs)
Women's Sports:
colonial period next 100 years late 1800s
Joust
combat between two armed horsemen with blunt weapons
Pancratium
combination of boxing and wrestling (loser had to give up)
What would the German gymnasts wear?
common uniform to make all social classes equal (gray canvas smock and trousers)
Professional athletes like gladiators in Roman Empire...
competed for lucrative prizes
Thermae or bathes of Roman Empire
contrast baths with minimal exercise (except for training of pro athletes and gladiators), cultural centers, dining areas
Association gymnastics
contributed to the development of the all-around man
Between ages 17-47...
could be drafted for war in Roman Republic
Late 1800s
croquet, cycling, hiking, tennis, gymnastics in bloomers
Olympic games was a great way to have...
cultural interaction between city-states
What did Hjalmar Ling do?
developed swedish school gymnastics (based on Per Henrik Ling's principles)
Joseph Cogswell and George Bancroft emphasized what?
daily sports and gymnastics
In the late 1820s and 1830s, what happened?
decline of interest in German gymnastics Round Hill School closed only German teachers *Harvard students introduce to gyms called Turner system*
Homer's Iliad
describes the funeral games in honor of Patroclus
Dudley Sargent
designed individualized programs for Harvard students using exercise machines he designed, taught primarily females at his normal school, and directed the advanced teacher training program in the Harvard Summer School
Key point: Franz Nachtegall
developed Danish gymnastics for military (nationalism) and children in schools
Key point: Friedrich Jahn
developed German or turner gymnastics to develop strong youth based on nationalism
Key point: Adolph Spiess
developed German school gymnastics by adapting Jahn's program for boys and girls
Key point: Hjalmar Ling
developed Swedish school gymnastics based on the progressive, precise execution and movement on command
Key point: Per Henrik Ling
developed four areas of Swedish gymnastics (military, medical, educational, aesthetics) with an emphasis on formal movements and posture
Key point: Johann GutsMuths
his school program was based on naturalism and included natural activities, Greek-type activities, knightly activities, military exercises, and manual labor
Key point: Olympic games
honored Zeus, olive wreath for each winner, required to be a Greek citizen, could be from any social class, required to train 10 months and last month at Olympia, pledged an oath of fair play, competed in nude
The Socially elite participated in...
horse racing, dancing, gambling, cards, and yachting
Colonial period
horseback riding, dancing, fox hunting
Measurable
identify specific criteria that will verify progress in achieving the goal
Rewarding
identify the reasons why this goal is important and visualize how it will feel when this goal is accomplished
Revival of German gymnastics in the 1850s when...
immigrants moved to the Midwest
Homer's Odyssey
includes the story of Odysseus on the island of the Phaeacians
How long would the German gymnastics last?
initially open only in July and August; later open year round
Crusades
interrelationship between physical and spiritual (1095-1200s)
German gymnastics
introduced at Round Hill School, spread from NYC to Midwest in isolated enclaves of Germans, not adopted bc on its emphasis on nationalism and development of strength using apparatus
Dioclesion Lewis
introduced light gymnastics or exercises with wands, rings, bean-bags, dumbbells, and Indian clubs along with music- teacher directed exercises
Experiential learning
learning is optimized whenever knowledge, skills, and abilities can be developed and enhanced through related work experiences
What did the Romans do to the games when they took over the Greeks?
less value of gymnastics as a means of attaining beauty, symmetry of body, grace, complete development and harmony of body and soul more professionalism, brutal and exciting sports, bribery, no connection to general education, no more friendly competition
What happened in the Late Athenian Era:
loss of interest in physical development: intellectualism over-emphasized, decline of Athenian military interest and involvement, replacement of citizens by mercenaries
Key point: Late Athenians
lost interest in physical development as they emphasized the man of wisdom
Key point: Roman Republic
males trained for war at military camps
Military exercises
marching, swordsmanship
Chivalry
moral and social code for noblemen (to serve God, lord, and lady) feudalism manoralism
What was the teacher of a Palaestra called?
paidotribe
Key point: Roman Empire
people entertained at chariot races and gladiatorial contests, leisure time at thermae
What did the citizens of the Early Athenian Era have to do?
physical work-outs and intellectual (philosophical) discussions at the state-furnished gymnasiums
Didascaleum
place for intellectual training, sometimes called a music school
Palaestra
place for physical training, sometimes called a wrestling school
Gymnasiums becomes..
pleasure resorts and places for philosophical discussions instead of activity-filled centers (only professional athletes trained physically)
Homeric Era
prehistoric time to 776 BC
What was represented through athletics?
professionalism and specialization (citizens became spectators instead of participants)
What occurred in Swedish gymnastics?
program: used to achieve an already established objective - posture correcting - movement on command into positions - apparatus (stall bars, vaulting boxes, climbing poles and ropes, oblique ropes, Swedish boom)
Swedish gymnastics
promoted health, correct expression, and beauty of performance using exact movement patterns
Feudalism
protection and government
Key point: Reformation
protestant sects relegated physical education to an inferior position, led to the protestant work ethic in US
In the 1800s, what was offered...
public education (reading, writing, arithmetic)
Next 100 years
riding, walking, dancing, calisthenics
Physical Activity of British influence
rounders, cricket, boxing, track and field
Natural activities
running, jumping
Advanced degrees
since graduate degrees are often required for entry into some fields and advancement in many fields, students should examine the job requirements of their potential careers and explore options for obtaining any required or desired advanced degrees
SHAPE
society of health and physical education
Women and sports
some engaged in horseback riding, walking, dancing, croquet, cycling, and tennis
Goals should be SMART
specific measurable attainable rewarding timely
Native Americans
sport closely aligned with social, spiritual, and economic aspects of life with gambling often associated with sports, such as lacrosse
Man of Action
sports skills and military prowess
Key point: Middle Ages
squires learned skills in riding, swimming, archery, climbing, jousting, wrestling, and fencing, knights competed in jousts and the grand tourney or melee
Footraces:
stade (length of the stadium or about 200 meters) diaulos (2 stades) dolichos (24 stades)
Wrestling:
standing, the winner must throw his opponent to the ground three times before being thrown three times
Key point: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
stressed "everything according to nature" and a readiness to learn physical activities in and through nature
The hope of German freedom lay in the development of...
strong, sturdy, fearless youth for national regeneration
Undergraduate research
students should take advantage of participating in research projects with their professors and expanding their scholarly knowledge in their areas of interest
Interviews
students should talk formally or informally with professionals in careers of interest to them so they can learn more about the scope of responsibilities, working conditions and hours, educational requirements, salary range, and other unknown areas and begin networking
Physical Activity of Early Settlers
survived with hunting, fishing, and work-related recreation
Knightly activities
swimming, climbing
Dudley Sargent
taught at Harvard (1879-1919) exercise machines
Swedish gymnastics
taught by Hartvig Nissen and Nils Posse and at the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics, primarily to females and children
Dioclesion Lewis
taught light gymnastics, exercise accompanied by wands, rings, bean-bags, dumbbells, and Indian clubs along with music, at the Normal Institute for Physical Education
In English sports, they believed that...
the best sportsman makes the best citizen
Adolph Spiess stressed...
the essentially of physical education within schools
Men's amateur sports
the socially elite in horse racing, yachting, and gambling, played tennis, golf, and cricket, and formed athletic clubs for track and field
Athletes sold...
their services to city-states and winners received cash, pensions, statues, and triumphal processions at city-states
Amateur sports
there were 538 athletic clubs, AAU had 19000 members competitions offered by AAU in 40 sports, especially basketball, track and field, and boxing
Athletic training and physical therapy
these fields require: certification or licensure in addition to educational degrees to prepare the specialists who help individuals rehabilitate from sport injuries and debilitating conditions
Certification
through demonstrating more extensive knowledge, a person can show greater expertise and commitment while setting oneself apart from other applicants for positions
Purpose of the YMCA:
to develop the all-around man (intellectually, physically, spiritually)
Anthropometrics of Dudley Sargent
to find the ideal student, but mostly to establish individualized goals and programs for each students (not a required program)
YMCA Training School in Springfield
to train YMCA directors
What was the purpose of Boston Normal School of Gymnastics?
to train teachers in Swedish gymnastics
Why did Round Hill School close?
too much emphasis on nationalism and strength
Delphine Hanna
took anthropometric measurements of college women and instructed Luther Gulick, Thomas Wood, Jay Nash, and Jesse Williams at Oberlin College
Discus
using 1 foot diameter and 4-5 pound stone thrown from a fixed position
Roman Empire: chariot races
usually 7 laps for a 3-mile event, more brutal, more popular, took place at circuses
Aristocratic sports
warrior skills displayed in sports by noblemen (individual events only, informal, spontaneous, prizes given)
When not training or fighting, males and females...
were spectators at festivals
Boxing
with leather on hands confined blows to the head no weight classifications loser had to give up
Edward Hitchcock
worked at Amherst (1861-1911)
Who did German gymnastics predominately consist of?
working class and lower middle classes
Greek-type activities
wrestling, throwing
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
wrote Emile as a philosophical model stressed "everything according to nature" training of body preceded formal intellectual training (best if both developed naturally) stressed recreational, vigorous activity for children (natural activities) readiness was key concept
Lifestyle preferences:
you should assess personal preferences for the unique characteristics of careers being considered
Factors influencing career choices:
you should examine the most important factors that will influence how possible career options are evaluated and the relative priority placed on these factors parents role model job security financial benefits people oriented or not
