french revolution

Paris

(Louis XVI planned to use force against the 3rd estate, but common people saved the 3rd estate from the kings forces.) On July 14th, a mob of Parisians stormed the Bastille- an armory and prison- in Paris. Paris was abandoned to the rebels.

Republic of Virtue

(Proposed by Robespierre?) One of the Committee of Public Safety's steps to control france and create a new order. A democratic republic of good citizens. (A move away from the morals of Christianity and into a new set of values??- NOT SURE ABOUT THIS PART)

The Fall of Bastille

(july 14 1789) around 8000 men and women attacked bastille. Bastille was protected by Marquis de Launay who had a small army of 114 men. He surrendered and the attackers cut off his head. Royal authority had collapsed, Louis XVI could no longer enforce his will. The fall saved the National Assembly.

coup d' etat

1799: meaning a sudden overthrow of the government. Overthrew the directory. Led by successful and popular general Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon seized power.

Napoleon's Grand Empire

3 major parts: the French Empire inner core of the Grand Empire consisted of an enlarged France-Rhine to the East, west half of Italy, and north of rome Dependent states kingdoms under rule of Napoleon's relatives Spain, Holland, Kingdom of Italy Swiss Republic, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Confederation of the Rhine Allied states Defeated by Napoleon, forced to join the struggle against Britain Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden

Great Fear

A cast panic that spread quickly throughout France in the summer of 1789. Citizens feared invasions by foreign troops that would support the French monarchy, so the people formed militias. Popular revolutions broke out throughout France- there was growing hatred of the landholding system, and of fees and obligations. This led to uprisings. Peasant rebellions which became part of the Great Fear.

The Jacobin Club

A large Network of political groups throughout france. they represented the provinces areas outside the cities feared the radical mobs of paris leaned towards keeping the king alive in 1793 the mountain won and commended Louis XVi to death

Lyon

A national city used as an example to others by being brought under the control of the National Convention.

The Bastille

A royal armory filled with arms and ammunition. was also a prison

Olympe de Gouges

A woman who wrote plays and pamphlets, and refused to accept the exclusion of women from political rights. She wrote a "Declaration of WOman and the Female Citizen", and in it stated that women should have equal rights as men. The National Assembly ignored her.

Anne-Louise-Germaine de Stael

A writer protested against Napoleon's despotism replacing liberty established a salon for the powerful (1790-1804). During Reign of Terror: helped friends escape france-she left too, but returned in 1795. She first supported Napoleon but they clashed, and eventually denounced Napoleon's rule as tyrannical. Napoleon banned her books in France and exiled her to the German states where she continued to write.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Adopted aug 26th by the National Assembly inspired by the American Declaration Of Independance included basic liberties such as " Liberty,property,security,and resistance to oppression" all citizens should take part in making laws

Continental System

After the defeat at Trafalgar, Napoleon turned to the Continental system in order to defeat Great Britain. Tried to stop British goods from reaching the European continent to be sold there to weaken British economy, which would destroy their ability to wage war. It failed. allied states resented not being allowed to trade with the British New markets in the Middle East and in Latin America=new outlets for British to sell and trade

Reign of Terror

An effort set in motion to prosecute internal enemies of the revolutionary republic while this was going on around 40000 people were killed.

French revolutionary army

An important step in the creation of modern nationalism. It was the creation of a people's government/army-the war's were people's wars and were therefore more destructive

Battle of Waterloo

At Waterloo, 1815, Napoleon met combined Prussian and British army, led by Duke of Wellington, and suffered a bloody and terrible defeat

National assembly

Because the first estate could outvote the third estate 2 to 1, the 3rd estate demanded that instead of each estate getting one vote, each deputy gets one vote (this gives the voting majority to the 3rd estate-they have the advantage. (King was in favor of the originally way of each estate gets one vote.)) June 17, 1789: 3rd estate called itself a national assembly and decided to draft a constitution.

St. Helena

Because/After/as a result of loss at Waterloo: Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena, a small island in the South Atlantic off the coast of Africa Napoleon's reign=over, but his impact was felt for centuries.

Estates

Before the french revolution france had been separated into 3 different estates

Invasion of Russia

Beginning of Napoleon's fall. Russia challenged the Continental System and he therefore felt the need to invade. Napoleon knew the risks but invaded anyway because he did not want to risk other countries rebelling against the Continental System. June 1812: Grand Army invaded Russia; instead of giving battle, the Russians retreated and burned their villages along the way Napoleon's army had trouble finding food Grand Army arrived in Moscow and found it ablaze no food and no supplies; Napoleon and his army at Moscow began "The Great Retreat" across Russia Terrible winter conditions; only 40,000 of his original 600,000 men returned alive (to Poland)

electors

Chose the 750 members of the two legislative bodies (^UP ONE^). Individuals qualified to vote in an election. They were owners/renters of property with a certain amount (limited # to 30,000)

Civil Code/ Napoleonic Code

Codification of the laws. During the revolution, there were efforts to make/have a single law code for a whole nation-Napoleon brought the work to completion in the 7 Codes of Law. The most important code: The Civil/Napoleonic Code. preserved most gains of revolution by recognizing equality of all citizens before the law, the right to choose a profession, religious toleration, abolition of serfdom and feudalism property of rights were protected, interests of employers were safeguarded by outlawing trade unions and strikes the rights of some were cut back because of the Civil Code Undid the laws which made divorce easy on women, made them less equal-seen as husband's property.

2nd estate

Consisted of around 350000 people. Nobles owned around 25 to 3o percent of land, played a crucial role in the society. held leading positions in the government, military, law courts and higher church offices. (were excused from tallie) which was the national tax

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Document issued by the National Assembly ordering that all bishops and priests of the Catholic church be elected and paid by the state and that they must take an oath of allegiance to the Civil Constitution. The pope refused to the clergy to accept this arrangement

Austria And Prussia

Foreign countries saw Frances new govt as a threat and had the fear that their citizens would also begin to revolt. When King Louis XVI was guillotined outraged surrounding countries and took arms against france.

Estates- General

French Parliament, composed of representatives from the three orders of french society. When on the verge of complete financial collapse, the government of Louis XVI was forced to call a meeting of the Estates-General to raise new taxes; they hadn't met since 1614.

Jean Paul Marat

French revolutionary and radical journalist - he was murdered in his bath by Charlotte Corday

National Convention

In September 1792 National Convention began its sessions to draft the new constitution, also served as the sovereign ruling body of France National Assembly's first major step was to abolish the Monarchy. On sep 21st they established a republic

Versailles

Island that King louis XVI and his family escaped to during the revolution. they held lavish and expensive paties here while the rest of the country was suffering

Maximilien Robespierre

Jacobin leader who seized control of National Convention and Committee of Public Safety; later instituted Reign of Terror, targeting those whose philosophies differed from his own

5. Louis XVI

King who declared he was in favor of the current system where each state had one vote His power greatly decreased during the revolution On oct 6 the royal family journeyed to paris by force of women protesters and were held prisoners in france `

3rd estate

Known as the commanders of society. made up majority of population unlike the other estates the third estate had vast differences in occupation, level of education and wealth. peasants made up 75 -80 % of pop owned 35 -40% of land

Georges Danton

Led the Paris Commune, dominating the french political scene. Longtime Jacobin and close associate of Robespierre who was executed after he began questioning the extremes to which Robespierre was going in the Reign of Terror

Factions

Members of the convention could not agree on the fate of the king. based on the opinion this group separated into factions The two most common factions were Girondins or the mountain

Elba

Military disaster in Russia led to other European states to rise up and fight against the crippled French army. Paris was captured in 1814 Napoleon was exiled to the Island of Elba, off the coast of Tuscany, Italy Bourbon monarchy=restored in France, Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI= new king of France had little support, and Napoleon slipped back into France Soldiers were sent to capture Napoleon but they refused to shoot him and they joined his side. Napoleon entered Paris in triumph on March 20, 1815 Napoleon raised another army and moved to attack European forces in Belgium

Catholic Church

Napoleon established peace with the Catholic Church (he had no religious faith). He saw the need to restore civility in France, and most of the French were Catholic. 1801: Agreement with the pope which recognised Catholicism as the religion of the majority of the French, and in return, the pope would not ask for the return of the Church lands which were seized in the revolution. (People who supported the church/bought church lands were then supporters of Napoleon).

Battle of Trafalgar

Napoleon hoped to invade Britain and collected ships for the invasion. The British navy defeated the combined French-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805.

Consulate

New government (with the coup d'etat). Theoretically a republic-Napoleon had absolute power 1st consul: Napoleon controlled the entire government, appointed members of bureaucracy, controlled the army, conducted foreign affairs, and influenced the legislature. 1802= consul for life. 2 years later: declared himself emperor.

bureaucracy

Powerful, centralized administrative machine. Bureaucracy of capable officials-little came to expertise. Promotions based on ability=jobs opened to middle class. Napoleon created a new aristocracy based on merit in the state service (bureaucracy). created over 3,000 nobles between 1808 and 1814 (most= military officers. rest= upper class ranks of the civil service (state+local officials). only 22% from the former nobility of the old regime.)

Marie Antoinette

Queen of france, known for her extravagance. Married to Louis XVI. was guillotined

Directory

Selected by the Council of Elders. Use: To act as the executive committee (AKA the Directory). Together with the Legislature, they ruled. Period of government under the directory: era of corruption and graft, people reacted against suffering and sacrifices made in the Reign of Terror some got money by taking advantage of the government's severe money issues Was faced with political enemies Unable to find solution to the country's continuing economic problems because they were still carrying on wars left from the Committee of Public Safety. relied on the military to maintain power overthrown "coup d' etat"

Constitution of 1795

September 3, 1971. An effort to keep one government group from gaining control. The Constitution established a national Legislative assembly consisting of 2 chambers: Lower house= Council of 500-initiated legislation. Upper house= Council of Elders- accepted or rejected the proposed laws.

Paris Commune

The Paris Commune during the French Revolution was the government of Paris from 1789 until 1795. Established in the Hôtel de Ville just after the storming of the Bastille, it consisted of 144 delegates elected by the 48 divisions of the city. The Paris Commune became insurrectionary in the summer of 1792, essentially refusing to take orders from the central French government. It lost much power in 1794 and was replaced in 1795. In 1792, the Commune was dominated by those Jacobins who were not in the Legislative Assembly due to the Self-Denying Ordinance. On the night of 9 August 1792 a new revolutionary Commune, led by Georges Danton, and others took possession of the Hôtel de Ville; the next day insurgents assailed the Tuileries, where the royal family resided. During the ensuing constitutional crisis, the collapsing Legislative Assembly of France was heavily dependent on the Commune for the effective power that allowed it to continue to function as a legislature. The all-powerful Commune demanded custody of the royal family, imprisoning them in the Temple fortress. 28 August the citizens were subjected to domiciliary visits, ostensibly in a search for muskets. By the evening of the 31st, every prison in Paris was full to overflowing, and on 2 September, with a wave of rumors and fears, the Commune ordered the September massacres in which over 1200 prisoners (200 of them Catholic priests) were massacred.

Constitution Of 1791

The new constitution was a limited monarchy there was still a king but legislative assembly was created

Bourgeoisie

The third estate= Bourgeoise. This is the middle class (~8% or population, and ~20-25% of land was owned by them). The merchants, bankers, industrialists, lawyers, doctors, holders of public office, and writers. They were unhappy with nobel's privileges. The aristocrats and bourgeois were drawn to new political ideas of the Enlightenment, and were upset with the monarchical system which led to action against the monarch

Napoleon Bonaparte

Took control of France after the coup d'etat. Dominated the French and European history from 1799-1815. The revolution made his rise in military and then to supreme power possible. First was a military captain, then was made the brigadier general. Good with words, confident, charming, intelligent= able to influence people and win support Got command of an army in training to attack Britain British controlled the sea, and in 1799, they cut off Napoleon's army in Egypt went to Paris and abandoned his army

Sans-Culottes

When power was passed from the national assembly to the Paris Commune who called themselves Sans-culottes means without breeches (this stood for the working class and poor had the power instead of the rich and noble)

Tennis Court Oath

When the National Assembly arrived at their meeting place, they found the doors locked. So they moved to an indoor tennis court, and swore they would continue to meet until they produced a French Constitution-this promise = the tennis court oath.

Relics Of Feudalism

aristocratic privileges, were obligations that survived from an earlier age. Included: payment of fees for the use of village facilities. such as flour mills, community oven, wine press and contributions to the clergy were expected.

1st Estate

consisted of the clergy and had about 130000 people. these people owned about 10 percent of the land

committee of public safety

this committee had control for about a year from 1793 to 1794 and worked to protect france from foreign threats committee of 12 people

Nationalism

unique, cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols. spirit of French nationalism had made possible the mass armies that Napoleon used in his conquests spread of revolutionary ideals led to increased nationalism in other regions French= hated by oppressors which united people in opposition to the French The French showed other countries in Europe what could be possible with a sense of nationalism and a nation in arms could accomplish

Nantes

where victims were executed by being drowned in barged the loire river.