French Revolution Unit 2

Count of Provence

(1755-1824) Brother of Louis XVI. Flees Paris as one of the Emigres. He is living abroad, secured British aid for the counterrevolutionary actions. .

Le Chapelier Law

(June 14, 1791) Revolutionaries agree that anyone in the workforce cannot organize. Each worker should talk individually to the employer to negotiate. This upset the Sans-Culottes.

National Convention

1792 King Louis is suspended from power and they call for elections for a National Convention to call upon the writing of the constitution for a republic instead of a monarchy. Attempts to decide the fate of the king Eventually pushes for a trial in order to determine the guilt of Louis XVI

National Properties

In order to address France's mounting economic issues, Talleyrand proposed that the national government seize from the church its lands and other holdings meant to be used to provide welfare and other public services that were often neglected. These properties were seized from the enormous accumulated wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in order to fund the government and pay down a spiraling debt.They were then sold to people who gave assignats.

Jacques-René Hébert

Owned the newspaper Pere Duchesne. Grub street writer before the revolution. "Homer of the garbage can". Killed by the Committee of Public Safety

Great Catholic and Royal Army

Small guerilla fighting force in the Vendee Department that tied up many regular army units. Their symbol is the Sacred Heart of Jesus, suggesting a strong Catholic influence. The guerilla group sought to restore the monarchy. Although not victorious, they and their opponents were responsible for atrocities. The republican army had great difficulty ascertaining civilian from soldier and the guerillas were portrayed badly in the painting "Little Bara" by David.

Maximilien Robespierre

( 1758-94) Part of the society of 1789. Proposes that when elections are held that no one that wrote the constitution should be in the legislature. This establishes the Legislative Assembly. He is a prissy man. Dominant figure. He is a brilliant thinker influenced by the writings of Rousseau. Did a lot of pro bono work for clients in his own town Arras. Very much a part of the revolution. Doesn't have a life except for the revolution. He is a politician who is an advocate of the people but when he gets close to them he finds that they smell. Advocated the right to vote for all men. Opposed the royal veto. Opposed slavery. Opposed the end of the death penalty. Correctly predicts that Lafayette will be a traitor. Opposed war. Elected to the National Convention. Moutain member. Is known as the great evil genius in the Reign of Terror. Not necessarily true, there were 12 of them. He is the only one who never leaves Paris during the Reign of Terror. He is visible to everyone. None of the Terror could have actually been done by one man. Promoted the Feast of the Supreme Being. There, he gave a speech which causes people to think of him as a dictator. Is sent to trial but cannot defend himself because everyone keeps yelling "Down with the Tyrant." Robespierre and Saint-Just are arrested but then freed. Then Robespierre was shot in the jaw (possibly by himself) and a lot of the Committee of Public Safety are sentenced to death.

Declaration of Pillnitz

( Issued Aug. 27, 1791)Marie Antoinette brother Leopold II (1790-92) signed a treaty to help the monarchy in France. Thought that they would get other monarchs to help but no one else did. They instead issue a principles called the Declaration of Pillnitz, saying that they want the king back in France and they do not support the revolution at all. Austrian and Prussia monarchs pledged themselves to the enemies of the revolution. Print and disperse their declaration

Cordeliers (Society of the Friends of Man and Citizen)

( Massacre July 17, 1791) Meet in a Franciscan monastery (the place with the people wearing cords). Poor man's Jacobins club because they pay less dues. Want direct democracy. Two years after Bastille, set up a platform on the Champs de Mars and had people sign a petition to advocate the abolition of the monarchy. This is only a few weeks after the king has been captured. As people are going up the steps, they noticed that two people where under the stairs (they were perverts). People thought that they were going to burn the steps and they started getting beaten by the crowd. Lead to the Massacre of Champs de Mars.

Jean-Marie Roland

(1734-93). Spent a lifetime in the government before the revolution but lost it due to the revolution. Becomes leader of the Girondins (most likely thanks to his wife).

Jean-Paul Marat

(1743-93) Strong Jacobin figure that advocated for direct democracy. He earned his place in the revolution as the voice of the Sans-Culottes as expressed in his radical newspaper, L'ami du People (Friend of the People). But his newspaper wasn't very well circulated (like every other newspaper). Newspapers name is L'Ami du people (Friend of the People) and fought for direct democracy. Charged with starting up riots and had to flee. Gets a skin disease from hiding underneath in the sewers of Paris. Describes Lafayette as wealthy aristocrat who believes that he can try to control the revolution. He is very impatient with slow change. Suggested that he can make the process faster by cutting the head off the opposition. Early advocate of the Reign of Terror. Marat's L'ami di Peuple is calling for letting the blood of the people spill on the streets who are not in favor of the revolution. Believes that the kings trial should go forward as a demonstration. President of the Jacobins. Was put on trail for sedition. Could be executed if found guilty but he is acquitted. Killed by Charlotte Corday, a Girdondist supporter, in his bathtub.

Marie-Jeanne Roland

(1754-94) Wife of Jean. Helps encourage him to get a job. She is 20 years younger then him. Very ambitious and smart. Through her connects she helps him get to the top of the leadership of the Girondins. Had a salon where Girondists would meet. She soon showed she had an actual brain and was able to influence Girondist policy.

Georges-Jacque Danton

(1759-94) Jacobin club member. New ugly guy in the room. Constantly living beyond his means and was in debt. Probably in someone's pay. Eventually dies by the guillotine. He opposed the rush to war. They already got rid of the radicals so they turned on the moderates. He is executed for being against the revolution. Said to have shouted at Robespierre that he would be next on his own way to be executed. He might have been corrupt but they accused him of working with the queen (which he never did). Author of the ultimatum sent to King Louis XVI following the Brunswick Manifesto that called for his resignation and to flee or be forced out by Parisians. He initially opposed France going to war, but by 1792 he was working behind the scenes to ensure it worked in his favor. In 1793 he served as the first leader of the Committee of Public Safety. He would later leave the Committee and become a targeted enemy of its new makeup, ending in his shortening of 8 inches.

Marseillaise

(1792) National guards comes and the song La Marseillaise is being sung. It will eventually be the national anthem. Shows nationalism. words call for a war on Paris. Beginning of a whole new spirit in France. Nationalism. Marseille is the port city where it originated from.

Committees of Surveillance

(1793) On the lookout for anyone who seems Luke-warm for the revolution. One of the instruments of the reign of terror. Be watchful of those who may not be pro-revolution.

Count of Artois

(1795) King's brother. When the king went down to Versailles after Bastille and put a revolutionary pin on his hat, he flees the country. He became Louis XVIII following his nephew's death in prison. He immediately issued a statement accusing the jacobin govrnment of muder and promissing to return to France and wreak vengeance. Bristish gave aid. Landed near Quiberon. They were badly defeated and hundreds of royalists were killed and 8,000 were captured. Was a scheme to restore monarchy in France that failed.

Brunswick Manifesto

(Aug. 1, 1792) Appears in Paris and is published in the newspaper Moniteur. Issue by the Prussian army's commander, the Duke of Brunswick that demanded Parisians restore the king and promises to execute any national Guardsmen with guns and will destroy the city if King and Queen are harmed. This aroused the Parisian mobs and precipitates the end of French monarchy.

Levée en masse

(August 1793) First modern draft, designed to fully mobilize the man power and material resources. 18-25 men have to register with the government. If you are unmarried you may have to serve in the army. You served for the duration of the war. You can't buy a substitute. Everyone is liable to serve. Not popular. High desertion rates. Puts 800,000 troops in uniform. Gives the committee of public safety more power. People not serving in the army can do other kinds of work. The legislation regulated the economy even more by opening up factories around Paris (provinces were too unpredictable) to ensure enough wartime supplies, such as guns and cannons. Further, Parisian scientists were put to work in order to create better steel, saltpeter, and recycle bronze church bells.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

(July 12,1790) Passed by the national Constituent Assembly July 12, 1790. Catholicism is no longer recognized as the official religion of France clergy has to take a loyalty oath and accept the changes that were made in the government. • It redraws administrative lines for the church. Department to Dieses • All civil servants are now elected so they will elect priests, bishops, and clergy. Causes problems because people of other religions are allowed to vote • The government will pay the checks for the clergy • Takes the power away from the pope to elect bishops. The pope will be informed of the election but the pope will have no say in it. • Requires a loyalty oath from all clergy in the Roman catholic church. Passed by the national Constituent Assembly July 12, 1790 Catholicism is no longer recognized as the official religion of France

Massacre of the Champs de Mars

(July 17, 1791) The Cordeliers, two years after Bastille, following Louis' flight to Varennes, set up a platform on the Champs de Mars and had people sign a petition to advocate the abolition of the monarchy. This is only a few weeks after the king has been captured. Thousands rushed to support this motion, resulting in the Champ de Mars becoming overcrowded. As people are going up the steps, they noticed that two people where under the stairs (they were porbably perverts). People thought that they were going to burn the steps and they started getting beaten by the crowd. Fearing the mob might march, Lafayette dispatched the National Guard to restore order. His troops were attacked and he orders them to open fire at the crowd killing twenty people. This severely hurt Lafayette's reputation prompting him and many others to leave the Jacobin Club, citing its growing radicalness.Eventually he is kidnapped and taken to prison in Austria when trying to get out of France.

Thermidorean Reaction

(July 1794) The point where the radicalism finally breaks. It is violent. Put an end to the Terror following Robespierre's death. Repealed laws like Kaw of 22 Prairial II and enforced normal legal procedures once more. The CPS was restructured and lessened in power, with Lazare Carnot being the only remaining member of the original 12. The Jacobin Club was closed and Girondists were welcomed back to the Convention. Terrorists were executed, like Carrier. Many of the COPS members are arrested and questioned by the Paris Commune (armed sans- culottes). The Thermidoreans execute Robespierre July 28th. Thermidoreans overtake the Committee of Public Safety and END THE TERROR. Free the press. Decentralize power

Constitution of 1793

(June 24, 1793). Passes and goes into affect oct 10th. It was suspended until the outside wars were over. They would have had an absolutely republican form of government. All men would vote. France divided into equally sized election district. Each will get a member to be in the house legiator and represent them. Anyone living in france (not even just a citizen) as long as they lived their for one year or more. Stated that all men vote for men in their electoral abstract. Fear of executive power -> 24 person committee. Freedom of religion. Equal in rights. Asserts right to revolt. Rights to job and public assistance. Free public education.

Night of August 9-10, 1792

(Midnight August 9 1792) The king was still in the Tuileries even though he was supposed to be out. The people overthrow the local government. Only had about 600 Swiss guards and 300 knights of Chevaliers de Saint Louis. The king won't answer any questions to the guards. Marie Antoinette makes the decision to flee the palace. They run to the Manege. Someone opened fired and then everyone starts firing. The Swiss guards and knights are shot upon. Anyone who is connected to the royal family is killed quickly. Any of them who get in their way are hacked to death. The king is put up to a vote by the legislature. He is suspended from power and they call for elections for a National Convention to call upon the writing of the constitution for a republic instead of a monarchy. (August 10th 1792) The monarchy was dead. The Paris mob, made up mostly by Sans Culottes, take control of France. Orders people to go fight the Austrian and Prussian people

Enragés

(Roux 1752-94) Radical group led by Jacques Roux that appealed strongly to the Sans-Culottes in Paris. They sought a heavy tax on the rich, price controls, and demand "unity" in the Convention. By unity they meant the disposition of opposing views. Further, they sought vigilance against counter-revolutionaries, suggesting a support for the Reign of Terror. At odds with the Girondins. During the Reign of Terror, however, they would be turned on because they said the CPS was not going far enough in its reforms.

Law of Suspects

(Sept. 17, 1793) Part of the political terror era. Decree passed by the Committee of Public Safety intended to end counter-revolutionary activities by employing citizens to report shifty behaviors. Attempts to identify anyone who looks suspicious. Very general= BAD. 3 different terrors, political, economic (to finance the wars), religious. (remake religion of the country). People who have left the country are suspects. You are rouning up people who are not necessarily against the revolution. It's basically like a witch hunt. About half a million people are arrested (3 percent of population). Many people died in jail. 16,000 will go to court and will be executed. There may have been more but we do not have a record of them. None of them were in active rebellion against the government.

Emigration

(Started July 17, 1789). The people who flee the country to escape the revolution are called emigres. When the king went down to Versailles after bastille and put a revolutionary pin on his hat, the Count of Artois leaves the country. He was the kings brother. Count of Provence, his other brother leaves once he is captured. Duke of Conde, kings cousin also leaves and tries to get an army in Germany to fight the revolution. The army is all aristocrat. 25% of the people fleeing the country are aristocrats, 17% are Roman clergy. The rest are common people who were scared by the revolution. This decimated the officer corps and left the National Assembly to wonder who might take over for Louis after the flight to Varennes. King's cousins flee to Germany to gather an army of aristocrats. Noblemen all gather in Germany . 129,000 leave France

Sans-Culottes

(Take control of France after Aug. 10, ) Orders people to go fight the Austrian and Prussian people. Believe in direct democracy and are demanding that something be done about the food shortages. They march on the manege (old riding school at Tuileries where the legislature meets). When the crowds gets there they are parading around with a calf's heart on a stick. Then they move to the palace themselves and go looking for the king. The queen and children hide but the king meets the mob. The mob demands that he sign all three of the laws into effect. They demand that he proves he is supportive of the nation and he wears a revolutionary hat and drinks wine given to him by them. But he still refuses to sign the bills. The national guard comes and disperses the crowd. They announce that they will not let the convention leave the tuilleries until they release all of the Girondins. Then they can make the convention unified. The Girondons withstood for a while but ended up giving up and many where killed. They were stormed on on June 2nd and were purged from the convention. Arrested and beheaded. Revolutionary Armies of the Interior- mobs of armed sans-culottes who are paid to scrounge up food wherever they can with the food shortages. They function in 66 of the departments of France. They offer paper money to people who are growing food. But if they refuse the paper money they just take the food that they want anyway. Mobs of armed sans-culottes who are paid to scrounge up food wherever they can with the food shortages. Paris Commune represents the sans- culottes of Paris. Orders march of the convention and takes Robespierre and his associated but then just stops.

départements

83 divisions of France that are relatively similar in size and population, coinciding with the creation of 83 Catholic dioceses. The creation of these abolished the old provinces and local governments associated with them. From these departments, the areas were further divided into divisions like cantons and districts. Local officials were responsible for carrying out national legislation.

Representatives on Mission

A member of the convention who has been sent out to some part of France to solve some sort of crisis. They have absolute power, they can help the army, they can order the arrest of persons, they can set up courts, can expel laws, etc. They are all powerful. EX: Vendee - Rep on Mission was Jean Baptiste Carrier and at Nantes he rounded up counter-revolutionaries and placed them on barges in the river to only sink them and watch them drown - "vertical deportation."

Law of the Maximum

Adopted at the instance of the Sans-Culottes. Sets up mandatory wages and prices. 50% higher prices. Wages are 1/3 higher. Allowed for a continuous flow of food into France

First Coalition

Allies England with Austria and Prussia and brings them into the war between Austria, Prussia, and France.

"XYZ Affair"

America negotiates with Talleyrand (the foreign minister)because of the interference American shipping had on the war between France and England. British were seizing American ships headed for France. French were taking American ships headed for England the Americans that America should pay off the French. Causes a naval war with the north Atlantic. Americans win.

Committee of Public Safety

Assume the executive function of French government. Had complete authority over nation. Reauthorized every 30 days. Consisted of the administrators of the Reign of Terror: Bertrand Barere, Jean- Nicolas Billaud Varenne, Lazare Carnot, Jean- Marie Collot'd' Herbois, Georges Couthon, Marie-Jean Herault de Sechelles, Robert Lindet, Claude-Antoine Prieur (Cote d'Or), Pierre-Louise Prieur (Marne), Andre Jeanbon St-Andre, Louis-Antoine Saint-Just. Has executive power. Not technically a dictatorship because they need to have a vote every thirty days so that they can reinstate it. By July there are 12 members. 8 are lawyers. Almost all of them are common men who never would have reached high government power before the revolution. All men of some means. All young men 26-50. They are not the same in political ideology. All support the revolution. Establishes the Committee of General Security. Supported the process of dechristenization and established the Cult of the Supreme Being. A lot of the members end up being sentenced to death.

Lazare Carnot

Commoner in the engineering core. 40 years old on the Committee of Pubic Safety. Would have gone nowhere under the old regime but in the new regime was in charge of the war effort. Was one of the only people not taken off of the Committee of Public Safety during the Thermidor. Served as an Executive Director. He is largely credited with saving France against the onslaught of the Austrian and Prussian armies. He accomplished this by organizing much of the levee en masse and urging his generals to act offensively and in strong number. Generals who were not aggressive or energetic enough were threatened with death. Becomes a member of the Directory after the Coup of 13 Vendemiarie

Constitution of 1791

Creation of the National Convention in 1791, this document ensured a constitutional monarchy wherein the king held a suspensive veto that enabled him to delay legislation up to two times, except on bills regarding finances.. Constitution written in support of the monarchy. Instituted with no way to impeach the monarchy. Legislature re-elected every 2 years. Legislature makes all laws, taxes, war, peace. No Supreme Court, no review process of laws. Divides France into departments (arrondisments). Capital punishment only used for grave crimes and only done by beheading. Abolition of guilds.

Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville

Early leader of the Girdondins, the moderate republican core of French politics. Brissot was a successful lawyer, but not the greatest orator among his group of associates. In 1792 he spearheaded the movement for France to declare war on its enemies. Later in 1792 he helped establish France as a republic with his Girondist party in leadership. Further, he would vote for the king's execution in 1793, but would continue to be viewed as a supporter of the king. In the same year he was guillotined.

Constitution of the Year III (1795)

Fearing a return to the Terror, the Convention produced a constitution that limited the voice of the masses and set out a middle of the road government. Fearing Sans-Culottes, the new constitution placed power with the middle and upper classes, severely limiting the scope of influence for less educated and less wealthy citizens. The document included the separation of powers between branches. The issue was that this separation was not only among branches, but also within them, creating a system of mass gridlock. The executive branch was a Directory of five men who were nearly impossible to remove. They were, however, chosen by the legislative branch. The Council of Ancients (upper house) would select them from a list provided by the Council of 500 (lower house). These two houses were elected, but only by 30,000 of France's 30 million citizens. To amend anything in this document was a dream. Owing to this difficulty and the ensuing gridlock, coup d'etats were seen as the most effective way to enact change. Adding to the issues, was a two-thirds decree that stipulated that two-thirds of the 750 legislators had to be former members of the convention.

13 Vendémiaire, Year IV (Oct. 5, 1795)

First of a number of violent coup attempts against the Directory. It was a direct response to the two-thirds law and its suppression of royalists entering the Legislature. Forces against the Directory gathered in the Paris streets but were stopped when Paul Barras appointed Napoleon Bonaparte to lead the defense of the then Convention. Knowing 5000 men would not save the government, Napoleon sent out Murat to find him artillery, which he succeeded in doing. With artillery, Napoleon successfully defended the Convention and allowed the Directory to establish itself. This brought new prestige to a still young Napoleon.

Federalist Revolt

Following the forceful ousting and execution of many Girondist representatives in Paris in June of 1793, many southern departments revolted. Unlike royalist revolts in Brittany and Vendee, this was a moderate republican revolt against radicals in Paris. It was strong in cities like Lyon, Marseille, Toulon, and Bordeaux. The revolt was suppressed. Reign of Terror begins shortly after

Joseph de Maistre

French speaking nobleman and writes on France revolution. It is a product of the moral decay of France. They have strayed from the straight and narrow. We restore morality and religious practice in order to end the revolution.

suspensive veto

Given to King Louis XVI under the Constitution of 1791 that allowed him to delay the passage of legislation by the National Assembly. After three times, however, the veto could be overturned. When Louis used this power to protect his own interests, such as refusing to sign legislation against non-juring clery and emigres, the Constition proved unworkable and was pushed aside after August 10, 1792. If the bill was still in attempt to be passed by a 3rd, the bill would become law.

Varennes

Having been sidelined, King Louis decided to make an attempt to flee from the capital and rally support along with the thousands of emigres outside of France. With the assistance of Swedish Ambassador, Count Axel von Fersen, the king and his family rode out at night towards Luxembourg, where French fortresses were manned by loyal troops. The trip was coordinated to include various stops with loyalist troops, but the carriage was bulky and slow and constantly missed scheduled rendezvous points. At the city of Varennes the king was identified and captured. This flight to Varennes exploded the myth of Louis being a supporter of the revolution. He is taken prisoner and taken back to Paris where he is held prisoner.

L'ami du people (Friend of the People)

Marat's newspaper. Heavily influential newspaper read in coffee houses and literary clubs that advocated for revolutionary ideals like direct democracy and the assassination of opponents.Criticized the old regime. Gave list of those who were "enemies of the revolution" and needed to be beheaded

Louis-Antoine Saint-Just

Member of the Mountain. Member of the Committee of Public Safety. He was put to death at the same time as Robespierre.

Revolutionary Armies of the Interior

Mobs of armed sans-culottes who are paid to scrounge up food wherever they can with the food shortages. They function in 66 of the departments of France. They offer paper money to people who are growing food. But if they refuse the paper money they just take the food that they want anyway.

Feuillants (Society of Friends of the Constitution Meeting at the Feuillants')

Most conservative members of Legislature. Their members believed that the revolution had gone far enough. They would win favor with Louis while he was Constitutional Monarch, but ultimately met their demise when labeled as royalist sympathizers. Want to first and foremost preserve the monarchy. Wish to enhance royal power

Assignats

Paper currency used to buy government lands. The national assembly makes the lands of the church National Properties and the government comes up with treasury bonds called Assignats which is how they will make money down the road. The main way to make money off the assignat is to redeem the assignat in church land. Unfortunately the assignats are exchanged for land but they continue to circulate. The government runs off more assignats even when the land is gone. Value of the Assignat goes down. Becomes virtually worthless. People start refusing them as money. Lost all value which causes inflation. Are replaced by Mondats tereitoraux but no one wants paper money. For a while the economy is on a barter system. This move was a huge land reform that helped make the revolution permanent - nobody would want things to return to the way they had and risk losing their newly claimed lands.

September Massacres

Paris having heard of unsettling Prussian successes close to Paris becomes agitated. With panic settling over the capital, Parisians are encouraged to defend the city and take up arms. This urging leads to Marat writing that anti-revolutionaries are an active threat and should be taken care of before heading to the battle field to take on the Prussians. Thus prisons holding these supposed anti-revolutionaries were killed, many of which were clergymen who refused to take the oath.

Count of Mirabeau

Part of the Brenton Club and Society of 1789. Also thinks the revolution has gone to far. Ugly man in the room. He was very scandalous. Said to have many outside marital affairs. Early leader in the revolution but by 1791 he agreed that the king should have greater rather than lesser power. He is constantly broke. In 1790, he went on the kings payroll. He was a member of the National Assembly and struck a deal with the king. The king would pay off Mirabeau's debt and would get paid to get the word of the king into the National Assembly and make pro-monarch journalists. Dies natural death in 1791 and doesn't live to see the king trying to leave Paris. Discovered that the king had been bribing Mirabeau from the documents in the safe. He was already dead and was buried in the pantheon where the heroes of France were buried. They dug him up and moved him.

Clerical Oath of 1790

Part of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy with which the National Assembly sought to reorganize the administration of the Roman Catholic Church after state seizure of its lands,the oath required that all clergy of the Church swear an oath of loyalty to the king and the Constitution, For many priests and bishops, however, such an oath compromised their sacred loyalty to the Church and its spiritual head, the Pope. Thus, nationally only about 52% of priests and only seven of 139 bishops and archbishops took the oath. When the government sought to remove non-juring (non-oath taking) priests from their pulpits, and the Papacy suspended all priests who took the oath, a wedge was driven between the revolutionary government and the religion of the majority of French people. Indeed, many non-juring priests conducted illegal, "underground" masses and some took a role in counterrevolutionary activities. For revolutionaries, the Church became inextricably linked with counterrevolution due to the oath issue.

Society of 1789

Political club founded by more moderate members of the Jacobin Club like Mirabeau, Talleyrand, and Lafayette who found increased divergence in opinion to characters like Robespierre. In order to keep their club exclusive, their membership fees were quite high. Further, the men all believed that the revolution had gone far enough and wished to simply stabilize things while retaining the monarchy, albeit with some separation of powers. Advocates for a British style of government

Gracchus Babeuf

Primitive communist who was a radical Jacobin leader during the Directory's early days of power. He emphasized a return to the Constitution of 1793 and the abolition of private property and the equal sharing of the nation's resources. The Directory discovered his activities and attempted to suppress him, leading him to try and overthrow the government in the Conspiracy of Equals. His leftist movement was infiltrated by government spies and put to an end. He was guillotined in 1797.

Edmund Burke

Published his book reflections on the revolution of France. The French have thrown off all the tradition and the only thing that can result is revolutionary turmoil and the only way France can be saved is through a man on horseback.

Père Duchesne

Radical newspaper published by Jacques- Rene Hebert

Paris Sections

Self-governing subdivisions of the city of Paris wherein revolutionary Sans-Culottes often exerted influence and threats on Convention members. There were 48 total in which direct democracy was practiced. When they did not get their way they would storm the halls of their representatives in the Convention and National Assembly. In addition, the Paris Sections maintained a militia to defend the revolution which totaled well over 100,000 out of a city of 600,000.

Girondins/Brissotin

Society of Friends of the Constitution. Split into groups/factions. First group is the Girondins (name, some of their leaders come from Gironde) they were a group that is marked by certain traits. They are men (about 70 of them in the legislature) who are successful politian's, good speakers and persuaders. They embrace some aspects of ideology but more so in outlook. They favor a republic. They would get rid of the monarchy. After the monarchy is gone, they have something in mind of a republic like America. They have enlightenment ideology. Economic approach is Laissez-faire (let it be natural, don't mess with it). They are opposed to slavery. They are overwhelmingly men from the provinces and so they have a suspicion of the big city and urban life. Young men, fairly well educated, and have respect for money and the influence money buys. Will at times have a majority in the legislature Leaders. Roland is the leader of them. Believed that if they went to war they would come to power. Claim the king and the queen are committing treason. The Girondins pass laws that: -All priests that haven't taken the oath to the government will be deported -Disbanded the kings guard units around the palace Can only keep Swiss Guards who are loyal to the king -Move the hostile troops to the capital they announce that they will not let the convention leave the tuilleries until they release all of the Girondins. Then they can make the convention unified. The girondns withstood for a while but ended up giving up and many where killed. They were stormed on on June 2nd and were purged from the convention. Arrested and beheaded. convention is run by 1792 by them. They are the moderates. Laissez-faire economy. Under the thermidor, they are allowed back. Favor a republic, wish to remove the monarch. They favor a laissez-faire economy. Interested in women's rights, slave emancipation

Duke of Orléans (Philippe Egalité)

The Duke of Orleans who is now calling himself Philippe Egalite- he is the king's cousin who is elected to the national convention. The kings' immediate death is decided by 1 vote (361 to 360). The final vote was given by him.

Valmy

The French armies, having been reformed under Dumouriez's lead earn a victory against the invading Prussian army. The victory lies solely in Dumouriez's leadership which saw him institute the process of amalgam which saw professional soldiers mixed with volunteers. The French army held off the Prussian attack on the border. French victory pushes the Prussians out of France

Vendée department

There are loyalist demonstrations in Brittany-Vendee going against the imprisoning of the king. It is an area of awful weather, very swampy. This area is way off the map of the authority of the old regime. Takes up issue with the conventions decree. Area is set up for guerilla warfare. There was a rebellion. The guerilla war is marked by death on both sides. It is hard for the army to identify who the enemy is which leads to many deaths of innocent people. Jean-Baptiste Carrier- Jean starts rounding up those who are in rebellion in the vendee

De-Christianization

Two forms. The official- program sponsored by the committee of public safety. Many of them are deists who believe in a supreme being. Two on the committee are atheists. Heavily influenced by Rousseau who believes that man kind is born good. Created the Cult of the Supreme Being meaning you have to recognize that there is a supreme being, believe in the immortality of the soul, list of things you have to do for the supreme beings, festivals take place to honor the supreme beings.

Active and passive citizens

Under the Constitution of 1791, the National Assembly does not give the vote to everyone. Doesn't give any voting to women. To cast a vote, you need to be a male and an active citizen. You have to have a certain amount of money and it is based on the amount of taxes that you pay for your wealth per year. People who do not meet the amount are passive citizens. To be an elector you have to pay even more money. The electors can only elect someone who pays really even higher taxes.

Chrétien-Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes

Was in charge of the censorship administration when he served the king. Was living in retirement but decided to defend the king. Lead counsel position of the defense of the king. Lost his life for it.

Jacobins (Society of Friends of the Constitution)

origins in the Breton club. Take over old church in Paris and meet there frequently during the week. Grew greatly and spread to other places. Held debates about the revolution and sent letters to the government about it. Have a faith in the revolution as a means to create political change. Through political change they can make the human race better too. Initial members included: Mirabeau-Tulleyrand, Sieyes, Layfette. Take over the monastery of Paris of St. Bernard. 250 members of the legislature are part of this society. They agree with Lafayette and the Jacobins and believe that the revolution has gone to far. Want to restore the monarchy first and deal with applying democracy second. Wrote that for the masses of men tranquility is sought over liberty. They are en with money. Dues are very high. They are concerned with preserving and enhance power for the monarchy. 150 members of the new legislative assembly. Split into groups/factions. First group is the Girondins (name, some of their leaders come from Gironde) they were a group that is marked by certain traits. They are men (about 70 of them in the legislature) who are successful Politian's, good speakers and persuaders, They embrace some aspects of ideology but more so in outlook. They favor a republic. They would get rid of the monarchy. After the monarchy is gone, they have something in mind of a republic like America. They have enlightenment ideology. Economic approach is Laissez-faire (let it be natural, don't mess with it). They are opposed to slavery. They are overwhelmingly men from the provinces and so they have a suspicion of the big city and urban life. Young men, fairly well educated, and have respect for money and the influence money buys. Will at times have a majority in the legislature Leaders include: Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville, Jean- Marie Roland, Marie-Jeanne Roland, Pierre Vergniaud. Made up 150 representatives in the Convention They propel France into war Within the Jacobins were the Girondins Lead by Brissot de Warville, Jean-Marie Roland, Marie-Jeanne Roland, Pierre Vergniaud of Bordeaux (great orator/puppet) Skilled politicians Sway votes in the Assembly Favor a republic, wish to remove the monarchy They favor a laissez-faire economy Interested in women's rights, slave emancipation Young, well-educated, well-traveled Understand the influence of money on politics Suspicious of Parisians