FUN Test #2

Metal decorations imported from England during colonial times and attached to the coffin in special cases were called

"coffin furniture"

Samuel Rogers

1878, patented the trocar - no evisceration

in 1863, Dr Thomas Holmes patented a(n) _____ for short-term preservation of dead bodies badly wounded in battle

Air tight receptacle

Burial receptacles that were patented in the early 19th Century but which gained little popular appeal were referred to as

Also rans

Gravity Injector

Apparatus used to inject arterial fluid during the vascular (arterial) phase of the embalming process; relies on gravity to create the pressure required to deliver the fluid (.43 pounds of pressure per one foot of elevation).

A term derived from the French word for "jewel box" which came into dominant use in patent literature for burial receptacles in the 1890s in America. "A rigid container designed for the encasement of human remains and which is usually constructed of wood, metal, fiberglass, plastic or like material and ornamented and lined with fabric.

Casket

Early embalming training was provided mostly by

Chemical manufacturing companies and their salesmen

Which of the following was NOT a major theme surrounding the emergence of the modern casket? color and shape utility preservation and protection status indication aesthetic

Color and Shape

The Virginia Colony was founded in 1607 at Jamestown on the basis of ______ whereas Massachusetts Bay Colony of 1628 was formed primarily on the basis of ______

Commercialism;Religion

A ______ was a portable table on which the body was placed later became the embalming table when embalming was done in the home of the deceased

Cooling board

Butleroy and Hoffman

Discovered embalming fluid (Formaldehyde)

The functions of the Colonial American funeral included all of the following except religiosity sociability reaffirmation of deceased social status Emphasis on eco friendly green burial

Emphasis on eco friendly green burial

T/F Native Americans share a single faith which results in common funeral practices throughout the United States

False

T/F with the increasing popularity of metallic casket the practice of using cloth covered caskets became unacceptable

False

Perhaps the most remarkable coffin ever patented and put into widespread use in America was the _______ "an air tight coffin of cast or raised metal" patented in 1848. The anthropoidal shape reduced the weight and at the same time reduced the air space"

Fisk Metallic Coffin

The rise of this group of "middle men" who provided supplies and merchandise to funeral undertakers dealing directly with the public allowed more people to become funeral directors

Furnishing undertakers

Results of the American Industrial Revolution include

Growth in urban areas Middle Class formed ostentation to the burial of dead separation of families due to mobility (ALL)

According to early Protestantism and Calvinism, the avenue to salvation was

Hard work as well as good deeds

An Anthropoidal coffin is

Human shaped or man resembling

Early American burial usually took place

In the churchyard

One of the first coffin shop/warehouse in America was started in New York by which of the following?

John L Dillon

_____ were created due to the fear of premature burial, some 19th century American coffins were designed and patented with a method to alert the living if someone were being buried alive

Life signals

Trocar

Long hollow tube; used by embalmers to inject fluids into cavities and remove excess liquids.

In early America, occupational specialists who were considered "performers of personal service" the predecessor to the undertaker included

Midwives, nurses, layer outs of the dead. (ALL)

In the Dutch colonies of Early America, large funeral ceremonies included the custom of giving _____ to the pallbearers

Monkey Spoons

As early casket manufacturers become more sophisticated in their merchandising which of the following attitudinal changes were reflected in their product?

More aesthetic luxury

In the first have of the 19th century, patents were granted for caskets made out of all of the following material except Wood metal stone cement None

NONE of the above

The ________ was an innovation introduced to square-sided caskets in order to reduce the excess space and weight particularly of metal caskets characterized by an "S" shaped curvature.

Ogee Design

Claims made by the manufacturers of metallic burial cases included

Preservation Protection from water and vermin Stops spread of disease Helps with reburial (ALL)

The Style "E" Casket was made notable because it was used for the burial of what famous person?

President Ulysses S Grant

What was the first major concern driving the early development and use of burial vaults

Protection from grave robbers and burglaries

Tradesmen undertakers from the 18th Century advertised their service by emphasizing

Protection of corpse and Wide range of funerary goods available

In 1846, ______ patented the "Refrigerator for corpses" one of the first patents for a corpse cooler/cooling board during the 19th century.

Robert Frederick and C.A. Trump

Dr. Valentine Mott

Saw the possibilities offered by injective embalming procedures for funeralization

What was called the "Popish Error" avoided by the ministry of early New England?

Saying prayers over the dead

Aspects of Early Americans funeral directing included

Set of tasks for the care and disposal of dead Business enterprise Personal Service ALL

The courts in Massachusetts in the early 1700s made many attempts to prohibit what practice?

The extraordinary expense, excessive spending on funerals

The most persistent symbol of early New England for representing death was

The skull and crossbones

Dr. Richard Harlan

Translated J.N. Gannals History of Embalming to English 1840

T/F Because of the time it took for the coffin to arrive in England many tradesmen in the United States became skilled in making coffins and it became speciality leading to the establishment of coffin shop and manufacturers

True

T/F During the Civil War, many well-to-do families wanted to have their loved ones returned after they were killed in battle. This led to the training of individual preserving the dead

True

T/F It is not uncommon for Native Americans in the funeral customs to integrate some Christian practices into their services

True

T/F Many Early Chemicals used for embalming were very harmful to the health of the embalmer

True

T/F Much of the overall cost related to Early American funerals was not directly attributable to burial expenses but to the parties and celebration later.

True

T/F The Civil War spurred the development of caskets with preservative qualities because families wanted to have their loved ones who died in battle returned to their homes.

True

T/F The firm Crane & Breed bought the patent for the Fisk Metallic Coffin and began mass production with many variations in design. This was the first mass production of one specific design

True

T/F. Graveyards in New England are known for the elaborate epitaphs on the gravestones that not only gave biographical data, but also a hint into the deceased's personality through literary expression

True

The type of burial receptacles commonly used during the 19th century included

Wooden, Cloth covered, metallic (ALL)

A generic term used to designate all burial receptacles as new variations of the coffin were being offered

burial cases

A _____ was a type of ice chest placed over the torso of the body in order to slow down the process of decomposition prior to the funeral

corpse cooler

Resotrative Art orignated as

demi - derma surgery

Dr. Thomas Holmes

father of modern embalming in the United States

Joel Crandall

founder of restorative art

Which of the following was NOT a consideration in the early development of coffin and burial cases Improvements in style and composition Utility Protection Gloom to beauty Importance of preservation

importance of preservation

J. Anthony Gaussardia

issued the first patent for the process of embalming the body primarily by chemical injection

The duties and responsibilities of the Early American church sexton included

laying out the dead digging grave and keeping burial records being in attendance of procession providing undertakers with paraphernalia and merch (ALL)

Hand Pump

method to apply a continuous flow of embalming solution via manual manipulation of a handheld mechanism.

Municipal jobs often given to early funeral functionaries because of their supposed knowledge in health and sanitary matters included

registrar of deaths, health official or inspector, ambulance, town undertaker. (ALL)

Benjamin Wheatley

the first Virginian to practice embalming

In Early American funerals the ______ actually carried the casket whereas the ____ men of distinction carried the pall.

underbearers;pallbearers