Functional Anatomy

If you wanted to stretch the gastrocnemius muscle which of the following actions would be most appropriate

A combination of ankle dorsi-flexion and knee extension

If you wanted to stretch the peroneus (fibularis) brevis muscle which of the following actions would be most appropriate

A combination of ankle inversion and dorsiflexion

If you wanted to stretch biceps brachii which of the following actions would be most appropriate

A combination of glenohumeral extension, elbow extension and forearm pronation

If you wanted to stretch the posterior deltoid muscle which of the following actions would be most appropriate

A combination of glenohumeral internal rotation and horizontal adduction

A key role of the intervertebral disc is to [a] and distribute load evenly over the [b]. When performing a stoop lifting technique the intervertebral disc pressure in the lumbar spine is about four times [c] than what it is in upright standing. This is primarily caused by the [d]. There will be a compression load on the [e] aspect of the intervertebral disc and a tension load on the [f] aspect of the intervertebral disc. If axial rotation of the trunk also occurs the collagen fibres of the [g] orientated in the direction of the rotation become taut and the rest that are orientated in the opposite direction slacken. This can be a problem because the intervertebral discs in the lower lumbar spine are not protected on the posterior and lateral margins by the [h]

A key role of the intervertebral disc is to Bear and distribute load evenly over the Vertebral end plate. When performing a stoop lifting technique the intervertebral disc pressure in the lumbar spine is about four times Larger than what it is in upright standing. This is primarily caused by the trunk extensor muscle force. There will be a compression load on the Anterior aspect of the intervertebral disc and a tension load on the Posterior aspect of the intervertebral disc. If axial rotation of the trunk also occurs the collagen fibres of the Annulus fibrosis orientated in the direction of the rotation become taut and the rest that are orientated in the opposite direction slacken. This can be a problem because the intervertebral discs in the lower lumbar spine are not protected on the posterior and lateral margins by the Posterior longitudinal ligament

Stabilizes the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb in extension

Abductor pollicis longus

Provides much of the force of the pinch by flexing the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb

Adductor pollicis

When a stress is applied to a ligament and it enters the plastic region of its stress-strain curve, which of the following statements is TRUE?

All of the above are true

Which of the following statements about the sternoclavicular joint is TRUE?

All of the above are true

Which of the following is NOT a factor that may influence damage to articular cartilage?

Blood flow

What is the synergistic relationship between flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris when producing isolated movement at the wrist?

Both act to produce ulnar deviation and cancel out each other's tendency to produce flexion-extension.

Which muscle acts to FLEX the elbow regardless of forearm position, resistance, or speed of movement?

Brachialis

Forward head posture......

Can be reliably measured using surface landmarks and photography

Select the joint that matches the following criteria. A saddle joint that lies in front of the plane of the hand due the position of the trapezium; it allows flexion-extension and abduction-adduction and has an important role in allowing for opposition between the thumb and index finger

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

During glenohumeral joint ADDUCTION (from an abducted position), movement occurs at each of the other joints of the shoulder complex. Which of the following correctly describes these movements.

Downwards rotation at the scapulothoracic joint, depression at the sternoclavicular joint, and downwards rotation at the acromioclavicular joint

Extends the wrist to ensure that flexor digitorum profundus is kept at an appropriate length to be able to produce force

Extensor carpi radialis longus

A patient with an abduction contracture of the right hip stands with the right hip abducted, the left hip adducted and right ankle plantar flexion to equalize limb length

False

Athletes involved in sports requiring unilateral overhead activities like throwing often have shoulder asymmetries such as a more forward shoulder alignment on the non-dominant side

False

Radiographic studies generally demonstrate that an increase in anterior pelvic tilt is accompanied by a decrease in the lumbar lordosis.

False

The following exercise may be used to strengthen extensor digitorum longus

False

Produces flexion of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb

Flexor pollicus longus

The erector spinae have relatively large moment arms in relation to the axis of rotation in the vertebral body and therefore this muscle group is well suited for...

Gross movements such as extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column

If you wanted to stretch adductor longus which of the following actions would be most appropriate

Hip abduction

If you wanted to stretch iliopsoas which of the following actions would be most appropriate

Hip extension

The most effective axial rotators of the trunk are...

Internal abdominal oblique and external abdominal oblique

Which of the following statements about the moment arm for a muscle is FALSE?

It is always larger than the moment arm for the resistance in a third-class lever arrangement

Which of the following statements about boundary layer lubrication is TRUE?

It is where there is an absorbed layer of synovial fluid on the articulating surfaces which eliminates most of the surface wear

Which of the following statements about bone is FALSE?

Its behaviour remains the same for all directions of loading

Which of the following actions in the cervical spine are coupled?

Lateral flexion and axial rotation

In the vertebral column the inter-transverse ligament primarily limits...

Lateral flexion at a motion segment of the vertebral column

Which of the following muscles EXTENDS and INTERNALLY ROTATES the humerus at the glenohumeral joint?

Latissimus dorsi

Scoliosis is a postural deformity of the vertebral column that....

May be structural (bony changes) or functional (soft tissue imbalances)

Which of the following statements about scapulohumeral rhythm is FALSE?

Movement of the scapula generally commences from 30° of glenohumeral flexion and 60° of glenohumeral abduction

Once trunk LATERAL FLEXION to the RIGHT has been initiated from an upright standing position, gravity is the prime mover so continued trunk LATERAL FLEXION to the RIGHT is....

Primaily controlled by the LEFT trunk lateral flexors acting eccentrically

Which of the following joints of the elbow complex participate in flexion-extension?

Radiohumeral and ulnarhumeral joints

A COXA VALGA deformity where there is an increase in the alignment of the head and neck of the femur in relation to the shaft in the frontal plane (e.g. 140°) is most likely to result in...

Reduced bending loads on the femoral neck

If a person stands on their right leg, the muscle group responsible for minimising the extent to which the pelvis drops downwards on the left side (right hip adduction) is the:

Right hip abductors

Which of the following is NOT a feature of a grasp where lots of force needs to be produced but little precision is required?

The dynamic tripod is formed between the thumb, index finger, and middle finger

If, when working at a desk, a person changes from an upright head and neck posture to a flexed head and neck posture with some anterior trunk lean then...

The external moment/torque produced by the weight force for the head INCREASES and causes a considerable INCREASE in the muscle force that is required to maintain the head and neck in a static position

The femoral neck serves to displace the proximal shaft of the femur distally and laterally thereby reducing the likelihood of [a] against the pelvis and increasing the [b] of the attached muscles

The femoral neck serves to displace the proximal shaft of the femur distally and laterally thereby reducing the likelihood of bony impingement against the pelvis and increasing the length of the moment arms of the attached muscles

The load is transmitted through the [a] joint and causes the [b] to be displaced [c]. As the interosseous membrane binds the [d] and ulna together the interosseous membrane pulls on the [e] and causes it to also be displaced [f]. The contact area at the elbow is [g] and the stress is [h].

The load is transmitted through the radiocarpal joint and causes the radius to be displaced proximally. As the interosseous membrane binds the radius and ulna together the interosseous membrane pulls on the ulna and causes it to also be displaced proximally. The contact area at the elbow is increased and the stress is decreased.

Which of the following statements about MEDIAL stability at the elbow is FALSE?

The need for medial stability at the elbow decreases during overhead activities

Based on the load deformation curves for normal and immobilized bone

The normal sample is stiffer because there is a steeper gradient (slope) of the curve in the elastic region

Based on the load deformation curves for normal and immobilized bone

The normal sample is tougher because there is a larger area under the curve compared to the immobilised sample

The graph shows the relationship between active force (tension) and sarcomere length. The active force (tension) decreases as the sarcomere lengthens beyond resting length because...

There is too little overlap between the actin and myosin filaments so fewer cross bridges can be formed

Which of the following does NOT apply to tendons?

They guide normal joint movement

Which of the following statements about the sacroiliac joints is FALSE?

They have no role in load transfer from the head, arms and trunk to the ischial tuberosities when sitting

Which of the following muscles create tension in the thoracolumbar fascia when they contract and thereby provide an important mechanism that helps to stabilise the lumbar spine and sacroiliac joints?

Transversus abdominis

Although further research is required, it is possible that the abduction of the scapula often seen in a person presenting with rounded shoulders may be caused by a weakness in a muscle such as trapezius or tightness in a muscle such as pectoralis minor.

True

In upright standing the ankle plantar flexor muscles (particularly soleus) have a very important role in maintaining static equilibrium

True

The following exercise may be used to strengthen flexor digitorum longus

True

The transversus abdominis is ideally suited to provide stability and support to the trunk.

True

Which of the following statements about lumbopelvic rhythm is FALSE?

When returning back to an upright standing position (from a fully flexed position), trunk extension is usually initiated by anterior pelvic tilt

In typical erect standing postural sway:

all of the above

When a muscle is described as a NEUTRALISER its role is to.......

cancel out an unwanted action of an agonist

As a joint moves through its available range there will be one position where contact between the articulating surfaces is maximised. This is called the ___________ position

closed-packed

If the shape of the articulating surfaces allow them to fit well together the joint is described as ______________

congruent

Tension in the __________ ligament causes posterior roation of the clavicle during elevation at the sternoclavicular joint

conoid

When a constant load is applied to a VISCOELASTIC material and there is a gradual increase in deformation over time, this behaviour is called......

creep

As the velocity of a concentric contraction increases, the contractile force....

decreases

When a material yields and undergoes plastic deformation before it breaks the behaviour of the material is described as......

ductile

A type of muscle contraction where active tension is being developed within the muscle and the muscle is LENGTHENING is called:

eccentric

At the scapulothoracic joint pectoralis minor does NOT assist in producing......

elevation

When the hip moves into [a] the joint capsule becomes taut and the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and [b] ligaments clamp down on the head and neck of the femur to firmly hold the femoral head in the [c]. Further movement of the femur in this direction beyond the end of range at the hip may occur through [d] pelvic tilt

extension, pubofemoral, acetabulum, anterior

A key role of articular cartilage is to distribute loads over a small area in order to decrease the stress on the underlying subchondral bone

false

Based on the concept of mechanical fatigue a material will always move from an area of tolerance into an area of failure if there is a low stress and a low number of loading cycles

false

Levator scapulae produces CONTRALATERAL axial rotation of the head and neck.

false

Retroversion at the hip may lead to compensatory changes to try an improve stability such as hip internal rotation

false

The carpometacarpal joint of the little finger is the most stable of the carpometacarpal joints of the fingers and this is important for pinch grips

false

The collagen fibres in tendons are more irregularly arranged than the collagen fibres in ligaments because in addition to tensile loads they need to be able to deal with small loads coming from other directions

false

The long head of triceps brachii is described as the 'workhorse' for elbow extension

false

The size and shape of the articulating surfaces at the hip joint provide LESS inherent passive stability than the size and shape of the articulating surfaces at the glenohumeral joint.

false

When axially rotating your head and neck to check for traffic before crossing the road the largest proportion of the movement occurs at the atlanto-occipital joint.

false

When holding a load in the hand with the arm by the side (elbow extended), two structures that help to stabilise the lateral aspect of the elbow complex are the annular ligament and the brachialis muscle

false

Wrist flexion involves the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints, but there is relatively more movement at the radiocarpal joint

false

The first muscle recruited to flex the fingers is __________

flexor digitorum profundus

For most individuals, grip strength for activities of daily living will be strongest when the wrist is:

in a small amount of extension (20°)

During ABDUCTION at the glenohumeral joint infraspinatus and teres minor work together to perform two important roles. Fill in the blanks to describe each of these roles. They pull the humeral head [a] to offset the tendency for middle deltoid to initially cause translation of the humeral head due its small [b] They cause [c] of the glenohumeral joint to prevent impingement of the greater tubercle under a low point of the [d]

inferiorly, moment arm, external rotation, corocacromial arch

When a two-joint muscle cannot lengthen adequately to allow both joints to be moved through a full range of motion at the same time this is called ______________ insufficiency

passive

At C3-C7 lateral flexion to the left requires [a] and [b] glide of the left inferior articular process of the superior vertebra and [c] and [d] glide of the right inferior articular process of the superior vertebra

posterior, inferior, anterior, superior

In terms of movement between the articulating surfaces at a joint, ROLL is.....

rotation and translation about a moving axis

Medial winging of the scapula may be an indication of weakness in which muscle?

serratus anterior

The capacity of a muscle to produce force will not be influenced by the.........

size of its moment arm

The rotator cuff muscles have a very important role in providing dynamic stability at the glenohumeral joint. One of the proposed mechanisms involves contraction of [a] acting a barrier ("roadblock") to anterior translation of the humeral head and contraction of [b] and infraspinatus acting a barrier ("roadblock") to posterior translation of the humeral head

subscapularis, teres minor

In the stretch-shortening cycle, force production during the (upward) concentric phase of a countermovement jump may be enhanced by utilising stored energy in the [a]. Not all the stored energy can be used because some of it will be lost as heat. This viscoelastic characteristic is called [b]

tendons, hysteresis

A task can be made easier to perform by either reducing the mass (weight) of the resistance or reducing the size of the moment arm for the resistance by bringing the resistance closer to the axis of rotation

true

Bone will experience loads as a result of muscle contraction

true

Elbow extension range is limited by the olecranon and this allows stability for the elbow when in full extension

true

From the anatomical position the tensor fasciae latae is a primary flexor and abductor of the hip

true

If you are working with a client with osteoarthritis in his RIGHT hip, it is best to advise him to use his walking stick on his LEFT side.

true

In sports requiring running, jumping, and changes of direction the hip adductors may also contribute to hip flexion and extension and this is one potential reason why they may be susceptible to injury.

true

Inflammation of the synovial sheaths that surround the tendons of the finger flexors may press on the median nerve and result in a condition called carpal tunnel syndrome

true

Not all the muscle force transferred via the tendon to the bone will contribute to producing movement at a joint because depending on the line of action of a muscle in relation to the joint and the joint angle some of the muscle force will also act to stabilise or destabilise the joint

true

ONE way to potentially reduce intervertebral disc pressure in the lumbar spine when a person is sitting in a chair is to use a reclined backrest.

true

Pronator quadratus is the first muscle recruited for pronation of the forearm.

true

The advantage of a muscle with a pennate fibre arrangement is that it has a greater PCSA and therefore a greater capacity to produce force

true

The iliolumbar ligament provides important support against anterior shear at the lumbosacral junction (L5-S1)

true

The maximum stress that a ligament can endure is related to its cross-sectional area

true

The movements available at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers are flexion-extension and abduction-adduction

true

The triangular fibrocartilage complex is the primary stabiliser of the distal radio-ulnar joint

true

To start the concentric phase of a movement the torque (moment) created by the muscle force must be greater than the torque (moment) created by the resistance

true

When the hand is fixed in space (e.g. using a screwdriver) pronation of the forearm from a supinated position requires the ulna to move posteriorly, laterally, and then anteriorly as the distal radius rotates around it

true

Whilst the orientation of the facet joints in the thoracic region would indicate a large range of lateral flexion should be possible the stability provided by the attachment of the ribs prevents this

true

When a person changes from walking to running the loading rate increases. In response the bone will become stronger and stiffer because it is a _____________ material

viscoelastic