fundamentals exam 3 practice questions

The nurse is caring for a client with a urinary catheter. The urinary output for the 12 hour shift is 240ml. What is the priority nursing action? A. Call the healthcare provider B. Increase IVF for 30ml/hr to 100ml/hr C. Encourage oral fluids D. Change out the catheter with a new one

A

The nurse is caring for a pt who has a indwelling urinary catheter. Which actions by the nurse increases the risk for pt complications? A. Allowing the drainage bag to get full before emptying B. Keeping the urinary drainage system closed C. Preventing urine back flow from the tubing and bag into the bladder D. Performing perineal care after each bowel movement

A

The nurse is ordered to perform a urinary catheterization for post-void residual volume on a client with urinary incontinence. Several minutes after the client voids, the nurse obtains a residual urine of 30 mL. The nurse interprets this residual volume of urine to be A. Adequate bladder emptying B. Inadequate bladder emptying C. Decreased urethral pressure D. Increased urethral pressure

A

The nurse is planning care for a client who is incontinent of urine. Which instruction should the nurse provide to the UAP who is caring for this client? A. Assist client to bathroom every 2 hours while awake B. Restrict fluids to 1000ml/day to decrease episodes of incontinence C. Offer coffee, iced tea, soft drinks every 2 hours while awake D. Instruct client on strategies to manage urinary incontinence

A

The nurse reviews factors that may impact catheter insertion with a student nurse. Which physiologic change that commonly occurs in elderly males may affect insertion of the catheter? A. Prostate gland enlargement B. Urethral stricture C. Diminished bladder capacity D. Weakened detrusor muscle

A

This type of incontinence is seen commonly in patients with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and severe arthritis. A. Functional B. Overflow C. Stress D. Reflux

A

What should the nurse do next after seeing V Fib on a heart monitor? A. Attach AED or debrillator pads B. Reposition leads to remove artifact (electrical interference) C. Obtain 12 lead EKG

A

A laxative is

A medication that stimulates defecation

A client has urinary incontinence. Which is the best nursing intervention for this client? A. Providing skin care immediately after soiling B. Using a deodorant soap when providing skin care C. Drying the perineal area well after providing perineal care D. Dusting the perineal area with a light film of cornstarch

A. ---as soon as possible after a incontinence episode, the client should receive thorough perineal care with soap and water, and the area should be dried as well this action removes urea from the skin, which can contribute to skin breakdown. although drawing the area well after providing perineal care is done

Which nursing intervention decreases the risk for catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)? A. Hanging the urinary drainage bag below the level of the bladder B. Changing the urinary drainage bag daily C. Daily cleansing of the urinary meatus with antiseptic solution D. Irrigating the urinary catheter with sterile water

A. -Evidence-based interventions shown to decrease the risk for CAUTI include ensuring a free flow of urine in the catheter to the bag. None of the other options have evidence to support their use, and option "D" will increase the risk for CAUTI through repeated opening of the sterile catheter drainage system.

The nurse, along with a NAP, is catheterizing a pt with a neurogenic bladder. What are the responsibilities of the NAP? SATA A. Maintain the privacy of the pt B. Provide perineal care C. Assisting in positioning the pt D. Insert catheter into the urinary meatus E. Inflate the balloon fully as per manufacturer's direction

ABC

Which of these nursing actions would the nurse use to promote urinary elimination in a client who has urinary retention? SATA A. Run the water in the sink B. Provide privacy while the female uses the bedpan C. Encourage oral fluids D. Intermittent catheterization E. Bladder scan

AC

What factors are contributing to its with urinary retention? SATA A. Pain medication B. History of degenerative arthritis C. General anesthesia D. History of benign prostatic hyperplasia E. Taking low dose aspirin at home

ACD

Which of the following demonstrate that further teaching is required to prevent an infection related to being catheterized? (Select all that apply.) A) An elderly female carries her urinary drainage bag like a purse under her arm as she ambulates. B) A patient drinks an entire pitcher of water over the period of one day. C) As a patient is being transferred in a wheelchair, he places the drainage bag in his lap. D) The NAP places a patient's drainage bag on a lowered side rail or on the floor. E) A female patient keeps her catheter secured to her thigh with tape.

ACD

Which are key points that the nurse should include in patient education for a person with complaints of chronic constipation? A. Increase fiber and fluids in the diet B. Use a low-volume enema daily C. Avoid gluten in the diet D. Take laxatives twice a day E. Exercise for 30 minutes every day F. Schedule time to use the toilet at the same time every day G. Take probiotics 5 times a week

AEF

A female client states, "every time I cough hard, I wet myself." The nurse documents this condition as which of the following? A. Functional incontinence B. Stress incontinence C. Urge incontinence D. Unconscious incontinence

B

A female patient with a suspected urinary tract infection (UTI) is to provide a clean-catch urine specimen for culture and sensitivity testing. To obtain the specimen, the nurse will A. have the patient empty the bladder completely, then obtain the next urine specimen that the patient is able to void. B. teach the patient to clean the urethral area, void a small amount into the toilet, and then void into a sterile specimen cup. C. insert a short sterile "mini" catheter attached to a collecting container into the urethra and bladder to obtain the specimen. D. clean the area around the meatus with a povidone-iodine (Betadine) swab, and then have the patient void into a sterile container.

B

A health care provider has ordered an indwelling catheter to be inserted to bedside drainage. Which of the following is NOT an expected indication for Foley catheterization? A) Preoperative status. B) To determine urinary retention. C) To obtain accurate urinary output in a critically ill patient. D) To allow a pressure ulcer on the coccyx to heal in a patient with urinary incontinence.

B

A patient is 8 hours post-opt from a colostomy placement. Which finding requires immediate nursing action? A. The stoma is swollen and large. B. The stoma is black. C. The stoma is not draining any stool. D. The patient states the site is tender.

B

A patient is voiding spontaneously without recognizing the need to void, how should the nurse document his current urinary pattern in the medical chart? A. Polyuria B. Incontinence C. Retention D. Oliguria

B

After a patient has had a Foley catheter for 1 week, a urine specimen may be obtained from the bedside drainage bag. A) True B) False

B

If an indwelling catheter is necessary, the nursing interventions that should be implemented to prevent infection include A) using sterile technique to disconnect the catheter from tubing to obtain urine specimens. B) performing meticulous perineal care daily with soap and water. C) using clean technique during insertion. D) placing the catheter bag on the patient's abdomen when moving the patient.

B

Obtaining a sterile urine sample for testing by using a straight catheter can be delegated to NAP. A) True B) False

B

The client has a failed resuscitation. Before time of death is called, what should the nurse do next? A. Begin CPR B. Check another lead C. Notify the morgue

B

The nurse has attempted to administer a tap water enema for a patient with fecal impactionwith no success. What is the next priority nursing action? A. Preparing the patient for a second tap water enema B. Donning gloves for digital removal of the stool C. Positioning the patient on the left side D. Inserting a rectal tube

B

The nurse is caring for an elderly client who has an indwelling catheter. Which data warrant further investigation? A. The client's temperature is 98.0˚F. B. The client has become confused and irritable. C. The client's urine is clear and light yellow. D.The client feels the need to urinate.

B

The nurse is reviewing urinary catheter care with a newly hired nursing assistive personnel (NAP). Which statement made by the NAP indicates further instruction is needed? A) "Urinary catheter care is a clean procedure; sterile gloves are an unnecessary expense." B) "The bedside drainage bag should only be emptied when it is full." C) "During catheter care, you should relocate the tape that anchors the catheter and replace it as necessary." D) "Condom catheter care can be delegated to NAP and family members."

B

The nurse is teaching the client how to care for an ileostomy. The client ask the nurse how long to wear the punch before changing it. The nurse should tell the client which of the following? A. "The pouch is changed only when it leaks" B. "You can wear the pouch for about 4 to 6 days." C. "You should change the pouch every evening before bedtime." D. "it depends on your activity level and your diet."

B

What is the priority action by the nurse when seeing V Tach on a client? A. Early defibrillation B. Check for a pulse C. Start emergency peripheral intravenous access D. Notify provider

B

What rhythm is this client in? A. Sinus tachycardia B. Sinus Bradycardia C. Normal Sinus D. Atrial fibrillation

B

What rhythm is this? A. Normal sinus B. Atrial Fibrillation C. Ventricular Fibrillation D. Ventricular Tachycardia

B

A student nurse is preparing to insert a indwelling urinary catheter under supervision. what is the first step in the proper placement of a indwelling urinary catheter for a male client? A. Gently insert and advance the catheter B. Wash perineal area with soap and water C. Assemble the catheter, lubricant, ad drainage receptacle D. Advance the catheter one more inch

B The student nurse should first wash the entire perineal area with soap and water before applying antiseptic or lubricant

The catheter is successfully placed in the bladder with a return of 200 ml of clear, yellow urine. The catheter is secured, and the client is resting comfortably. In documenting the catheter insertion procedure, which statement should be included? A. No prostate gland enlargement noted during catheter insertion. B. 16 Foley catheter inserted with return of clear, yellow urine. C. 5 ml balloon inflated in the urethra but client is now comfortable. D. Indwelling catheter inserted because the client is incontinent.

B This statement includes the best objective data, including the size of the catheter and the outcome of the procedure. In addition, the nurse should also document how the client tolerated the procedure and the client's condition following completion of the procedure.

The nurse would delegate which of the following to nursing assistive personnel (NAP)? A. Repositioning and retaping a patient's nasogastric tube B. Performing glucose monitoring every 6 hours on a patient C. Documenting PO intake on a patient who is on a calorie count for 72 hours D. Administering enteral feeding bolus after tube placement has been verified E. Hanging a new bag of enteral feeding

BC The skills of measuring blood glucose level after skin puncture (capillary puncture) and writing down the amount the patient ate can be delegated to NAP. The nurse needs to administer enteral feeding because of the risk of aspiration. The nasogastric tube should never be repositioned by the NAP for risk of causing injury to the patient.

Which nursing interventions should the nurse implement when removing an indwelling urinary catheter in an adult patient?SATA A. Attach a 3 mL syringe to the inflation port B. Allow the balloon to drain into the syringe by gravity. C. Initiate a voiding record/bladder diary D. Pull catheter quickly E. Clamp the catheter prior to removal.

BC. By allowing the balloon to drain by gravity the development of creases or ridges in the balloon may be avoided and thus minimize trauma to the urethra during withdrawal. All patients who have a catheter removed should have their voiding monitored. The best way to do this is with a voiding record or bladder diary. The size syringe used to deflate the balloon is dictated by the size of the balloon. In the adult patient balloon sizes are either 10 mLs or 30 mLs. Catheters should be pulled out slowly and smoothly. There is no evidence to support clamping catheters prior to removal.

A client comes to the primary care provider's office with the complaints of urinating all the time, pain on urination, small amounts of urine being passed when voiding, and a foul smell to the urine. A urine specimen has been sent for analysis. Based on the signs and symptoms expressed by the client, which of the following health problems would be anticipated?A. Acute renal failure B. Renal stone C. Urinary tract infection D. Chronic renal failure

C

A nurse identifies that the client has overflow incontinence. Which factor contributes to this clinical manifestation? A. Coughing B. Mobility deficits C. Prostate Enlargement D. Urinary tract infection

C

A nurse inserting an indwelling Foley catheter in a female patient advances the catheter and obtains clear yellow urine. What is the next action the nurse should take? A) Inflate the balloon with the prefilled syringe of sterile water in the balloon port. B) Pull gently back on the catheter approximately 1 inch or until resistance is met. C) Advance catheter another 1 to 2 inches and inflate balloon. D) Ask patient to bear down as if to void.

C

A nurse is caring for a debilitated female client with nocturnia. Which nursing intervention is the priority when planning to meet this client's needs? A. Encouraging the use of bladder training exercises B. Providing assistance with toileting every 4 hours. C. Postioning a bedside commode near the bed D. Teaching the avoidance of fluids after 5pm

C

A nurse is caring for a patient who has had diarrhea for the past week. Which additional assessment finding would the nurse expect? A. Increased energy levels B. Distended abdomen C. Decreased serum bicarbonated D. Increased blood pressure

C

A patient states he would get up five or six times during the night to empty his bladder but he was able to control the urge long enough to make it to the bathroom. How should the nurse describe the urinary pattern the patient is describing? A. Dysuria B. Frequency C. Nocturia D. Diuresis

C

Mr. Clark has not voided since he returned from surgery 5 hours ago. What priority assessment should the nurse perform? A. Intermittent catheterization to determine urine output B. Assessment of intake and output C. Palpate over the lower abdomen for distention D. Bladder scan the upper abdomen area

C

The client has never had A fib before. What should the nurse do next? A. Notify provider B. Reposition the leads C. Perform a focused cardiac and PV assessment

C

The nurse is caring for a patient with a colostomy. Which intervention is most important? A. Cleansing the stoma with hot water B. Inserting a deodorant tablet in the stoma bag C. Selecting a bag with an appropriate size stoma opening D. Wearing sterile gloves while caring for the stoma

C

The nurse is observing the UAP providing direct care to a client with an indwelling catheter. Which data warrant immediate intervention by the nurse? A. The UAP secures the tubing to the client's leg with tape. B. The UAP provides catheter care with the client's bath. C. The UAP puts the collection bag on the client's bed. D. The UAP cares for the catheter after washing the hands.

C

The nurse is providing education to the student nurse. Which of these would the nurse include as appropriate uses for an indwelling catheter? A. Severe urinary tract infection B. Urinary incontinence C. End of life care D. Standard postoperative care

C

which sequence should the nurse perform the abdominal assessment? A. Auscultation, inspection, percussion, palpation B. Inspection, palpation, auscultation, percussion C. Inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation D. Auscultation percussion inspection palpation

C

What is a critical step when inserting an indwelling catheter into a male patient? A. Slowly inflate the catheter balloon with sterile saline. B. Secure the catheter drainage tubing to the bed sheets C. Advance the catheter to the bifurcation of the drainage and balloon ports. D. Advance the catheter until urine flows, then insert ¼ inch more.

C Advancing the catheter to the bifurcation avoids inflating the catheter balloon in the prostatic urethra causing trauma and pain. Catheter balloons are never inflated with saline. Securing the catheter drainage tubing to the bed sheets increases the risk for accidental pulling or tension on the catheter. The advancement of the catheter until flows and then inserting ¼ inch more is not unique to the male patient.

What instructions should the nurse give the NAP concerning a patient who has had an indwelling urinary catheter removed that day? A. Limit oral fluid intake to avoid possible urinary incontinence. B. Expect patient complaints of suprapubic fullness and discomfort. CORRECT C. Report the time and amount of first voiding. D. Instruct patient to stay in bed and use a urinal or bedpan.

C In order to adequately assess bladder function after a catheter is removed; voiding frequency and amount should be monitored. Unless contraindicated, fluids should be encouraged. To promote normal micturition, patients should be placed in as normal a posture for voiding as possible. Suprapubic tenderness and pain are possible indicators of urinary retention and/or a UTI.

Which of the following clients is most likely to require interventions in order to maintain regular bowel patterns? A) A client who has a history of atrial fibrillation requiring daily anticoagulants B) A woman 59 years of age who has recently begun hormone replacement therapy C) A client whose neuropathic pain requires multiple doses of opioids each day D) A client with hypertension who takes a diuretic and adrenergic blocker each morning

C Opioids have a very high potential to cause constipation. Anticoagulants, hormone replacements, diuretics, and -blockers are not among the medications commonly implicated in cases of constipation.

Describe, in order, how food travels from the stomach to the rectum: A. It exits the stomach into: the cecum, jejunum to the ileum, then into the duodenum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. B. It exits the stomach into: the duodenum, ileum to the jejunum, then into the cecum, ascending colon, sigmoid colon, descending colon, transverse colon, and rectum. C. It exits the stomach into: the ileum, jejunum to the duodenum, then into the cecum, sigmoid colon, transverse colon, descending colon, ascending colon, and rectum. D. It exits stomach into: the duodenum, jejunum to the ileum, then into the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

D

The female client in an outpatient clinic is being sent home with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI). Which instruction should the nurse teach to prevent a recurrence of a UTI? A. Clean the perineum from back to front after a bowel movement. B. Take warm tub baths instead of hot showers daily. C. Void immediately preceding sexual intercourse. D. Avoid coffee, tea, colas, and alcoholic beverages.

D

What is the correct order for an ostomy pouch change? 1. Close the end of the pouch. 2. Measure the stoma. 3. Cut the hole in the wafer. 4. Press the pouch in place over the stoma. 5. Remove the old pouch. 6. Trace the correct measurement onto the back of the wafer. 7. Assess the stoma and the skin around it. 8. Cleanse and dry the peristomal skin. A. 5, 8, 2, 7, 3, 6, 4, 1 B. 8, 5, 6, 2, 7, 3, 4, 1 C. 8, 5, 7, 6, 2, 3, 4, 1 D. 5, 8, 7, 2, 6, 3, 4, 1

D

During shift report, the nurse learns that an older female client is unable to maintain continence after she senses the urge to void and becomes incontinent on the way to the bathroom. Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate? A. Stress Urinary Incontinence B. Reflex Urinary Incontinence C. Functional Urinary Incontinence D. Urge Urinary Incontinence

D. The key phrase is "the urge to void." Option 1 occurs when the client coughs, sneezes, or jars the body, resulting in accidental loss of urine. Option 2 occurs with involuntary loss of urine at somewhat predictable intervals when a specific bladder volume is reached. Option 3 is involuntary loss of urine related to impaired function.

An example of a small volume, hypertonic enema is

Fleets enema

Diminished urinary output in relation to fluid intake

Oliguria

enlarged prostate

Overflow incontinence

an example of an irritant or stimulant medication is

a lubricant to soften a fecal mass

a cathartic medication is

a medication for treating constipation that is stronger than a laxative

a cleansing enema is

a method of cleansing the bowel before surgery or diagnostic test

an example of a normotonic enema is

a saline enema

tap water enema

an example of a hypotonic enema

complications of a colostomy

f and e imbalance, skin breakdown, intestinal obstructions, necrosis, stoma retraction, and bleeding

Cognitive deficit

functional Incontinence

stimulant laxative ex bisacodyl and Senna

harshest, may cause cramping- regular use can lead to dependence

What electrolyte imbalances/conditions would you observe in a pt with a colostomy?

hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, dehydration, diarrhea and constipation

an enema is

instilling fluid into the rectum to stimulate defecation or administer a medication

a retention enema is

intended to stay in the bowel for a prolonged period to soften a hard fecal mass

an example of a medicated enema that is not given for removal of stool is

kayexalate enema

a suppository

melts when it reaches body temp, releasing medication for absorption

osmotic laxative ex milk of magnesia, mag citrate, polyethylene glycol

pulls water into bowel

water toxicity may occur if repeating a

tap water enema

a normal saline enema is

the safest type of enema to administer

Spinal cord injury

Reflex incontinence

A patient is still unable to void for 8 hours. There is a prescription for intermittent catheterization. What is the most important nursing action when preforming this procedure? A. Use of sterile technique B. Provide privacy C. Document volume of urine obtained D. Assessment of color, clarity, odor of urine

A

During removal of a fecal impaction, which of the following could occur because of vagus stimulation? A) Bradycardia B)Atelectasid C) Tachycardia D) Cardiac tamponade

A

The nurse would expect the least formed stool to be present in which portion of the digestive tract? A. Ascending B. Descending C. Transverse D. Sigmoid

A

A patient complains of diminished urinary output. The nurse finds that the patient also has diminished fluid intake. What is the medical term for this condition A. Dysuria B. Oliguria C. Polyuria D. Nocturia

B Oliguria is The medical term used for low urinary output in relation to the fluid intake

An ambulatory elderly woman with dementia is incontinent of urine. She has poor short term memory and has not been seen toileting independently. What is the best nursing intervention for this patient? A. Recommend she be evaluated for an OAB medication. B. Start a scheduled toileting program. C. Recommend she be evaluated for an indwelling catheter. D. Start a bladder retraining program

B The first nursing intervention for any patient with incontinence, who is able to toilet, is to assist them with toilet access. This patient is not cognitively intact so a bladder retraining program is not appropriate for her. It is not clear in this case that she has OAB and a catheter is never a good solution for incontinence.

A client is responsive but confused and frequently pulls on the urinary catheter. The nurse observes obvious hematuria in the drainage bag and notes the presence of several blood clots in the tubing.11. Which recording objectively documents the situation? A. Client does not know what he is doing, and he has caused bleeding to occur in the urine. B. Surgery caused client's confusion, resulting in pulling on the catheter and hemorrhage. C. Client is confused and pulls on the foley catheter. Urine is pinkish-red with blood clots. D. The client was instructed not to pull on his catheter, and now there is hematuria in the tubing.

C This recording is concise but complete, providing objective data that describes the current situation.

A client has urge incontinence. When obtaining the health history, the nurse should ask if the client has: A. Inability to empty the bladder. B. Loss of urine when coughing. C. Involuntary urination with minimal warning. D. Frequent dribbling of urine.

C. (A characteristic of urge incontinence is involuntary urination with little or no warning. The inability to empty the bladder is urine retention. Loss of urine when coughing occurs with stress incontinence. Frequent dribbling of urine is common in male clients after some types of prostate surgery or may occur in women after the development of a vesicovaginal or urethrovaginal fistula.)

A 36 year old female, who is 29 weeks pregnant, reports she is experiencing burning when voiding. The physician orders a urinalysis. Which statement by the patient demonstrates she understands how to collect the specimen? A. "I'll hold the cup firmly against the urethra while collecting the sample." B. "I will cleanse back to front with the antiseptic wipe before peeing in the cup." C. "First, I will pee a small amount of urine in the toilet and then collect the rest in the cup." D. "I will be sure to drink a lot of fluids to keep the urine diluted before peeing into the cup."

C. When collecting a urinalysis it is important to avoid contaminating the sample. So, the patient will collect the urine during mid-stream. The patient will void a small amount in the toilet and then void the rest into the cup (until it is halfway full). The cup should be placed a few inches away from the urethra and prior to voiding the patient should use an antiseptic wipe to cleanse the labia from front to back. It is best to collect the sample when the bladder has been full for 2-3 hours, therefore the urine in concentrated not diluted.

What is the use of double lumen catheters? A. Straight catheterization B. Intermittent catheterization C. Continuous bladder irrigation D. Urinary drainage and inflation of a balloon

D

a common additive to an enema that is an irritant is

Castile soap

A patient has constipation and hypernatremia. The nurse prepares to administer which type of enema? A. Oil retention B. Carminative C. Saline D. Tap water

D

to help manage incontinence, the nurse initiates bladder training program. Which instruction should the nurse provide to the UAP? A. Restrict oral fluids to 1000 ML daily in evenly divided amounts B. Offer warm coffee, cocoa, or tea every two hours while awake C. Limit client socialization until voiding patterns are established D. Remind the client to void every two hours while awake and to call for assistance to the bathroom

D

A practice guideline for nurses to use in preventing catheter-associated urinary infection includes which of the instructions listed below? A. Maintain clean technique when inserting the catheter into the client. B. Disconnect the catheter and drainage tubing once a shift to rinse the unit in cleaning the device. C. Since you are wearing gloves, it is not necessary to wash your hands. D. Prevent contamination of the catheter with feces in the incontinent client.

D Keeping the perineal area free of feces eliminates the possible spread of any bacteria that may colonize in the feces and travel up the catheter to the bladder. Sterile or aseptic technique is used when inserting Foley catheters into clients to prevent the spread of infection with the process. Catheter tubing should not be disconnected once put into use. Connections are usually taped to help secure their seal. Wearing gloves with this procedure is part of the practice of Universal Precautions utilized when health care workers come in contact with most tubes and body fluids.

A student nurse explains a foley catheter procedure to the patient who gives permission to begin. After cleansing the urinary meatus, the student maintains sterile technique while inserting the catheter into the urethra about 4 inches. While inflating the balloon, the patient cries out in obvious pain. what action should the student nurse take? A. Reassure the client that the pain he is experiencing is only temporary B. Tape the catheter to the clients abdomen to prevent further movement of the Foley C. Remove the catheter from the urethra D. Deflate the balloon and insert the catheter farther

D The catheter has not been inserted far enough, And the pressure of the inflated balloon in urethra is painful

Bulk forming laxatives ex methylcellulose

Safest. adds fiber

Coughing causing small amount of urine to leak

Stress incontinence

Key nursing interventions for the care of a client with a colostomy

Teaching, assessment of skin and stoma, bowel sounds, pain, incision assessment

What rhythms are shockable in cardiac arrest?

V-Fib and V-Tach.

To digitally remove an impaction use

a gloved, heavily lubricated finger

an example of a diagnostic enema is

barium enema

normal stoma appearance

beefy red

Bran and psyllium are examples of

bulk forming laxatives

dehydration may occur when using

castor oil

vagal nerve stimulation may occur during

digital removal of stool

stool softener

ex docusate sodium

mineral oil is an example of

fleets enema