fundamentals final

What was one barrier to the development of the nursing profession in the United States after the Civil War?

Lack of educational standards A lack of educational standards was one barrier to the development of the nursing profession after the Civil War. Other barriers included a male dominance of health care and the pervading belief that women were dependent on men. The location of nursing schools, a lack of influence from nursing leaders, and independent nursing orders were not barriers to the development of the nursing profession after the Civil War.

What is the best nursing intervention to promote health in a client at risk for heart disease?

Emphasizing a client's strengths to encourage weight loss Nurses promote health by identifying, analyzing, and maximizing each client's own individual strengths as components of preventing illness, restoring health, and facilitating coping with disability or death. Emphasizing the client's strengths to encourage weight loss will be the most effective weight to promote this client's health. Informing the client that they must lose weight will not help the client use his/her strengths to accomplish the goal. Low-sodium diets can prevent heart disease. Taking the pulse daily will not prevent heart disease.

The nurse is aware that basic client needs must be met before a client can focus on higher ones. According to Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, which example would be the highest priority for a client after physiologic needs have been met?

Grab bars are installed in a client bathroom to facilitate safe showering. According to Maslow, safety and security needs follow basic physiologic needs; therefore, grab bars in a bathroom helps ensure safety in the client's shower. Enrolling in an art class would meet love and belonging, self-esteem, or self-actualization needs. Arranging for a teenager to have friends visit would help in meeting love and belonging needs. Identifying strengths in a client demonstrates self-esteem needs.

A nursing theorist examines a hospital environment by studying each ward and how it works individually, then relates this information to the hospital as a whole working entity. This is an example of the use of which theory?

General systems theory General systems theory is an example of an interdisciplinary base for a nursing theory. This theory describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in "systems." It emphasizes relationships between the whole and the parts and describes how parts function and behave. Another example of an interdisciplinary base for nursing theory is the adaptation theory. Adaptation theory defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. A third interdisciplinary base for nursing theory is the developmental theory. Developmental theory outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death. (less)

A client asks asks an RN to prescribe a medication for pain. Which of the following is the best answer by the nurse?

"Only advanced practice registered nurses have prescriptive authority." The best answer by the nurse is that only advanced practice registered nurses have prescriptive authority. The registered nurse who is not an advanced practice nurse should not prescribe medications, even over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen.

The nursing process is:

A critical thinking method used by nurses to provide nursing care that is individualized and holistic. The nursing process is a critical thinking method used by nurses to provide nursing care that is individualized and holistic. Continuing education and in-service education programs increase the knowledge and skill of the nurse. Evidence-based practice involves the identification and analysis of the best available scientific evidence for nursing care. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying individuals. (less)

Which of these is not a criterion for critically evaluating websites when doing a literature review?

Accessibility Authority, currency, objectivity, and coverage are just a few of the criteria used to determine if website content is valid, accurate, and reliable.

A nurse is completing a family assessment on a routine home health visit. The parents have a child with a severe peanut allergy. The mother states that she does not purchase any foods with peanut or peanut oil for her family. The other children are allowed to have foods containing peanuts while they are at school and visiting with friends and family. The nurse would conclude that which of the following theories would most like be the basis for this family's functioning?

Adaptation Theory Adaptation theory is based on an understanding of humans and their interaction with the environment. In this situation the mother is manipulating the physical environment for the child with allergies, as well as the needs and/or desires of the other children. Systems theory is described as studying relationships between a whole and identifying how parts interact and behave. Developmental theory is based on growth and maturation of humans. Maslow's theory is based on a pyramid of human needs related to the most primitive needs moving toward higher level needs, such as self-actualization. (less)

Which of the following is the best example of the nurse in the role of teacher/educator?

Assessing if the client is able to perform a dressing change When in the role of teacher/educator, the nurse uses communication skills to assess, implement, and evaluate teaching plans to meet the learning needs of clients and their families. The nurse assessing if a client is able to perform a dressing change is assessing for the need for education on how to perform the dressing change. Teaching a first grader to read is an example of the nurse teaching, the teaching of children to read is not within the scope of nursing practice. Communication of discharge status is an example of the nurse as a communicator, and conduction of research is an example of the role of the nurse as a researcher.

A nurse practitioner considering going back to school to obtain a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree (DNP) anticipates that the main focus of the curriculum will be on which of the following?

Clinical practice According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) the DNP is designed for nurses seeking a terminal degree in nursing practice. The PhD degree prepares nurses to conduct research. Ethics and managerial styles may be a part of the DNP degree, but are not the main focus. (less)

During the course of any given day of work in the acute care setting, the nurse may need to perform which of the following roles? Select all that apply.

Communicator • Counselor • Teacher The roles and functions of the nurse are many and include: caregiver, communicator, teacher, counselor, leader, researcher, and advocate. Acting as financier and statistician are not the roles of the nurse. (less)

Which individual provided community-based care and founded public health nursing?

Lillian Wald Lillian Wald established a neighborhood nursing service for the sick and poor in New York City and is considered the founder of public health nursing. The other women were important to the development of nursing, but not to public health nursing. (less)

Attracting minorities to the profession of nursing is an important consideration for the future of nursing. Which of the following key historical nursing figures set a precedent in this area?

Mary Elizabeth Mahoney Mary Elizabeth Mahnone set a precendent for minorities in the profession of nursing by becoming the first African American nurse in America. Ms. Livingston established the first 3-year hospital training in North American. Ms. Snively was a founder of the Canadian Nurses Society. Ms. Bickerdyke organized diet kitchens, laundries, and ambulance services. (less)

The practice of nursing within each state is defined by the:

Nurse Practice Act. The Nurse Practice Act of each state defines the practice of nursing within that area. The National League for Nursing is an organization that supports nursing education. The American Nurses Credentialing Center certifies nurses in various specialties. The American Nursing Association is nursing's professional organization in the U.S. and sets standards of practice for nurses.

The nursing instructor asks a group of students to identify a theory that describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. One student correctly identifies this theory as what?

Nursing theory Nursing theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. Systems theory describes how parts interact together. Adaptation theory describes adjustment of living things to other living things and the environment. Developmental theory describes maturation of humans through stages. (less)

What might a nurse need to do to ensure the continuation of his/her nursing license?

Obtain continuing education credits. In many states, continuing education is required for an RN to maintain licensure. These are defined as professional development experiences designed to enrich the nurse's contribution to health. Obtainment of an ongoing degree is not necessary to maintain licensure. While hospital in-services may provide continuing education, not all in-services are designed to do so. (less)

The nurse is using the nursing process to care for a client and is in the process of making a nursing diagnosis for the client. Which of the following best reflects a nursing diagnosis?

Risk for falls Risk for falls is a nursing diagnosis. Hypertension, congestive heart failure, and pneumonia are medical diagnoses versus nursing diagnoses.

The nurse wants to find out if ordering physical therapy for a client is within the scope of nursing practice. Which of the following should the nurse review?

State nurse practice act The nurse practice act of each state protects the public by defining the legal scope of nursing practice and excluding untrained and unlicensed individuals from practicing nursing.

During the Reformation, what factor influenced the decline of nursing?

Women's subordination to men Women were viewed as subordinate to men and were expected to remain at home caring for children; this decreased the number of qualified women practicing nursing.

A nurse is considering relocating to another state to practice nursing. Which of the following is the most appropriate action by the nurse to ensure ability to practice in the new state?

applying for a reciprocal license in the new state rational: Nurses gain legal rights to practice nursing in another state by applying to that state's board of nursing and receiving reciprocal licensure.

One of the primary focuses of nursing research is to:

generate knowledge to guide practice. One of the major reasons for conducting research is to expand a profession's knowledge base.

The Standards of Practice provide nurses with:

guidelines for providing care. Standards of practice are essential because they serve as guidelines for providing and evaluating nursing care.

A student nurse understands that the primary aim of the Healthy People 2020 initiatives is

health promotion. Healthy People 2020 establishes health promotion guidelines for the nation as a whole. The guidelines contain 12 Leading Health Indicators, which are used to measure the health of the nation over a 10-year period. Illness prevention, health restoration, and coping with disability are components of the Healthy People 2020 guidelines, but are not considered as the primary goal of the initiative. (less)

Which set of terms best describes nursing at the end of the Middle Ages?

purpose, direction, leadership During the Middle Ages, nursing began to have a more clearly defined role. Members of religious orders gave nursing care, nursing orders were founded, and nursing became a respected vocation. Although the Middle Ages ended in chaos, nursing had developed purpose, direction, and leadership

The nurse is describing the role of the nurse entrepreneur. Which of the following statements best describe this role?

A nurse who manages a health-related business The nurse entrepreneur usually has an advanced degree and manages a clinic or health-related business, conducts research, provides education, or serves as an adviser or consultant to institutions, political agencies, or businesses.

Which organization has established standards that help the nurse determine which clinical actions fall under the scope of nursing practice?

American Nurses Association The American Nurses Association (ANA) has established standards of clinical nursing practice that define the specific and unique activities of nurses. Standards serve as protection for the nurse, the client, and the institution where health care is given. The other organizations provide valuable services that differ from those of ANA. (less)

Nurse H. graduated several years ago from a 2-year nursing program that he took at a community college near his home city. Recently, Nurse H. has considered moving from providing direct client care into an administrative role, but he recognizes the need to further his education in order to be considered for such a position. Nurse H. most likely possesses which nursing qualification?

Associate degree An associate degree in nursing is typically a 2-year program that is offered at a community college or junior college. Such a degree allows a nurse to plan and provide care, but further education is often necessary for administrative positions. A diploma is often provided under the auspices of a hospital, while both baccalaureate and graduate degrees involve a minimum of 4 years of education; both degrees qualify a nurse to act in a supervisory role. (less)

Trends in managed care have resulted in an increased focus on the care of clients by nurses in which settings?

Community-based settings Health care is increasingly provided in community-based settings such as clinics, outpatient settings, and homes. The impetus for this change has largely been the implementation of a system of managed care to control and monitor health care services to minimize costs. (less)

A nurse is completing a family assessment on a routine home health visit. There is a mother, father, and three children ages 2, 4, and 6 years of age. She watches the children individually as they play and interact with one another. She compares each child with the norms established for the age groups and determines and they are all within normal limits for their ages. The nurse would be utilizing which of the following theories as the basis for this part of the family assessment?

Developmental Theory Developmental theory is based on growth and maturation of humans. In this situation the nurse is assessing what the child is doing with regard to norms for the specific age child. Adaptation theory is based on an understanding of humans and their interaction with the environment. Systems theory is described as studying relationships between a whole and identifying how parts interact and behave. Maslow's theory is based on a pyramid of human needs related to the most primitive needs, moving toward higher level needs, such as self-actualization. (less)

A nurse who works in a pediatric practice assesses the developmental level of children of various ages to determine their psychosocial development. These assessments are based on the work of:

Erikson Erik Erikson based his theory of psychosocial development on the process of socialization, emphasizing how individuals learn to interact with the world. Erikson recognized the role of social, biologic, and environmental factors in development, and defined specific tasks or conflicts that people accomplish or overcome during what he defined as the eight stages of life, based on chronological age. Abraham Maslow developed his theory of human needs in terms of physical and psychosocial needs considered essential to human life, rather than by chronologic age as Erikson did. Maslow defined five levels of need in a hierarchy, with different needs existing simultaneously. Jean Watson is a nursing theorist who is known for her focus on caring. The central theme of her work is that nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick. Caring is universal and is practiced through interpersonal relationships. Martha Rogers is a nursing theorist who is known for her theory focus of the individual client being central to the discipline of nursing. Nursing interventions are directed toward repatterning human environment fields or assisting in mobilizing inner resources. (less)

When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what is the final step of the process?

Evaluating practice change The fifth and final step in the process of implementing evidence-based practice is to evaluate and critically appraise the change in practice. Formulating a clinical question and searching and appraising the literature precede this step. (less)

The nursing student studying research exhibits an understanding when informing the instructor that which of the following is the bridge between theory and practice?

Evidence-based research Evidence-based research is translational research that forms the bridge between theory and practice.

A nurse manager is attempting to switch the medical records in an orthopedic office to a computerized format. The nurse asks questions about the accuracy and efficiency of the current record keeping system by using the PICO format. Which statements illustrate the components of this process? Select all that apply.

• P: The nurse chooses the population involved (orthopedic clients). • I: The nurse considers interventions to make the plan work. • C: The nurse compares the written records to the computerized records. The PICO format is a format used to ask a clinical question. The "P" stands for patient, population, or problem of interest. The "I" stands for intervention of interest. The "C" stands for comparison of interest. The "O" stands for outcome of interest. The nurse choosing the population of orthopedic clients is a correct example of the "P" component. The nurse considering interventions to make the plan work is an example of the "I" component. The nurse comparing the written records to the computerized records is an example of the "C" component. The nurse purchasing computers from a computer store is not an example of the "P" component. The nurse calculating the cost of the new program is not an example of the "C" format. The nurse determining the occurrence of problems in the systems is not an example of the "O" component. (less)

Which of the following are the best examples of the role of the nurse as a communicator? Select all that apply.

• Telling a client their blood pressure • Calling a physician about a client's blood pressure • Informing the physical therapist that client's therapy was discontinued When acting in the role of communicator, the nurse is using effective interpersonal and therapeutic communication skills to establish and maintain helping relationships for clients. Examples include telling a client their blood pressure, calling a physician regarding a client condition, and communication pertinent information with members of the allied discipline team, such as the physical therapist. Telling a friend something that happened to a client that day is not the role of the nurse as communicator, in fact it may be a violation of the client's privacy and confidentiality.