Fundamentals of Speech exam 4 study guide

Signpost

"The final point I'd like to present . . . " is an example of a ____ .

Chronological

- involves a time sequence. -In this approach, the order matters a great deal. -A paper/speech that is focused on history or events would often use a chronological order. -You use chronological order if putting things in place by time will help to make your paper/speech clearer to your readers. -A speech demonstrating how to create a business Web site step by step will probably be arranged in ___ order

Rhetorical question

-A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question that is asked to make a point rather than to elicit an answer. -Though classically stated as a proper question, such a rhetorical device may be posed declaratively by implying a question, and therefore may not always require a question mark when written.

Topical

-A speech with the specific purpose "To inform my audience of the causes, symptoms, and treatment of diabetes" will probably be arranged in ____ order. -Because it is adaptable to such a wide variety of topics and purposes, ____ order is used more than any other pattern of speech organization.

Enthymemes

-An argumentative statement in which the writer or the speaker omits one of the major or minor premises, does not clearly pronounce it, or keeps this premise implied -However, the omitted premise in an enthymeme remains understandable even if is not clearly expressed. For instance, in the sentence, "Where there is smoke, there is fire," the hidden premise is: fire causes smoke.

Stasis Theory

-Four question invention process developed in ancient Greece.

Summary Statement

-The summary of the introduction includes an attention-getter, a couple of sentences that link the attention-getter to the needs of the audience, and the central point, or thesis statement, of the speech. The body contains a summary of the two main points of the speech.

Connective statements

-Words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship between them -Tie the speech together by making it more unified and coherent

Questions of fact

-a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Questions of policy

-a question about whether a specific course of action should be taken or not

Questions of value

-a questions about the worth rightness morality and so forth of an idea or action

Cause-effect

-casual order -pattern of organizing speech points in order, first of causes and then of effects or vice versa -pattern of organizing speech points in order, first of causes and then of effects or vice versa

Internal summaries

-in the body of the speech. it summarizes preceding points -At the beginning of your conclusion before you recap main points - You have come to your conclusion

Forensic

-legal oratory or rhetoric -asked the audience to make a judgement about a dead done in the past and find the person guilty or innocent -concerns something that has already taken place -people gave speeches to defend their honor in court

Problem-solution

-pattern of organizing speech points so they demonstrate nature and significance of problem first, then provide justification for proposed solution

Deliberative

-policy -concerns persuasive argument, or deliberating about what folks should or should not do -concerns an uncertain future -asks audience to consider the future and typically calls for the audience to do something -Most important to Aristotle and his peers

Terminal Credibility

-that which your audience takes away with them. -Perhaps unfairly, if they admire you already, they may forgive you for a less than perfect display (although this is a dangerous game to play). -Equally unfairly, they may forget what a lesser-known speaker says, even though it is sound.

Clincher

-the final statement of your speech

What is the purpose of a thesis statement?

-to provide a clear, specific argument that will serve as a guide to the reader so she knows what to expect from your essay. -A thesis should be related to the question or prompt that your are responding to, but it should provide a specific argument that goes beyond a simple restatement of the subject. -The thesis serves as the backbone of your essay, and you will support the claims that you make in your thesis throughout the piece.

Internal previews

-works just like the preview statement in the introduction, except that it comes in the body of the speech. -a statement in the body of a speech that previews something to come in the future of the speech -Previews the sub points -At the beginning of each main point

Reasoning by analogy

A and B are similar, so what is true of A is true of B X is true of A X is true of B questions: are the similarities significant? are the similarities important to the comparison? are the differences unimportant? (if they were, that would be an issue) are they literal analogies? (figurative only used to enhance understanding)

Red Herring

A distraction from the topic at hand. It usually occurs when one side of the argument can't respond well, so they change the subject ever-so-slightly.

Slippery slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Ad populum

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Syllogism

A logical argument in which the conclusion comes from two or more different premises

Begging the question

A logical fallacy in which the conclusion is hidden within the premises. Typically called "circular reasoning." From Plato's Euthyphro - something is pious because it is loved by the gods. That which is loved by the gods is pious.

Major premise

A universal intelligence is in all matter and continuously gives to it all of its properties and actions, thus maintaining it in existence.

The fallacy that uses personal attacks is:

Ad hominem

In a conditional syllogism, the "if" is known as the:

Antecedent

10 common reasoning fallacies

Begging the question Non-sequitur Slippery slope Post hoc ergo propter hoc Either-or Red Herring Ad populum Ad verecundium Ad hominem Hasty generalizations Straw man

When are transitions used in a speech?

Between ideas or people speaking

Sufficient cause

cause that guarantees the effect happens

Necessary cause

cause that must be present for the effect to happen

Four types of Stasis

Definitive Conjectural Qualitative Translative

According to Aristotle, the two types of persuasive speeches

Deliberative Forensic

"I either left my keys in the car, or I have lost them. What type of syllogism is this?

Disjunctive

Disjunctive

Either A or B, not A therefore B I am either a girl or a boy. I am not a boy, so I am a girl

Issue awareness

First stage of the persuasion process in which you focus the audience's attention on the issue and show why the issue is important

Lying by omission

withholding the truth

The __________ sets the goals for the speech

General Purpose

The first thing the speaker does in the introduction is:

Get the audience's attention

___________ work with transitions to segue between points.

Internal previews

Four Stages of Persuasive Process

Issue awareness Comprehension Acceptance Integration

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Latin for "after this therefore because of this." Arguing that because something follows something else it necessarily is the cause.

What are ways to lose speaker credibility?

Lying by commission Lying by omission Manipulation Coercion

Intentionally leaving out information is:

Lying by omission

A general statement on the subject to be argued is the:

Major premise

When it comes to reasoning, the statement "All politicians are crooks" is a/an:

Major premise

Three parts of a syllogism

Major premise Minor premise Conclusion

A condition that must be present for the effect to occur is a/an:

Necessary Cause

Translative

Plan of action.

If the disagreement is over a moral or ethical matter, what type of stasis is this?

Qualitative

If a speaker is arguing that one event resulted in the other, this is:

Reasoning by cause

Jock is arguing that the reason tuition is increasing is due to wasteful spending. He is:

Reasoning by cause

Types of reasoning

Reasoning by example Reasoning by analogy Reasoning by cause -necessary cause -sufficient cause

The fallacy that introduces irrelevant material is called:

Red herring

Qualitative

Seriousness of the issue.

Reasoning by example

Something that is true of many members of a group is likely to be true of the other members of the group X is true of members 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 therefore, X is probably true for the other member of the group questions: are the examples relevant? are there enough? are they typical? (i.e. not weirdoes) are they over an appropriate period of time? are contradictory examples important?

Spatial

Speeches arranged in ____ order follow a directional pattern from top to bottom, east to west, or some other route.

Comprehension

Stage of the persuasion process in which the audience understands the relevant components of the issue and the position that you want them to take

The credibility a speaker has after the speech is:

Terminal

Conditional

The basic form of the conditional syllogism is: If A is true then B is also true. (If A then B). It appears through a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion.

Initial credibility

The credibility that you have with the audience before you begin your speech, based on your experiences and the audience's prior knowledge about you

Conjectural

The facts.

Derived Credibility

The form of credibility that manifests itself during your presentation

Integration

The fourth step of the persuasive process in which the audience adopts the position that you want them to take

What is the difference between general purpose and a specific purpose?

The general purpose of a speech is to inform, persuade or entertain an audience. All speeches will fall into one of these three categories. Usually, if you are required to give a speech for a class, your instructor will tell you the general purpose of your speech. It is your responsibility to find the specific purpose of your speech. The specific purpose of a speech is the idea or statement that gives your speech direction beyond the general purpose. The specific purpose will answer one of the following questions, depending upon your general purpose: What are you informing the audience of? What are you trying to persuade the audience to do? How are you entertaining your audience? What is your focus?

Definitive

The meaning or nature of the problem.

What is a transition?

They are words, phrases, or sentences that connect one topic or idea to another in a paper or essay in a smooth, coherent way. Like a signal.

A _________ connects the introduction to the body.

Transition

Either-or

When two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist.

Grounds

a statement made about persons, conditions,events, or things that says support is available to provide a reason for a claim

Categorical

a syllogism constructed entirely of categorical propositions

Acceptance

accepts that the issue is relevant to them

Backing

additional support for the claim, when the evidence may come to question e.g. Lakers will win unless...

Ad verecundium

an appeal to an unqualified authority. The fallacy occurs when someone claims a certain conclusion is true because someone else, who is not an authority on the subject, says it is true. The simple fact that a movie star won 7 Oscars does not qualify him as an expert authority on climate change.

Potential rebuttal

answering an opponents unstated argument(they have floating in their head); sign of a good arguer since it shows youre aware of your audience e.g. I know you think I like you but I don't...List reasons.... aka: reservation -the basis on which the claim might be questioned by a decision maker

What is the first thing a speaker does in an introduction?

attention getter

Qualifiers

to list the conditions in which the claim does not apply or may be false e,g,

Speech of refutation

to prove false

What type of syllogism is based upon membership in a group?

Categorical

Types of Syllogisms and

Categorical Disjunctive Conditional Enthymemes

A speech about a process or event would likely use which organizational pattern

Chronological

What are the different organizational patterns for informative speech bodies?

Chronological Cause-effect Problem-solution Spatial Topical

In the Toulmin Model, what is the idea you are trying to get across?

Claim

Elements of the Toulmin Model

Claim Grounds Warrant Backing Qualifiers Potential rebuttal Verifiers

The _________ is the final statement of the speech.

Clincher

Non-sequitur

Comments or information that do not logically follow from a premise or the conclusion. Example: We know why it rained today, because I washed my car. Example: I don't care what you say. We don't need any more bookshelves. As long as the carpet is clean, we are fine.

According to Aristotle, what are the three ways to achieve derived credibility?

initial derived terminal

Claim

idea that the arguer wants his/her audience to believe

What is the general purpose of an informative speech?

provide value to the audience.Informative speeches are supposed to not only be informative but also interesting.

Verifiers

provides credibility for the grounds and backing provided in speech

Reasoning by cause

showing how one thing influences or brings about another

Rebuttal Speech

speeches that counter the attacks and positions that your opponent presents

Lying by commission

telling a lie

Manipulation

the action of manipulating something in a skillful manner.

Conclusion

the ending or finish

Warrant

the inferential leap that connect the evidence and the claim; implicit

Coercion

the practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.

Minor premise

the second premise of a categorical syllogism (it contains the minor term).