Fundamentals Oxygenation

Steps in Oxygenation

1. Ventilation 2. Perfusion 3. Diffusion

People who exercise for ____ minutes daily have a lower pulse rate and blood pressure, decreased cholesterol level, increased blood flow, and greater oxygen extraction by working muscles.

30-60

Emphysema

A serious disease that destroys lung tissue and causes breathing difficulties.

Inspiration and expiration

An active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta; a passive process for expiration

oxygenated blood

Blood rich in oxygen

neural regulation

Central nervous system controls the respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm.

Cardioprotective nutrition

Diets rich in fiber; whole grains; fresh fruits and vegetables; nuts; antioxidants; lean meats; and omega-3 fatty acids.

Diffusion

Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries

Oxygen transport

Lungs and cardiovascular system

Chemical Regulation

Maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (pH) Chemoreceptors sense changes in the chemical content and stimulate neural regulators to adjust.

Pulmonary circulation

Moves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membranes for gas exchange

Perfusion

The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Alveoli

air sacs in the lungs

Assessment of a school-age child with Guillain-Barré syndrome reveals absent gag and cough reflexes. Which problem should receive the highest priority during the acute phase? a. fluid volume deficits related to total urinary incontinence b. impaired physical mobility related to paralysis c. ineffective breathing pattern related to neuromuscular impairment d. impaired swallowing related to neuromuscular impairment

c. ineffective breathing pattern related to neuromuscular impairment

Problems that affect oxygenation in Older Adults:

calcification of valves, SA node, and costal cartilages; osteoporosis; atherosclerosis; enlarged alveoli, trachea, and bronchi

In a client with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and respiratory distress, which finding is the earliest sign of reduced oxygenation? a. decreased level of consciousness (LOC) b. increased blood pressure c. decreased heart rate d. increased restlessness

d. increased restlessness

Arteries

deliver nutrients and oxygen

Carbon Dioxide Transport

diffuses into red blood cells and is hydrated into carbonic acid

Problems that affect oxygenation in Young to middle-aged adults:

exposed to cardiopulmonary factors, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, stress, cigarette smoking, illegal substances; over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs not used as intended

Problems that affect oxygenation in School-aged children and adolescents:

exposed to respiratory infections and secondhand smoke; plus danger of starting cigarette smoking

A 10-month-old infant with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) experiences an cyanotic episode. To improve oxygenation during such an episode, the nurse should place the infant in which position?

knee-to chest

deoxygenated blood

oxygen poor blood blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen

Ventilation

process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

Veins

remove waste products

Which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood?

right side

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

set of 4 congenital heart defects occurring together

Lung volumes

tidal, residual, forced vital capacity (FVC); spirometry

Which side of the heart has oxygenated blood?

travels from the lungs to the left side of the heart

Problems that affect oxygenation in Infants and toddlers:

upper respiratory infections (URIs), nasal congestion