Gen 3000: Exam 1

________ is a discipline involved in the development of both hardware and software for processing, storing, and retrieving nucleotide and protein data.

bioinformatics

sex-linked

gene located on the X or Y chromosome

sex-limited

genes only expressed if they are in a male or female body

___________ refers to observations that a genetic disorder occurs at an earlier age in successive generations.

genetic anticipation

The study of the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes is referred to as ________.

genomics

What type of inheritance is shown in the pedigree below? https://clemson.instructure.com/users/187373/files/7611301/preview?verifier=bdDC1FeLzSkie5gn4yNFGL4reyDEb5ECyGtxAWVo

Y-linked

Due to. the produces of polar bodies, 1 round or oogenesis produces how many eggs?

1 egg

Albinism, lack of pigmentation in humans, result from an autosomal recessive gene. Two parents with normal pigmentation have an albino child. What is the probability that BOTH of their next two children will be albino?

1/16

The white-eye gene in Drosophila is recessive and sex-linked. Assume that a white-eyed female is mated to a wild-type male. What would be phenotypes on the offspring?

1/2 wild-type females, 1/2 white-eyed males

The probability of rolling a 2 or a 3 on a six-sided die?

1/3

The autosomal (not x-linked) gene for brachydactyly, short fingers, is dominant to normal finger length. Assume that a female with brachydactyly in the heterozygous condition is married to a man with normal fingers. What is the probability that their first child will be a brachydactylous girl?

1/4

The chance of a couple having a boy for this first AND second child is ________.

1/4 (25%)

Many of the color varieties of summer squash are determined by. several interacting loci: AA or Aa gives white, aaBB or aaBb gives yellow and aabb produces green. Assume that two fully heterozygous plants are crossed. Give the phenotypic ratio of the offspring.

12 (white): 3 (yellow): 1 (green)

What are the expected ratios for monohybrid and dihybrid test crosses, respectively in which the parent with the dominant phenotype is heterozygous for all traits?

1:1 and 1:1:1:1

With incomplete dominance, a likely ratio resulting from a monohybrid cross (Aa x Aa) would be ________.

1:2:1

Assume that a cross is made between two organisms that are Bothe heterozygous for a gene that shows incomplete dominance. What phenotypic and genotypic ratios are expected in the offspring?

1:2:1 and 1:2:1

Oogenesis produces ______ egg(s), while spermatogenesis produces _________ sperm.

1; 4

Meiosis I produces what type of daughter cells

2 haploid daughter cells

Mitosis produces what type of daughter cells

2 identical diploid cells

What is the ratio expected for offspring of a cross between two yellow mice if the yellow allele is recessive lethal?

2 yellow: 1 agouti

The diploid chromosome number of an organism is usually represented as 2n. Humans have a diploid chromosome number of 46. What would be the expected haploid chromosome number in a human?

23

Which of the following represents the trihybrid ratio for AaBbCc x AaBbCc?

27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1

If one is testing a goodness of fit to a 9:3:3:1 ratio, how many degrees of freedom would be associated with the chi-squared analysis?

3 (one less than the amount of categories being compared)

If a typical somatic cell has 64 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are expected in each gamete of that organism?

32

Assuming a typical monohybrid cross in which one allele is completely dominant to the other, what phenotypic ratio is expected is the F1s are crossed (Aa x Aa)?

3:1

Meiosis II produces what type of daughter cells

4 haploid daughter cells

A recessive allele in dogs causes white spots. If two solid colored dogs are mated and produce a spotted offspring, what is the percentage chance their next puppy would be solid colored?

75%

Which of the following is incorrect? a. homologous chromosomes contain identical genetic information b. a locus is a gene site on a chromosome c. an allele is an alternative form of the same gene d. sex chromosomes are not strictly homologous

A

Sickle-cell anemia, which is associated with blockage of blood flow in capillaries and small blood vessels, causing severe pain and damage to the heart, brain, muscles, and kidneys is the result of ________.

A change in a single nucleotide

A cross between two individuals with different phenotypes that resulted in approximately 50% of each type of offspring would indicate the cross was _________.

A heterozygote dominant crossed to a homozygote recessive.

If an F2 generation from a F1 self-cross always yields offspring in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio, which of the following P crosses could have occurred?

AA x aa

What is the most likely genotype of the circled individual?

Aa

Under what condition does one expect a 1:1:1:1 ratio?

AaBb x aabb

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the ABO gene locus? a. multiple alleles b. incomplete dominance c. co-dominance d. four possible phenotypes

B

Who, along with Alfred Wallace, formulated the theory of natural selection?

Charles Darwin

During interphase of the cell cycle, __________.

DNA content essentially doubles

What is the mode of inheritance in the following pedigree? https://clemson.instructure.com/users/187373/files/7610658/preview?verifier=Muy7Fdfs6bBgnqrfv8iHXiaq50lA7l57v9yw4lmz

Dominant

What is independent assortment?

During gamete formation, a pair of unit factors segregate randomly from another pair of unit factors.

What is segregation?

During gamete formation, allele pairs are separated to form haploid gametes.

What are good traits for a model organism?

Easy to genetically manipulate, has large number of offspring, short reproduction cycle, cheap and easy to grow and maintain

When cells withdraw from the continuous cell cycle and enter a "quiescent" phase, they are said to be in what stage?

G0

Who was the Augustinian monk that conducted a decade of experiments on the garden pea, eventually showing that traits are passed from parents to offspring in predictable ways?

Gregor Mendel

Manx cats are a breed of tailless cats. The tailless is caused by a single gene. Homozygous Manx cats are impossible to obtain and matings between two Manx cats always results in a 2:1 ratio of Manx to non-Manx kittens. What type of allele is the Manx allele?

Lethal

DNA is replicate during what stage of the cell cycle?

S phase

The most accurate depiction of the chronological order of genetic discoveries would be ________.

Mendelian genetics, chromosome theory of inheritance, determination of DNA structure, recombinant DNA technology

lethal alleles

Mutated genes that are capable of causing death.

Components of a DNA nucleotide

Phosphate group, Deoxyribose Sugar, nitrogenous base

The CTFR gene involved in cystic fibrosis has multiple roles in the body and people with cystic fibrosis have many different symptoms/phenotypes involving both the respiratory and digestive systems. The CFTR gene could be described as ________.

Pleiotropic

Common model organisms in Genetics

Rats, mice, fruit-flies, plants, frogs, sea urchins, nematodes, yeast

what is true about sex-determining chromosomes?

They act like homologous chromosomes during meiosis so each game will get one sex chromosome.

What process describes the formation of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template?

Transcription

What type of inheritance is shown in the pedigree below? https://clemson.instructure.com/users/187373/files/7611367/preview?verifier=yoCFI6IVO7RB1lYYu6AdVN4fvJepdlpFkjnuriDE

X-linked Recessive

What type of inheritance is shown in the pedigree below? https://clemson.instructure.com/users/187373/files/7611388/preview?verifier=SgTx48zgAZ7wRiZp8qFQRE7iAydgSJIrQBTWZZyq

X-Linked Dominant

A certain type of congenital deafness in humans is caused by a rare autosomal dominant gene. In a mating involving deaf man and a deaf woman, could all the children have normal hearing?

Yes, assuming that the parents are heterozygotes (because the gene is rare), it is possible that all of the children could have normal hearing.

Mutations in which the level of expression is based on environmental conditions like temperature is an example of _________.

a conditional mutation

What is the most likely genotype of the circled individual?

aa (homozygous recessive)

centromere that is near the end of the chromosome

acrocentric

Which of the following statements would be the most likely scenario for the offspring of a woman exhibiting an X-linked recessive disorder and a man that does not exhibit the trait?

all daughters with not have the disorder and all sons will vie the disorder

Mendel indicated that traits were made up of unit factors. Today, we call unit factors ________.

alleles

The theory of epigenesis states that ___________.

an organism develops fro a succession of events that transforms a fertilized egg into an adult.

Identify the phase of mitosis below:

anaphase

The event referred to as disjunction occurs during _________.

anaphase

During meiosis, chromosome number reduction takes place in _______.

anaphase I

sex influenced

can be influenced by sex of individual carrying trait (e.g. Bb female not bald, Bb male is)

Cytokinesis in plant cells involves the formation of what?

cell plate

Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory which states that _______.

cells are derived from preexisting cells

Mendel's significant contributions in genetics published in 1866 whet largely unnoticed until the discovery of ________.

chromosomal patterns during meiosis

Cytokinesis in animal cells involves the formation of what?

cleavage furrow

In unicorns the C gene controls horn color. C^BC^B unicorns have blue horns, C^PC^P unicorns have pink horns, and C^BC^P unicorns have striped horns that are pink AND blue. This is an example of ________.

co-dominance

Genetic Information contained in a set of three DNA nucleotides that encodes for an amino acid is referred to as a __________.

codon

Which protein directly holds the chromatid arms together prior to anaphase of mitosis?

cohesion

Individuals from two separate true-breeding strains of white deer mice are crossed yielding all grey offspring. White is recessive to gray color based on crossing mice from each strain with a grey mouse. Which of the following would best explain this result?

complementation

Which of the following are sources of genetic variation in meiosis?

crossing over; the random lining up of chromosomes on the metaphase plate

What type of inheritance is shown in the pedigree below? https://clemson.instructure.com/users/187373/files/7611273/preview?verifier=T7s8dn6hW5GvtD68OPtLoJ6lh0ut2gvzeWejUsXl

cytoplasmic/maternal

In many species, there are two representatives of each chromosome. In such species, the characteristics number of chromosomes is called the _________ number. It is usually symbolized as ___________.

diploid; 2n

Skin color is determined by multiple gene that control the production and deposition of melanin. However, alleles that cause albinism completely prevent the production of melanin and mask the expression of other genes involved in skin color. If an allele for albinism is dominant, it is an example of what type of inheritance?

dominant epistasis

A condition in which one gene pair masks the expression of a nonallelic gene pair is called ______.

epistasis

Living organisms are categorized into two major groups based on the presence or absence of a nucleus. What group is defined by the presence of a nucleus?

eukaryotes

Fruit flies homozygous for the eyeless mutation demonstrate various graduations in phenotype. This represents an example of _______.

expressivity

Mendel utilized the garden pea, possum sativum for his studies based on features that included all but ________.

has visible features with a wide spectrum of intermediates

Recessive traits are only expressed in:

homozygotes (aa)

In a Chi-squared test, as the value of the X2 increases, the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis __________.

increases

What postulates is not attainable from a monohybrid cross?

independent assortment

Incomplete dominance , the heterozygote __________.

is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes

Migration of chromosomes is made possible by the binding of the spindle to the ________.

kinetochore

How are eukaryotic genomes organized?

many linear chromosome

Centromere in exactly the center of the chromosome

metacentric

Identify the phase of mitosis below:

metaphase

The following are true statements about mitochondria:

mitochondria are found in plants and animals, the mitochondria transcribe and translate their own genetic information, mitochondria duplicate themselves

At which stage of cell division do sister chromatids start to go to opposite poles?

mitotic anaphase and anaphase of meiosis II

Organisms that are well understood from a scientific standpoint and are often used in basic biological research are often called ________.

model organisms

The presence of more than two alternative forms of a given gene would be called ________.

multiple alleles

A mutation in a gene that results in a loss of a functional product of that gene best defines what type of mutation?

null

Early in the twentieth century, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri noted that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis is identical to the behavior of genes during gamete formation. They proposed that genes are carried on chromosomes, which led to the basis ________.

of the chromosome theory of inheritance

The Chi-squared test involves a statistical comparison between measured (observed) and predicted (expected) values. One generally determines degrees of freedom as _________.

one less than the number of categories being compared

Alleles with mutations in the BRCA1 gene cause breast cancer, and are considered dominant. However only 80% of women with a BRCA1 mutation eventually develop breast cancer. This is an example of a gene with incomplete _________.

penetrance

The physical expression of a trait is referred to as a ________.

phenotype

What is the term given to the outdated theory which states that the gamete contains a complete miniature adults?

preformation

Identify the phase of mitosis: https://clemson.instructure.com/users/187373/files/7608749/preview?verifier=GNf4yBMBDQdmppA9KRAj8ebCDmoNONS4RGbGW99g

pro metaphase

What is the correct sequence of events in mitosis?

prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is the mode of inheritance in the following pedigree? https://clemson.instructure.com/users/187373/files/7610599/preview?verifier=gIGTV5HrUCF6CTYvo6RUZRI59wPBcoQ8XgcWdU8V

recessive

If an allele is recessive for one sex but dominant in the other sex the gene is ______.

sex-influenced

Women do not generally grow facial hair but genes related to facial hair growth they can pass to their offspring. Beards are a __________ trait in humans.

sex-limited

What is the term given to the theory which put forth the idea that living organisms could arise by incubating nonliving components?

spontaneous generation

centromere near the center of the chromosome

submetacentric

centromere at the end of the chromosome

telocentric

A ________ is an organism produced by biotechnology that involves the transfer of hereditary traits across species.

transgenic organism

The investigative approach of genetics attributed to Gregor Mendel is ________.

transmission genetics

In a Chi-square analysis, what general condition causes one to reject (fail to accept) the null hypothesis?

usually when the probability value is less than 0.05