Gen Pathology Midterm 2 (Practice Test)

48. Response of muscle to loss of innervation A. Atrophy B. Metaplasia C. Hyperplasia D. Hypertrophy

A. Atrophy

49. Response of cardiac muscle to chronic ischemic A. Atrophy B. Metaplasia C. Hyperplasia D. Hypertrophy

A. Atrophy

Choose the false statement regarding chronic venous congestion of the liver: A. Caused by thrombosis of the portal veins B. Increased weight and size of the liver C. Nutmeg pattern D. Congestion of the central parts of liver lobules

A. Caused by thrombosis of the portal veins

Choose the false statement regarding the causes of edema: A. Increased osmotic pressure of plasma proteins B. Increased osmotic pressure of interstitial tissue C. Increased vascular permeability D. Increased hydrostatic pressure of the blood

A. Increased osmotic pressure of plasma proteins

29. An inexperienced scuba diving ascends from a depth of 50 meters to the surface rapidly (in about 4 minutes). Shortly after, the diver complains of marked dyspnea and severe muscle contractions A. Nitrogen embolism B. Left side heart failure C. Liver failure D. Fat embolism E. Pulmonary embolism

A. Nitrogen embolism

5. What is the morphological type of thrombin that usually develop in cerebral arteries? A. Occlusive B. Vegetative type C. Aneurysmal type D. Mural type

A. Occlusive

9. Pelvic venous thrombi are most likely to be the source of: A. Pulmonary embolism B. Renal embolism C. Cerebral embolism D. Coronary embolism

A. Pulmonary embolism

Which of the following factors is involved in platelet adhesion to the area of vascular injury? A. von Willebrand factor B. Adenosine diphosphate C. Fibrin D. Thrombin

A. von Willebrand factor

Name 2 Renal related causes of generalized edema

Acute glomerulonephritis: Retention of Na and H2O Nephrotic syndrome: Massive proteinuria, ↓ colloidal osmotic pressure

In shock, during the stages of compensation, which one of the following is incorrect? A. Constriction of blood vessels of skin B. Bradycardia C. Cold skin D. Decreased urine excretion

B. Bradycardia

Conversion of an infarct into a cystic space contain clear fluid is characteristic of: A. Liver B. Brain C. Kidney D. Skeletal muscles

B. Brain

2. Pale (white) infarcts are encountered in one of the following conditions: A. Torsion of the ovary B. Coronary artery thrombosis C. Embolism of the lung D. Superior mesenteric artery thromboembolism

B. Coronary artery thrombosis

Choose the incorrect match A. Ride side heart failure → chronic passive congestion B. Double blood supply → pale infarct C. Acute inflammation → active hyperemia D. Left ventricular failure → heart failure cells

B. Double blood supply --> pale infarct

A 70-year-old woman has had discomfort and swelling of the left leg for the past week due to thrombosis of deep left leg veins. Which one of the following mechanisms is most likely to cause this condition? A. Hypercalcemia B. Immobilization C. Hypertension D. Deficiency of coagulation factors

B. Immobilization

47. Response of bronchial epithelium to smoking A. Atrophy B. Metaplasia C. Hyperplasia D. Hypertrophy

B. Metaplasia

By definition granulation tissue most typically A. Multinucleated giant cells B. Myofibroblasts and blood vessels C. Activated macrophages D. Lymphocytes and plasma cells

B. Myofibroblasts and blood vessels

35. A bedridden elderly patient experiences sudden onset of pleural pain and hemoptysis (coughing blood). The underlying cause leading to the complication was most likely located in which of the following sites? A. Hepatic vein B. Pulmonary vein C. Portal vein D. Veins of the lower limbs

B. Pulmonary vein

The development of new capillary channels through an occlusive thrombus is called: A. Fibrinolysis B. Recanalization C. Organization D. Embolization

B. Recanalization

7. Which of the following conditions results in anaphylactic shock? A. Massive left ventricular infarction B. Severe allergic reactions C. Hemorrhage D. Gram-negative bacterial infections

B. Severe allergic reactions

Liquefactive necrosis involves which organ and qualities?

Brain and Septic/Pus Formation

3. Following injury to the endothelial cells, the earliest step in the formation of thrombus is: A. Formation of fibrin B. Trapping of erythrocytes C. Adhesion of platelets to subendothelial collagen D. Activation of coagulation system

C. Adhesion of platelets to subendothelial collagen

A 22-year-old construction worker falls 30 feet and fractures many bones included his femoral shafts. Six hours later, he develops shortness of breath and cyanosis. Which of the following hemodynamic disorders best explains his condition? A. Acute myocardial infarction (necrosis) B. Deep venous thrombosis C. Fat embolism D. Septic shock

C. Fat embolism

The brown color observed in brown induration of the lung is due to: A. Fat B. Bile C. Hemosiderin D. Bilirubin

C. Hemosiderin

50. Response of liver following partial dissection A. Atrophy B. Metaplasia C. Hyperplasia D. Hypertrophy

C. Hyperplasia

A 50-year-old fire fighter emerges from a burning house with 3rd degree burns over 70% of his body. He dies 24 hours later. Which one of the following is the most likely cause of death? A. Congestive heart failure B. Massive hemorrhage C. Hypovolemic shock D. Pulmonary embolism

C. Hypovolemic shock

In thrombogensis, which one of the following is considered most important? A. Hypercoagulability of blood B. Vascular stasis C. Injury to endothelium D. Turbulent blood flow

C. Injury to endothelium

In which of the following conditions, the morphological changes in the liver have a "nutmeg appearance"? A. Liver fibrosis B. Portal vein thrombosis C. Liver congestion D. Obstruction of the bile ducts

C. Liver congestion

Ehlers-danlos syndrome, deficiency of protein, vitamin C, and zinc will lead to Defective Wound Healing, specifically, Failure of synthesis of _______ fibers.

Collagen

Repair by Connective Tissue or Scar Formation: 1. Removal of ____ tissue 2. Growth of _____ tissue 3. ______ tissue appears soft, fleshy and deep red 4. _____ tissue decreases in size 5. Collagen changes from ___ to ___ to increase ______

1. Necrotic tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Granulation tissue 4. Scar tissue 5. III to I to increase strength

What are the 5 LABILE cells?

1. surface epithelial 2. Crypt cells of the gut mucosa 3. Semniferous germ cells 4. Hematopeietic stem cells 5. Endometrium

What cell population type is endometrium/hematopoietic stem cell?

Labile cells

Deposition of calcium salts in normal tissue when there is hypercalcemia [m... calcification]

Metastatic calcification

What are the 2 Permanent cells?

Neurons Myocardial cells

Replacement of lost tissue by scar formation is [......ation] type of repair/healing.

Organization

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues is a condition known as _____________.

Pathological Calcification

psammoma bodies

Pathological Calcification

Adrenal glands due to ↑ secretion of ACTH --> [p...logical] [h...plasia].

Pathological Hyperplasia

Endometrium due to ↑ estrogen stimulation --> [p...logical] [h...plasia].

Pathological Hyperplasia

Compensatory: liver cells following partial hepatectomy --> [p...logical] [h...plasia].

Physiological Hyperplasia

Hormonal: epithelium of female breast at puberty --> [p...logical] [h...plasia].

Physiological Hyperplasia

Replacement of injured cells by new parenchymal cells of the same type by division of adjacent ones is [......ation] type of repair/healing.

Regeneration

Healing in tissues with stable cells occurs either by _______ if enough viable parenchymal cells remain and there is enough intact connective tissue framework in the area of necrosis OR by ________.

Regeneration Scar formation

[____ Metaplasia]: replacement of the normal columnar ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract by stratified squamous in smokers.

Squamous Metaplasia

What cell population type is the liver?

Stable cell

Naturally occurring atrophy involves what structures in the body?

Umbilical vessels Thymus after puberty Ovaries, uterus, breast after menopause

Abnormality in maturation and differentiation of epithelium (premalignant condition) is a condition best described as [d...plasia]

Dysplasia

Artherosclerosis, necrotic tissue, heart valves in rheumatic fever are examples of [d... calcification]

Dystrophic calcification

Deposition of calcium salts in dead or dying tissue that have lost their ability to regulate intracellular calcium [d... calcification]

Dystrophic calcification

31. A 43-year-old obese female is admitted to the hospital for treatment of deep femoral thrombosis. On the night of admission she suddenly develops respiratory arrest and dies. A. Nitrogen embolism B. Left side heart failure C. Liver failure D. Fat embolism E. Pulmonary embolism

E. Pulmonary embolism

A decrease in the function of the liver to synthesis proteins will cause ____.

Generalized edema

General protein malnutrition will lead a decrease in colloidal osmotic pressure and will lead to ______.

Generalized edema

[____ metaplasia]: replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus by mucus-secreting epithelium of gastric or intestinal type in reflux esophagitis (hiatal hernia).

Glandular Metaplasia

What type of healing? Wounds characterized by extensive necrosis, gaping, secondary infection, inflammation needs more time, more granulation tissue, bigger scar

Healing by second intention

Coagulative necrosis includes which organ?

Heart

Due to decreased blood supply or [...sclerosis] and increased susceptibility to infection, __________ will lead to Defective Wound Healing

atherosclerosis Diabetes mellitus

Edema is the accumulation of ________ in the intercellular tissue spaces and body cavities.

excess fluid

Red (hemorrhagic) infarct include which organs?

liver/lung

White (pale) infarct include which organs?

spleen, kidney, and brain

Mural thrombus most likely found in one of the following arteries: A. Coronary artery B. Middle cerebral artery C. Renal artery D. Aorta

D. Aorta

Disorder that predispose to thrombosis include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Atherosclerotic lesion B. Vasculitis C. More common among smokers D. Associated with thrombocytopenia (decreased platelet count)

D. Associated with thrombocytopenia (decreased platelet count)

Which cell secretes von Willebrand factor? A. Hepatocyte B. Neutrophil C. Blood platelet D. Endothelial cell

D. Endothelial cell

30. A 36-year-old male fractures his femur in a motor vehicle accident. On the third hospital day he dies after developing a hemorrhagic rash, respiratory distress, and cerebral disfunction. A. Nitrogen embolism B. Left side heart failure C. Liver failure D. Fat embolism E. Pulmonary embolism

D. Fat embolism

46. Response of cardiac muscle to systemic hypertension A. Atrophy B. Metaplasia C. Hyperplasia D. Hypertrophy

D. Hypertrophy

4. Which one of the following disorders is associated with generalized edema? A. Venous thrombosis B. Lymphatic obstruction C. Inflammation D. Liver disease

D. Liver disease

1. Which of the following disorders causes localized edema? A. Congestive heart failure3 B. Protein malnutrition C. Nephrotic syndrome D. Lymphatic obstruction

D. Lymphatic obstruction

Cardiogenic shock results from one of the following: A. Spinal cord injury B. Massive hemorrhage C. Severe diarrhea (fluid loss) D. Massive pulmonary embolism

D. Massive pulmonary embolism

Indicate the cell that cannot undergo mitosis: A. Hepatocyte B. Fibroblast C. Endothelial cell D. Neuron

D. Neuron

Choose the false statement regarding manifestations of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: A. Increased skin elasticity B. Hyperextensible joints C. Easy bruisibility D. Normal would healing

D. Normal wound healing

8. The intact endothelium inhibits thrombus formation by the following properties, EXCEPT: A. Prevents platelet adhesion and aggregation B. Inactivates coagulation factors C. Promotes fibrinolytic activity D. Secretes Willebrand factor

D. Secretes Willebrand factor

27-year-old man is scuba diving at a depth of 50 meters. Due to an equipment malfunction he quickly returns to his boat on the surface. He experiences difficulty breathing, severe muscle contractions and pain and headache. Which one of the following mechanisms is the most likely responsible for the symptoms? A. Fat globules in arterioles B. Venous thrombosis C. Lung infarction D. Tissue nitrogen embolism

D. Tissue nitrogen embolism

6. All of the following hemodynamic events are correctly matched with the associated condition, EXCEPT: A. Air embolism → Surgery B. Fat embolism → Fracture of long bone C. Left atrial thrombosis → Systemic D. Venous thrombosis → cerebral infarcts

D. Venous thrombosis --> cerebral infarcts

The proper formation of collagen in a healing wound requires one of the following: A. High levels of corticosteroid hormone B. Vitamin D C. Cholesterol D. Vitamin C

D. Vitamin C