Gender And Society Legit 89

Bisexual

A person emotionally, romantically or sexually attracted to more than one sex, gender or gender identity though not necessarily simultaneously, in the same way or to the same degree.

Gender Non-Conforming (GNC)

- A broad term referring to people who do not behave in a way that conforms to the traditional expectations of their gender, or whose gender expression does not fit neatly into a category.

Gay

- A person who is emotionally, romantically, or sexually attracted to members of the same gender

Questioning

- A term used to describe people who are in the process of exploring their sexual orientation or gender identity.

Androgynous

- Identifying and/or presenting as neither distinguishably masculine nor feminine

Two Spirit

- Is a third gender found in some Native American cultures, often involving birth-assigned men or women taking on the identities and roles of the opposite sex. A sacred and historical identity, Two Spirit can include but is by no means limited to LGBTQ identities.

Intersex

- People who naturally (without any medical interventions) develop primary and/or secondary sex characteristics that do not fit neatly into society's definitions of male or female. Many visibly intersex babies/children are surgically altered by doctors to make their sex characteristics conform to societal binary norm expectations. Intersex people are relatively common, although society's denial of their existence has allowed very little room for intersex issues to be discussed publicly.

LGBTQQIP2SAA

- lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, intersex, pansexual, two-spirit (2S), androgynous, and asexual in; m

Sexual Orientation

A component of identity that includes a person's sexual and emotional attraction to another person and the behavior and/or social affiliation that may result from this attraction

Aromantic

A romantic orientation generally characterized by not feeling romantic attraction or a desire for romance. Aromantic people can be satisfied by friendship and other non-romantic relationships.

Gender Fluid

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a person who does not identify with a single fixed gender; of or relating to a person having or expressing a fluid or unfixed gender identity.

Cisgender

An adjective used to describe a person whose gender identity and gender expression align with sex assigned at birth

Gender in a societal Level

At the societal level, gender differentiation is critical in understanding the differential distributions of : · roles · tasks, · resources, · privileges and disadvantages bestowed upon males and females. t

Misgendering

Attributing a gender to someone that is incorrect/does not align with their gender identity. Can occur when using pronouns, gendered language (i.e. "Hello ladies!"), or assigning genders to people without knowing how they identify (i.e. "Well, since we're all women in this room, we understand...") "

Closeted

Describes an LGBTQ person who has not disclosed their sexual orientation or gender identity.

Structural Functionalism

Functionalism, also known as "structural functionalism," is a macro sociological perspective that is based on the premise that society is made up of interdependent parts, each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole society (Mill, 1869). The functionalist perspective, which also emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structure to maintain it stability. Functionalist suggest that gender inequalities exist as an efficient way to create a division of labor, or a social system in which a particular segment of the population is clearly responsible for certain acts of labor and another segment is clearly responsible for other labor acts (Giddens, 2001). According to Functionalists, any given element of social structure contributes to overall social stability, balance, and equilibrium. In this view point gender inequality maintain overall social stability, balance, and equilibrium in pre-industrial society as well as contemporary society.

Pansexual

Not limited in sexual choice with regard to biological sex, gender, or gender identity.

Down Low

Pop-culture term used to describe men who identify as heterosexual but engage in sexual activity with other men. Often these men are in committed sexual relationships or marriages with a female partner. This term is almost exclusively used to describe men of color.

Biphobia

Prejudice, fear, or hatred directed toward bisexual people

Biological Sex

Sex is made up of several components. In fact, some babies (2-3%) each year are born with ambiguous external genitalia. These babies receive a sexual assignment as one of the two sexes and if required, surgical intervention is provided

Contemporary Society

Talcott Parsons, a leading functionalist thinker concerned himself with the role of the family in industrial societies. In parson's view, the family operates most efficiently with a clear-cut sexual division of labor in which women take the expressive, emotionally supportive role and men the instrumental, practical role, with the two complementing each other (Parsons & Bales, 1956). · Theoretical Perspective of Gender Inequality Expressiveness denotes concern for the maintenance of harmony, providing care and security to children and offering them emotional support and the internal emotional affairs of the family (Giddens, 2001; Schaefer, 2007). · Instrumentality refers to an emphasis on tasks, focus on more distant goals, being the breadwinner in the family and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions (Giddens, 2001; Schaefer, 2007) · Anthropologist George Murdock (1949) saw it as both practical and convenient that women should concentrate on domestic and family responsibilities while men work outside the home. · On the basis of a cross-culture study of more than hundred societies, Murdock conclude that the sexual division of labor is present in all cultures. While this is not the result of biological 'programming', it is the most logical basis for the organization of society p

Homophobia

The fear and hatred of or discomfort with people who are attracted to members of the same sex.

Asexual

The lack of a sexual attraction or desire for other people

Gender Transition

The process by which some people strive to more closely align their internal knowledge of gender with its outward appearance. Some people socially transition, whereby they might begin dressing, using names and pronouns and/or be socially recognized as another gender. Others undergo physical transitions in which they modify their bodies through medical interventions.

Coming out

The process in which a person first acknowledges, accepts and appreciates his or her sexual orientation or gender identity and begins to share that with others.

Several Sex Components

There are several components which may comprise BIOLOGICAL sex: · chromosomal sex, · gondola sex (sexual production organ), · internal sex organs, . external genitalia

DEFINITIONS RELATED TO SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER DIVERSITY

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Feminist Perspective

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Transgender

an umbrella term that incorporates differences in gender identity wherein one's assigned biological sex doesn't match their felt identity. Being transgender does not imply any specific sexual orientation. Therefore, transgender people may identify as straight, gay, lesbian, bisexual, etc.

Queer

an umbrella term that individuals may use to describe a sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression that does not conform to dominant societal norms. A term people often use to express fluid identities and orientations. Often used interchangeably with "LGBTQ."

Gender Concept

an understanding of the socially constructed distinction between male and female, based on biological sex but also including the roles and expectations for males and females in a culture. Children begin to acquire concepts of gender, including knowledge of the activities, toys, and other objects associated with each gender and of how they view themselves as male or female in their culture, possibly from as early as 18 months of age.

Marxist Feminism

argues that capitalism is the root cause of women's oppression, and that discrimination against women in domestic life and employment is an effect of capitalist ideologies.

Libertarian Feminism

conceives of people as self-owners and therefore as entitled to freedom from coercive interference.

Radical Feminism

considers the male-controlled capitalist hierarchy as the defining feature of women's oppression and the total uprooting and reconstruction of society as necessary.

Gender Expansive

conveys a wider, more flexible range of gender identity and/or expression than typically associated with the binary gender system.

Womanism

emerged after early feminist movements were largely white and middle-class.

Materialist feminisms

grew out of western Marxist thought and have inspired a number of different movements, all of which are involved in a critique of capitalism and are focused on ideology's relationship to women.

Lipstick Feminism

is a cultural feminist movement that attempts to respond to the backlash of second-wave radical feminism of the 1960s and 1970s by reclaiming symbols of "feminine" identity such as make-up, suggestive clothing and having a sexual allure as valid and empowering personal choices

Schema

is a mental blueprint for organizing information, and children develop and formulate an appropriate gender.

Patriarchy

is a social system in which the role of the male as the primary authority figure is central to social organization, and where fathers hold authority over women, children, and property.

Third-World Feminism

is closely related to postcolonial feminism. These ideas also correspond with ideas in African feminism, motherism, Stiwanism, femalism, transnational feminism, and Africana womanism

Conservative Feminism

is conservative relative to the society in which it resides.

Pro-Feminism

is the support of feminism without implying that the supporter is a member of the feminist movement. The term is most often used in reference to men who are actively supportive of feminism.

Lesbian Feminism

is thus closely related. Other feminists criticize separatist feminism as sexist.

Black and Postcolonial Feminism

pose a challenge "to some of the organizing premises of Western feminist thought." During much of its history, feminist movements and theoretical developments were led predominantly by middleclass white women from Western Europe and North America.

GenderQueer

refers to a person whose gender identity falls outside of the gender binary (i.e., identifies with neither or both genders). Genderqueers may also use the term "gender fluid" as an identifier but typically reject the term "transgender" because it implies a change from one gender category to another.

Gender Expression

refers to an individual's presentation — including physical appearance, clothing choice and accessories — and behavior that communicates aspects of gender or gender role. Gender expression may or may not conform to a person's gender identity.

Gender Dysphoria

refers to discomfort or distress that is associated with a discrepancy between a person's gender identity and that person's sex assigned at birth — and the associated gender role and/or primary and secondary sex characteristics

Gender Identity

refers to one's sense of oneself as male, female or something else (APA, 2011). When one's gender identity and biological sex are not congruent, the individual may identify along the transgender spectrum (APA, 2012; Gainor, 2000)

Lesbian

woman who is emotionally, romantically or sexually attracted to other women.

Anal Phase

· 18 months to 3 ½ years old · During this period, an infant becomes more independent. · It is the period when parents are the authority determining when the infants should defecate as they try to discipline their infants. · Having found a new erotogenic zone, the anus, which gives a pleasurable sensation when the feces are let go, the child often disobeys and holds back the feces when put on the pot. · The distinction into the masculine and the feminine is not yet developed but rather as the active and the passive. · The object of satisfaction here is not identical for the active and the passive unlike the case of oral phase. · The active wants to have a control of its own and to be the authority whereas the passive must submit to the authority. The anal phase can manifest itself later in adults in authoritarian and rebellious personality.

Genital or Phallic Stage

· 3 ½ years to 6 years old · In this period, the children become aware of the difference between the sexes. · The girl will notice what they do not have, and the boys learn that the girls do not possess what they have. · However, initially in the mind of children, the polarity is not yet distinguished as male and female but rather as possession of a penis and castrated condition. · Combining with the threat of punishment from the parents when they are seen playing with their genitals, the boys will seriously fear of castration, thinking that some unworthy girls have been punished by being castrated. · On the other hand, girls become envy of the boys for what they have. This is termed by Freud, the "penis envy" which leads the girls to blame their mothers for not giving them penises and hence transfer the affection to their fathers instead. The term Oedipus Complex is used by Freud to explain why children about this age feel more passionate towards the parent of the opposite sex and tend to hate the parent of the same sex. The feeling of the girl as mentioned shows that the Oedipus Complex coincides with this period of development of sexuality.

Latency Stage

· 6 to 11 years old · With the pleasure principle dominating, infants seek to find pleasure in whatever forms, in any symbolic substitution and in any direction, hence the term polymorphously pervert in adults, the polymorphousness even extends to the object, which is external and symbolic. · Fetishism where a person's sexual desire is attracted by an object is one of the consequences of this polymorphousness in the childhood. · The auto-erotism characteristic of the infantile sexuality also shows how the sexual instinct inherited in living things tend to restore the earlier state. Here, the infants want to repeat the same pleasurable sensual experience they have discovered and so continue doing it for itself. · It then means that, they can stick to sexual preferences they find from the stimulation from whichever part of the body, whether it is the genital or not.

WOMEN?

· A 1987 United Nations report claimed, "women constitute half of the world's population, perform nearly 2/3s of it work hours, receive one tenth of its income, and own less than one-hundredth of its property. · Women have been sidelined in history...Historical sociology questions great man history, Sociology pretends to be about people when in fact it is about men. Go to a club, what do you witness sex role stereotypical behaviour....men flashing their wallets, women selling their sexuality.

Gender a social construct

· All academic disciplines as they now exist, whether sociology, psychology, astronomy, physics, theology or chemistry, have been developed largely by men. · It is men who run governments, control education systems, who earn most of the money, and who are generally consider the movers and shakers of the society.

Oral Phase

· Birth to 18 months · During this period, the infant still cannot distinguish between itself and the external world, having only been out of its mother's womb for a short period. · The erotogenic zone, which is the term given to an area of bodily organ that is susceptible to stimulation of sexual impulse, in this period, is the mouth. · The sexual activity is not yet separated form the ingestion of food so the pleasure of sucking the milk from mother's breast derives from the pleasure to satisfy its hunger. · At the same time, it satisfies its "libido" which is the term for sexual desire. It is the time when an infant learns about its dependence on the external world, about its need to be fed by something external and the deprivation of satisfaction. · The object of sexual satisfaction and self-preservation (i.e. eating, drinking) is therefore the same.

History of Feminist Perspective

· Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and defending political, economic, and social equality of sexes/gender. · Feminism is a perspective that explores the connectedness of concepts that other theorists simply do not discuss or even contemplate. · This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment. The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three "waves".

Prostitution and Trafficking

· Feminists' views on prostitution vary, but many of these perspectives can be loosely arranged into an overarching standpoint that is generally either critical or supportive of prostitution and sex work.

Pre-Industrial Society

· Functionalist suggested that in preindustrial societies social equilibrium maintain by assigning different task to men and women. · In their assigned hunting roles, men were frequently away from home for long period and centered their lives on the responsibility for bringing food to the family. · It was functional for women-more limited by pregnancy, child birth and nursing- to be assign to domestic roles near the home as gathers and subsistence farmers and as caretakers of children and household (Mill, 1869). t

Social Learning Theory

· Gender role derives from French for roll · Role denotes expected, socially encouraged patterns of behavior exhibited by individuals in specific situations. · Emphasizes the influence of the environment. · Proponents of this theory believe that parents, as distributors of reinforcement, reinforce appropriate gender role behavior.

Rational Theory or Rational Choice Theory

· Individual decision-making forms the basis for nearly all of micro analysis. In the standard view, rational choice is defined to mean the process of determining what options are available and then choosing the most preferred one according to some consistent criterion. Rational choice theory starts with the idea that individuals have preferences and choose according to those. · "Rational behavior" is behavior that is suitable for the realization of specific goals, given the limitations imposed by the situation. · The key elements of all rational choice explanations are individual preferences, beliefs, and constraints. · Preferences denote the positive or negative evaluations individuals attach to possible outcomes of their actions. Preferences can have many roots, ranging from culturally transmitted to personal habits and commitments. · Beliefs refer to perceived cause-effect relations, including the perceived likelihood with which an individual's actions will result in different possible outcomes. · Constraints define the limits to the set of feasible actions

Sexual Reassignment

· It has been argued that the dramatic choice of sexual reassignment is the product of societal intolerance. In societies where notions of masculine and feminine are more flexibly defined, such procedures might seem unnecessary. For example, Australia with its rigid gender role exceptions has a much higher incidence of sex reassignment surgery than Sweden.

Sex Industry

· Opinions on the sex industry are diverse. Feminists are generally either critical of it seeing it as exploitative, a result of patriarchal social structures and reinforcing sexual and cultural taking control of their sexuality.

Sociological Perspectives

· STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM · CONFLICT THEORY · SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM · RATIONALIST THEORY

Transexual Operations

· Sex change surgery to effect reassignment is sought out by many to this crisis. Transsexual operations tend to flow more male to female than female to male.

Pornography

· The "Feminist Sex Wars" is a term for the acrimonious debates within the feminist movement in the late 1970s through the1980s around the issues of feminism, sexuality, sexual representation, pornography.

Sex Assignment

· The categorization into either male or female seems like an irrefutable biological fact. However, How do we know if these babies are male or female???? One's biological sex is in fact multidimensional.... y

Sigmund Freud

· The father of psychoanalysis, was a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and influential thinker of the early twentieth century. · Freud elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex energy-system, the structural investigation of which is the proper province of psychology. · Freud's theory of infantile sexuality must be an integral part of a broader developmental theory of human personality. · From his account of the instincts or drives it followed that from the moment of birth the infant is driven in his actions by the desire for bodily/sexual pleasure, where this is seen by Freud in almost mechanical terms as the desire to release mental energy. e

Sexism

· The idea and doctrine that believe women are made just for sex

Second Wave Movement

· There are 104 incidents included in the second wave of feminism movements: · 1966 Twenty-eight women, among them Betty Friedan, founded the National Organization for Women (NOW). · 1969 The American radical organization Redstockings organized. · 1977 the Canadian Human Rights Act was passed, prohibiting discrimination based on characteristics including sex and sexual orientation, and requiring "equal pay for work of equal value · 1980 The second wave began in the 1980s in Turkey and in Israel.

Third Wave Movement

· There are exactly 31 incidents in the third wave of feminism movement: · 1994: The Gender Equity in Education Act became law in the U.S. · 1994: The Violence Against Women Act became law in the U.S · 1995: The Fourth World Conference on Women was held in China · 2007: The Gender Equality Duty of the Equality Act United Kingdom · 2008: Norway requires all companies to have at least 40% women on their boards

First Wave Movement

· There are exactly 69 incidents defined within the first feminism wave movement: · United Kingdom: the right to vote was granted to all women equally with men in 1928 · Russia: In 1913 women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday in February. · England: In 1918 Marie Stopes, published Married Love, a sex manual that, was one of the 25 most influential books of the previous 50 years. · Germany: in 1919 granted women the right to vote · China: The first female students were accepted in Peking University, soon followed by universities all over China.

Cognitive-Developmental Theory

· This is derived from Kohlberg's speculations about gender development. · Children begin the process of acquiring gender-appropriate behavior. · Gender identity is a cognitive concept that children learn as part of the process of learning about the physical world & their bodies. · Children younger than 2 have no concept of gender. · Cannot consistently label themselves or others as male or female.

Infantile Sexuality

· To Freud, sexuality covers much wider than genital intercourse between a male and female. But whatever shape or form of sexuality one eventually takes, Freud asserts, it inevitably has its roots in the infantile sexuality, which is described in terms of sexual development in the first few years of a life of an infant. · The concept of sexuality has been given an extension from Freud: · it is divorced from its close connection with genitals to concentrate rather on the purpose of achieving pleasure. It is only secondary to serve as the means to reproductive function. · all feelings and relations are thought to have their roots in the very same sexual impulses that manifest themselves in various forms and degrees.

Conflict Theory

· Where the functionalist see stability and consensus, conflict sociologist see a social world in continual struggle. The conflict perspective assume that social behavior is the best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups. · In relationship to gender, Conflict theory explains that gender inequality came to exist because the men are trying to maintain power and privilege at the cost of the women's benefit. Men have become powerful in industrial times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing duties allowed them to dominate women physically (Schaefer, 2007). · In contemporary societies such consideration are not so important, yet cultural beliefs about the sexes are long establishment, as anthropologist Margaret Mead (1973) and feminist sociologist Helen Mayer Hacker (1974) both stressed. · If we use an analogy of Marx's analysis of class conflict, we can say that males are like the bourgeoisie or capitalist; they control most of the society's wealth, prestige, and power. · Females are like the proletariat, or workers; they can acquire valuable resources only by following the dictates of their bosses. · Men's work is uniformly valued; women's work (whether unpaid labor in the home or wage labor) is devalued (Schaefer, 2007).

Symbollic Interactionism

· While functionalist and conflict theorists who study gender stratification typically focus on macro-level social forces and in institutions, interactionist researchers tend to examine gender stratification on the micro level of everyday behavior. · From a symbolic interactionist perspective, gender inequality is produced and reinforced through the socialization process as well as daily interactions and the use of symbols. In response to this phenomena, the sociologist Charles H. Cooley's developed the theory of the "looking-glass self" (1902). · In this theory, Cooley argued that an individual's perception of himself or herself is based primarily how society views him or her. In the context of gender inequality, if society, that man will consider himself as masculine. Men and women are expected to perform their gender to the point that it is naturalized, and thus, their status depends on their performance.

GENDER

· an achieved status: that which is constructed through psychological, cultural, and social means · is a status designation derived from the physiological aspects link to males and female physiological aspects link to males and females to allow individuals to function within particular social contexts.

Postcolonial Feminism

· argue that colonial oppression and Western feminism marginalized postcolonial women but did not turn them passive or voiceless.

Sex

· ascribed by biology: anatomy, hormones, and physiology. · a determination made through the application of socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying persons as females or males

Anarchic Feminists

· believe that class struggle and anarchy against the state require struggling against patriarchy, which comes from involuntary hierarchy.

Socialist Feminism

· distinguishes itself from Marxist feminism by arguing that women's liberation can only be achieved by working to end both the economic and cultural sources of women's oppression.

Separatist Feminism

· does not support heterosexual relationships.

Gender Schema Theory

· helps a child to develop gender identity & formulate an appropriate gender role · An extension of cognitive developmental theory · Explains gender identity in terms of schemata: · Cognitive structures that underlie complex concepts. · Behavior changes to conform to gender roles.

Sex Status

· is biologically determined but socially constructed. · All human societies make distinctions based on inborn characteristics of sex, the physiological distinctions based on biology and reproductive anatomy that distinguishes male from female.

Herstory

· is history written from a feminist perspective, emphasizing the role of women, or told from a woman's point of view. The word history—from the Ancient Greek, or istoria, meaning "a learning or knowing by inquiry"—is etymologically unrelated to the possessive pronoun his..

Anti-Feminism

· is opposition to feminism in some or all of its forms. Other anti-feminists opposed women's entry into the labor force, or their right to join unions, to sit on juries, or to obtain birth control and control of their sexuality.

Freud's Homosexuality

· is seen by some Freudians as resulting from a failure to resolve the conflicts of the Oedipus complex, particularly a failure to identify with the parent of the same sex; the obsessive concern with washing and personal hygiene which characterizes the behavior of some neurotics is seen as resulting from unresolved conflicts/repressions occurring at the anal stage. Freud even asserts that each person is potentially capable of having sexual relations with a person of either sex, although there could be exceptions at either end. There is a relationship between the degree of bisexuality and the socialization experiences the child undergoes in family circumstances. There is therefore actually nothing natural in heterosexuality from his point of view.

Ecofeminists

· see men's control of land as responsible for the oppression of women and destruction of the natural environment; ecofeminism has been criticized for focusing too much on a mystical connection between women and nature.

Liberal Feminism

·· seeks individualistic equality of men and women through political and legal reform without altering the structure of society.