Gender for exam 3 brpo

• B/Bisexual

sexual attraction to/desire for both sexes • Defined by attraction, desire, behavior, or self-identification • More common than homosexuality (more stigmatized)

Equal Rights Amendment

"Equality of rights under law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." • Probable outcomes of legality

Bodies Through Time - Ladies First 1870 - 1890s

1870 - 1890s • Voluptuous women • Hourglass figures via corsets • Women's fitness via the Gibson Girl • Black women and the politics of respectability

All cultures assume adults have the potential for:

Becoming sexually aroused • Engaging in sexual intercourse for reproductive purposes

Date rape:

rape committed by someone with whom the victim has gone on a date or is in a romantic, but unmarried, relationship with

Education • Title IX - Educational Amendments Act

(1972): prohibit sex discrimination in any school receiving federal funding • Gender barriers to: admissions, promotion, faculty tenure • Standards for: health care, dress codes, counseling, housing, sexsegregated programs, financial aid, organizational membership

• Reproduction

(biological process by which individuals are produced) • Shared view of normal sexual behavior most cultures agree on

• A/Asexual

(biology) lack of sex-specific sex organs; (sociology) having little to no sexual attraction to persons of any sex • About 1% of the population (more women) • Differs from celibacy (sexual attraction, but refraining from sex) • Can be a mental disorder • Female sexual interest/arousal disorder • Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder • About sexual, not romantic attraction

harmful to oneself

(e.g., masturbatory asphyxia—suffocating or hanging oneself during masturbation to increase sexual arousal) and to others (e.g., rape, child molestation, and obscene phone calls). Current psychological standards for determining the harmfulness of sexual behaviors center around the issues of coercion, potential harm to oneself or others, and personal distress.

• Kinsey Scale

- 7-point scale ranging from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual • 5 points in between for varying bisexuality • 0 point added (1948) for asexuals

Biological determinism

- idea that sexuality is determined primarily by our genetics • Sociologists take another view

• Men as voyeurs

- someone who takes sexual pleasure in looking

Bodies Through Time - Ladies First1900-1920s

1900-1920s • Economic boom in the U.S. • Transformation into the flapper girl • Ideal during the women's movement • First-wave feminism Symbol for women's movement - first-wave feminism sought for: • Women's right to vote (gained in 1920 with the First Amendment) • Economic progress

Broadly based on your course reading, how have beauty standards been constructed in ways that promote: White dominance Men's dominance Mental health

1960s beauty practices for Black women were aimed at the 'white ideal' with hair straighteners, face whiteners, and other products; protest of the Afro occurred at the same time need to wear makeup correctly to be seen as heterosexual, credible, and healthy in the workplace - received comments about how they 'looked tired' - were to look pleasing to men; makeup = femininity psychiatrists understanding the maintenance of feminine beauty practices to signify "mental health" and enforce makeovers for women who were 'ill' - used as a diagnostic tool for depression; engaged in appearance training (completely contradicts actual mental health findings that women who reject makeup in favor of androgynous/masculine sex tend to be more mentally healthy)

Employment

1964 Civil Rights Act (Title VII) • Unlawful to hire, discharge, discriminate against an employee because of sex...

Domestic Relations • Retirement Equity Act (REA)

1984: pensions can be included as part of property settlements in divorce • Gives homemakers access to retirement, health care, etc. • Requires notification if workers (men) waive right to spousal (women) benefits

Hate crimes

: any crime perpetrated against someone based on their minority status (race, class, religion, gender, etc.) - here, we are referring specifically to sexual minority status

• Sex trafficking

: commercial sexual exploitation • More than 50% all trafficking cases • Global occurrence

Bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ):

: hiring employees on basis of one sex if deemed critical for carrying out the job • Ex. hiring male actor for a role

Essentialism

: idea that (sexual orientation) is permanent, static, unchanging, and innate • Sex categories are considered real - fixed traits associated with them

• Consciousness raising

: talking about sexual violence experiences with others to share experiences and help understand prevalence and how to band together to challenge such social problems (like sexual assault) • Rape = crime of violence • Founded rape crisis hotlines • Rape crisis centers • Specially trained assault teams • Use of rape kits • Self-defense classes • "Take Back the Night" marches

Metrosexul

A modern, single, upper-class man devoted to shopping, accessorizing, and using beauty products

Recent Years • 20th centurYU

Allowance for recreational sex • 1960's gay liberation movement • Stonewall Riot (1969) in Greenwich Village • Homosexuality removed from the DSM (1973)

Bodies through Time: Women

Beauty ideals change frequently • Change is related to • Political conditions • Economic conditions • Social conditions

Gay panic defense:

Antigay violence specifically - violence directed at gays/lesbians because of their sexual orientation • If the gay person shows interest in them, it results in uncontrollable violence

Normal Sexual Behavior

Behavior that conforms to a group's average, or median, patterns of sexual behavior • Pressure to be "like" others when we actually do not know their behaviors (we rarely disclose deviant behaviors) • Varies by cultures

Bodies Through Time - Ladies First 1960s - 1970s 2

Black Power movement • Black is Beautiful • Colorism and rejection of

Politics

Changing law is liked to: • Understanding how perceptions influence voters • Individuals in office who address concerns through social policy • After changes: • Interpretation and enforcement must be consistent • Women legislators have major impact on women's interest representation • More supportive of pro-women and minority policies • Increasingly in office, but no gender parity

Bodies through Time: Men

Contemporary masculinity = ignoring fashion • New trend historically

Or, maybe, we get rid of scripts altogether...and write our own! Check out what Dr. Ellwood-Clayton has to say about it here or on Canvas

Could bring some conflicts in the relationship We should debuynk the feamels sexuale xpeinces and sexual expectations The pessurave message tends to manuplate people into thinking more sex will fix the problem. Sociaty portrays women should look sexy while taking caer of the children and home sex scripts help the phamrical companties DSM defines a womens porblem that could just be natural (medicalization)

Gay bashing

Crimes motivated by prejudice against a social group

• Individual homophobia:

Defensive-expressive • Social-expressive • Value-expressive defensive-expressive homophobia, in which individuals (men, in this case) express homophobia as a way to cope with anxiety over their own heterosexual masculinity. The second kind is social-expressive homophobia, in which individuals try to gain the approval of others and enhance their own self-esteem by expressing homophobia. The third kind is value-expressive homophobia, in which individuals express homophobia as part of a broader value system of right and wrong, such as a conservative religious ideology.

Early Years

Early Christian church leaders outspoken against homosexuality • Bible much less clear • Homosexual sex forbidden - reflected in Roman Law • Fall of Roman Empire = tolerance of homosexuality again • Forbidden/illegal from 12th-14th centuries

`Measuring Sexual Orientation 2

Early measures = binary (heterosexual/homosexual)

Hypermasculinity: E

Extreme masculinity including endorsement of stereotypical gender roles; value on control, power, and competition; toleration of pain; mandatory heterosexuality

Gender and Voting

Gap widens on issues differentially impacting women • War • Capital punishment • Women's rights • Human compassion • Policies reducing violence and aggression

The Law Crime2

Gendered socialization promotes "crime" in boys • Women commit crime to bolster SES • Higher rates of property crime and drug sales • Women in the workplace means crime rates may even ou Boys more autonomous, impulsive, rebellious, physically aggressive - Boys lives outside the home - Girls passive, nice, protected, monitored, expressive - Girls lives focus on/in the home

Bodies Through Time - Ladies First 1930s

Great Depression • Move back to "mature, classic beauty

Education • Court-allowed exceptions

Greek life; sex-ed classes; housing • Private, religious, and military schools are excluded • Title IX and athletics • More money for female athletics (not equal funding, just equal opportunity to participate)

Homophobia vs. homonegativity DEF

Homophobia: irrational, patholotical fear of gay people Homonegativity: negative attitudes about gay people

(Re)Defining Gender-Based Violence

Used interchangeably with "violence against women" • Most gender-based violence is directed against women • Most is perpetrated by men

Human Rights and Politics

Human rights abuses are global - development does not end abuses • US human rights abuses: • Enslavement of Africans • Lynching of Blacks • Genocide against Native Americans • Abuses are not just historical • Rape and trafficking • High rates of imprisonment (racial discrimination)

Gender-based violence global concerns include:

Human trafficking • Genital cutting/modification

Includes:

Improving services for victims • Providing housing and safety for battered women and children • Protecting battered and trafficked immigrants • Providing safety for American Indian women

If we do not like the way we look, there are various ways to change that! Choose two of the following to explain clearly using those references how we can combine embodiment and aesthetics to achieve positive views of ourselves:

In the plastic surgery video, people have more options to look at the way they want to look. In the 1970s, technology had allowed more surgeries for people to get done. If one woman had issues with her breast being too big, she can get a breast reduction surgery. From the video, breast reductions allowed minimal scarring, relief from the neck and back pain (Allure 2018). Previous breast reductions came with these side effects of large scarring, neck pain, and back pain. The growth of technology decreased the chances of a person developing any of these side effects. In addition, later studies had shown people who had breast "reductions have a beneficial psychological impact" (Allure 2018). Breast reductions surgeries not only help people get smaller breast but influences their self-confidence. In the men's plastic surgery video, men have options to take back their youth. A couple of options are the male model, athletic dad, and CEO/ boardroom. These options come with a set of qualities that could relate to the man. These qualities can personalize the options to fit the ideal criteria of what a man may want to look like. In the option of a CEO, men are looking to regain that young competitive look. Guys who choose this option may be an older guy whos at top of his business. In order to keep his position, the guy may have to look young on the outside like he feels young in the inside of his body. Men will have to go through necking lifting, upper/lower eyelift, jawline recontouring and hi-def lipo sculpting. These surgeries will give the guy that young look back into his procession. The embodiment of these surgeries is all about the idea of men retrieving that self-confidence. Men may reflect on days were they looked younger as the best days in their life. Men's plastic surgeries give them the opportunity to recapture their youth and rebuilt their self-confidence

Hard-core pornography watching is likely to

Increase rape myth acceptance (show in the IMAGE here - the top 7 myths) • Desensitize viewers into thinking such rough behavior is acceptable • Decrease victims' "worth"

Health at Every Size (HAES) mode

Individualism over uniformity

What is intimate partner violence; who is most at risk; and why do victims under-report and not leave their attackers? Your Answer:

Intimate Partner violence is physical violence, sexual violence, stalking and psychological aggression (including coercive acts) by a current or former intimate partner Ritter Sociology of Gender: An Introduction p. 8). This tends to happen towards families with low income, isolation form community, or alcohol use. Some people may not leave this conflict by dealing with unemployment and low SES. For example, a wife may need to depend on her husband to make the money around the house. The wife may not have a job that allows her to be in her own house as the breadwinner. In some scenarios, this problem is due to the gender pay gap in society. I another reason could be jealousy. The wife may not be okay with the situation of her husband being with another woman. This jealousy may indulge her to stay within the violent relationship and hope things will get better.

Does not mean standards for evaluating behavior do not exist • Some behaviors are harmful:

Issues of coercion 2. Potential harm to oneself or others 3. Personal distress

Natural Sexual Behavior

Judged against some "standard of nature" • Usually our culture's sexual norms • Internalized since infancy • Seem instinctive/natural

Bodies Through Time - ...and Gentlemen Pre-1800s

King Charles' great masculine renunciation • Distinguishing sex instead of class Clothes distinguish sex instead of class for the first time. Before this, clothing was similar across class - elite men and women wore royal overskirts and dresses. Now, men wear pant suits and women stay in dresses.

Rape shield laws:

Limiting evidence a defendant is allowed to admit at trial about a victim's sexual history - Marital rape exception abolished - Corroboration no longer required - Rape definitions broader and not just penis/vagina

What is the male gaze and how does it work today, as explained by the Male Gaze Theory Explained video

Male Gaze are women (and men) critically observe women from the perspective of the ideal of a male viewer. The idea still plays in a role by today by a lot of movies still being dominated by male producers. From their viewpoint through the lens the audience is going to get a masculine point of view towards women. This viewpoint puts guys into the main focus on the women's sexual objectification of their bodies. From sexual objectification, movies are appealing to guys by making the women in films look sexy. Society today is stilled not equivalent to each gender. Media like movies, videogames, and television still uses sexual objectification of women to appear sexy towards the male audience.

Bodies Through Time - Ladies First 2000s-2010s

Media influence • Two ideals • More variation*

Favorable:

Men and women candidates: Evaluated the same Equal chance of being selected Women are more likely to support other women Usually vote with party, but cross lines for strong candidates Regardless of gender

Male Sexual Scripts

Men should not have (or at least express) certain feelings • Performance is what counts • The man is in charge • A man always wants sex and is always ready for it • All physical contact leads to sex • Sex equals intercourse • Sexual intercourse leads to orgasm • Common theme = sex is separate from love/attachment • Sex is a performance

EXAMPLES

Men should not have (or at least should not express) certain feelings. Men should not express doubts; they should be assertive, confident, and aggressive. Tenderness and compassion are not masculine emotions. ■ Performance is the thing that counts. Sex is something to be achieved, to win at. Feelings only get in the way of the job to be done. Sex is not for intimacy but for orgasm. ■ The man is in charge. As in other realms, the man is the leader, the per- son who knows what is best. The man initiates sex and gives the woman her orgasm. A real man doesn't need a woman to tell him what women like; he already knows. ■ A man always wants sex and is ready for it. No matter what else is going on, a man wants sex; he is always able to become erect. He is a machine. ■ All physical contact leads to sex. Because men are basically sexual machines, any physical contact is a sign for sex. Touching is seen as the first step toward sexual intercourse, not an end in itself. There is no physical pleasure other than sexual pleasure. 48 ■ Sex equals intercourse. All erotic contact leads to sexual intercourse. Foreplay is just that: warming up, getting one's partner ready for penetration. Kissing, hugging, erotic touching, and oral sex are only preliminaries to intercourse. ■ Sexual intercourse leads to orgasm. The orgasm is the "proof in the pudding." The more orgasms, the better the sex. If a woman does not have an orgasm, she is not sexual. The male feels that he is a failure because he was not good enough to give her an orgasm. If she requires clitoral stimulation to have an orgasm, she has a problem.

peacock revlution

Men's adopting bold colors and prints during the vital Vietnam War/hippy era

Bodies Through Time - ...and Gentlemen 1890s

Men's athletics and the muscular ideal • Crisis of masculinity • Closing of Western frontier • Increased urbanization • Increase in women's rights

• Kinsey scale limitation:

Merges overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions

LGBT-Based Violence 2

Minority stress • Reduces physical and mental health • Reducing likelihood of homophobic attitudes: • Contact with sexual minorities • Positive well-being tied to • Support from friends and family

• Problems with this definition:

Misunderstanding of gender 2. Too narrow 3. Too broad Against women would be sex-based violence, not gender, which would include men women and trans people 2. All people are gendered, not just women (interdependence of masculinity, femininity, and other conceptions of gender) 3. Not all violence against women is gender-based (military unit; race)

Human Rights and Politics • Women's Convention actions:

Modify/abolish customs and practices that discriminate against women • Right to vote and hold office • Suppress forced prostitution and trafficking • Equal rights in education, employment, health care, property ownership, and marriage/family relations • Women's reproductive rights and family planning education

Situational couple violence

Most common form of IPV - Occasional 11 - Escalation is exception, not the rule - Women and men equally likely to perpetrate this - Motivations variable; may/may not include control

How did you score on each of the following quizzes:

My score in the UN quiz was 83%. From the UN quiz of Violence, the question that shocked me was the percentage of women worldwide that experienced physical and/or sexual violence. I choose the answer to be 55% but the right answer was 35% (unwomen). This answer may be determined by some women who developed the self-confidence to admit to dealing with a violent relationship. Some women may not admit to these ideas of violence because they are afraid to tell other people. Other women may not consider some acts to be a "huge concern" to get help out of a violent relationship. The idea of consciousness-raising which means "talking about sexual violence experiences with others to share experiences" Ritter Sociology of Gender: An Introduction p. 29). This idea can help develop awareness among people who are in a violent relationship. For the LGBTQ violence quiz, I received a score of 5/7. The question that shocked me was "How many states have laws that fully protect LGBT people from discrimination" (Haas JR). My answer was 33 but the right answer was 19. I thought more states granted assess to letting LGBT people express their full rights as citizens. Sadly it's only 19 states that allowed LGBT people to express their full rights. This burden on LGBT people could increase their chances of dealing with gender-based violence. Some LGBT people being in a state that does not recognize them as citizens. This could encourage people to take advantage of LGBT people. For example, an LGBT person being new in town may run into a person who could force them into sex. trafficking. This could be the same case for a person who is trying to rape them well. The disadvantage of not being recognized as citizens can decrease their chances of being treated equally. If an LGBT person takes their rape case to court, most likely the court is going to side with the heterosexual person. This could be the reason why some LGBT people do not report to authorities about crimes committed against them.

■ Relationship status.

No longer was marriage the only context within which couples could express their sexuality, love, and commitment for one another. A new philosophy of sex, referred to as "free love," allowed individuals to broaden and act on their sexual desires without marriage, judgment, or contempt.

Aesthetics

Our ideas about what is beautiful/tasteful

Reproductive Rights • Need to work together

Purpose = prevent unwanted pregnancy instead of abortions • Positive alternatives: sex education, easier access to birth control, better financial support for parents • Churches becoming more prochoice

Traffickers (perpetrators):

Range from individuals to organized crime groups • Criminals and authorities • Prime motivation = profit • Trafficking industry

■ Sexual orientation.

Overriding previous dogma from church and state, there has been a broader acceptance of homosexuality. This was reinforced in 1973 when the 41 American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of diagnosable mental disorders. More recently in 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled same-sex marriage legal in all states.

Risk factors associated with IPV

Patriarchal beliefs • Pro-violent attitudes • Growing up in a violent home • Dependent and/or jealous • Personality disorder(s)/ "aggressive" personality • Unemployment/low SES • Under age 30 • Dating/cohabiting relationship • Race/ethnicity • Not sexual orientation

Bodies Through Time - ...and Gentlemen 1960s - 1970s

Peacock revolution • Mixing and muscles • Hippies • Military Peacock Revolution, men adopted bold colors/prints. Suits became slim cut and there was the rise of unisex fashion (shown above). By the 1970s, the peacock combined with hippy/military clothing styles. Muscles also became priority again, as males began dominating other males through increased violence (think Vietnam War). This can be seen through the ideal 1970s movie stars (masculine and rugged again).

UN Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing 1995)

Platform for Action = most comprehensive agenda on women's rights • Economic advancement • Reduce maternal mortality • Equal pay/work rights • Consensual marriage

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) 1994

Police, prosecutors, and courts are better trained and equipped to deal with situations of intimate partner violence • Expanded to protect Native Americans and LGBT people • Prosecute non-tribal attackers; college campuses harassment protection

Women in Government - Material Application

Political involvement/action history • 1910s - women's suffrage • 1960s - civil rights/ women's movements • 1970s - National Women's Political Caucus • 1980s - fundraising for campaigning women

• Trafficked (victims):

Poor women and children • Immigrants/migrants/refugees • Homeless adolescents • LGBT

Women in Government • Female candidates

Popular opinion = more favorable • 90% respondents would vote for a qualified female president • Reluctance due to gender stereotypes • "Ideal" president = masculine • 21st century events favor men • Female legislators - behavior patterns

Bodies through Time: Men • Less research on men's fashion

Prevalence/popularity of broad-shouldered, suited man over time • Times of social change/political unrest = most variation in clothing and styles • Also push for masculine traditional views (against external threats)

Individual self-expression and autonomy

Previously structured around the collective good of the family and community, the counterculture found meaning and purpose in supporting the individual rights of men and women, including the right to sexual expression.

conspicuous consumption

Purchasing and wearing items as a mark of (superior) status

Rape

Reasons and motivations for rape • High levels of anger at women • Need to dominate women • Hypermasculinity • Lack of empathy • Psychopathy • Antisocial traits

Yes Means Yes:

Requires verbal consent in the form of "yes" before engaging in sexual activities; silence or simply not saying "no" is no longer enough; partners must say 'yes' and say 'yes' the entire time (and after) with this policy

Bodies Through Time - Ladies First 1980s

Resurgence of conservativism • Ideal supermodel bodyq

Bodies Through Time - ...and Gentlemen 1980s

Return of the suit • Retributive Man and men becoming sexy?!

Homosexuality in Time and Place - Education

Schools and campuses trying to provide safe spaces • Title IX

Campus Sexual Violence Elimination (SaVE) Act

Schools are responsible for preventing (not just responding to) sexual assault • Must disclose info about crime on/around campus, including sexual assault • Tied to Jeanne Clery Act and Title IX

Leads to objectification of women

Seeing/treating a person as an object • Sexual parts or functions as separate from personality

Klein Sexual Orientation Grid 2

Self-assessed during past, present, and ideal • Limitations: • Complicated, multidimensional scale (unmanageable) • Dimension importance and distinction unknown

EX

Sex is good and bad. Women are taught that sex is both good and bad. What makes sex good? Sex in marriage or a committed relationship. What makes sex bad? Sex in a casual or uncommitted relationship. Sex is "so good" that a woman needs to save it for her husband (or for someone with whom she is deeply in love). Sex is bad—if it is not sanctioned by love or marriage, a woman will get a bad reputation. ■ It's not OK to touch themselves "down there." Girls are taught not to look at their genitals, not to touch them, and especially not to explore them. As a result, some women know very little about their genitals. They are often concerned about vaginal odors and labia size, making them uncomfortable about oral sex. ■ Sex is for men. Men want sex; women want love. Women are sexually passive, waiting to be aroused. Sex is not a pleasurable activity as an end in itself; it is something performed by women for men. ■ Men should know what women want. This script tells women that men know what they want even if women don't tell them. The woman is supposed to remain pure and sexually innocent. It is up to the man to arouse the woman even if he doesn't know what she finds arousing. To keep her image of sexual innocence, she 49 does not tell him what she wants. ■ Women shouldn't talk about sex. Many women are uncomfortable talking about sex because they are expected not to have strong sexual feelings. Some women (and men) may know their partners well enough to have sex with them but not well enough to communicate their needs to them. ■ Women should look like models. The media present ideally attractive women as beautiful models with slender hips, supple breasts, and no fat or cellulite; they are always young, with never a pimple, wrinkle, or gray hair in sight. As a result of these cultural images, many women are self- conscious about their physical appearance. They worry that they are too fat, too plain, or too old. Because of their imagined flaws, they often feel awkward without clothes on. ■ Women are nurturers. Women give; men receive. Women give themselves, their bodies, their pleasures to men. Everyone else's needs come first: his desire over hers, his orgasm over hers. ■ There is only one right way to have an orgasm. Women often "learn" that there is only one "right" way to have an orgasm: during sexual inter- course as a result of penile stimulation.

• Klein Sexual Orientation Grid

Sexual attraction 2. Sexual behavior 3. Sexual fantasies 4. Emotional preference 5. Social preference 6. Self-identification 7. Heterosexual/homosexual lifestyle • Potential for change over time

Storms's Scale

Sexual orientation based on the type, extent, and frequency of erotic fantasies • Homoeroticism • Heteroeroticism • Strengths: • Acknowledges asexuals • Allows for variability in both categories

Homosexuality in Time and Place - The Media

Slow integration - emphasis on sexual orientation • Stereotypical images • "coming out" stories and LGBT-friendly TV

Gender-based violence requires:

Subordination or oppression based on gender norms • Excludes much violence against men

Intimate terrorism

Systematic in nature - Escalating in frequency and severity with time - Men against women usually - Intent is to exert power and control - Relatively small proportion of IPV incidents

politics of respectability

The campaign sought to 6 inculcate in lower-class Blacks "allegiance to temperance (abstaining from drinking), industriousness, thrift, refined manners, and Victorian sexual morals" as a way to earn the respect of "white America". This model of middle-class respectability required Black women to assimilate to white, middle-class standards of beauty and fashion. As part of this beauty standard, women of mixed Black and white heritage (known as "mulattos") with lighter skin were considered models of beauty.

Homosexuality in Time and Place - The Workplace

Unequal playfields • Antidiscrimination policies • Workers' benefits • Women's work histories differ by sexual orientation • Employment/Income • Nontraditional jobs • Work outcomes

■ Women's rights.

The traditional, stereotypical role of the man being breadwinner and of the woman being the homemaker were challenged by roles whereby individuals could choose according to their needs. It became acceptable for women to express their inherent sexuality and for men to be their emotional and authentic selves. It was during this period that abortion became legal and widespread accessibility and dissemination of birth control became available.

embodiment

The way our bodies are viewed and how they interact with the world to create social meaning Embodiment

Human Rights and Politics 2`

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN 1951) • "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights" • International Bill of Human Rights • Universal Declaration of Human Rights • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights • International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights • Although inclusive and broad, abuses persist • Women, children, minorities, people with dis/abilities, LGBT, migrants, refugees, and poor are more vulnerable

Reproductive Rights

Up to 19th century, women could get abortions up to "quickening" • 1900 US-banned abortion except to save mothers' lives • Most Americans support abortion rights • 58% support all/most abortions • 25% always; 34% most • 37% support criminalization

Human Rights and Politics • Significant firsts:

Use of gender over sex (debates about terminology) • Intersectionality of women's oppression • Discussion of sexual rights and sexual orientation • Massive improvement for women's participation in decision-making and governing

great masculine renunciation.

This period became an era of inconspicuous consumption, with the values of thrift, self-control, and modesty.

■ Sexuality education

Though a handful of sexuality education programs had been introduced prior to the 1960s, few were uniformly embraced or included in school curriculums until the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) became a vocal force in educational and policy circles.

Women can become complicit in their own oppression through avoiding the use of violence.

True

Human Trafficking

Types of trafficking

• Gay bullying:

Verbal abuse including: sexual slurs, intimidation, threats of violence, antigay slogans

Violent resistance

Victims (usually women) retaliate with violence - Resister is violent, but not controlling - Attacker is both violent and controlling - Motivations/intentions are various

• Forced labor

Victims work as domestics, agricultural workers • 40% all victims and growing

Rape • Female rapists:

Victims • Arrest and incarceration rates: • Less than 1% of arrests for rape • 8% arrests for sex offenses (other than prostitution) • Most likely underreported • Cultural assumptions and masculinity

Bodies Through Time - Ladies First 1960s - 1970s

Vietnam War • Feminist Movement • 2 nd wave feminism

How do Kaye and Kantrowitz redefine violence against oppression/violence and why is this important?

Violence against oppression is a "negation of institutionalized violence" - acts of bravery; humanity; hope; positive to fight backit is betrayal of humanity and hope to say it is shameful/regrettable They are also re-framing violence against oppression as a positive thing, that it is a good and positive thing to commit violence against.

Bodies Through Time - ...and Gentlemen 1900-1950

Well-dressed man • Suits and seriousness

Examining human rights and activism • Differences in concern and concentration

Western media exoticizes and "other" Global South cultures • Culture shock leads to othering and dismissal • Think of Third World women as similar, powerless group • Push toward "savior/victim" ideology • Dividing the world into binary oppositions (and evaluations)

Sexuality across Cultures and Times

What is "natural" in one culture or time may be unnatural in another

Social construction of bodies

When our economic system (and society) influences what we eat and do with our bodies

Bodies through Time: Women overall trents

When women are seeking power and control, bodies are more "childlike" and small (less threatening; more masculine) • During conservative periods, women appear more "matronly" • Women of color's ideals often parallel white ideals • Upper-class bodies = thinner

• Key legal assumptions about gender in the US:

Women are incompetent, childlike, and in need of protection 2. Men are protectors and financial caretakers of women 3. Husband and wife are treated as "one" under the law. The "one" is the husband. 4. Males and females are biologically different, giving them differing capabilities and differing standards on which to judge their actions

Women in Government

Women hold a small share of government positions • World rankings • 2019 (U.S.): • House of Representatives (23.2%) • Senate (25%)

Beauty standards mostly exclude:

Women of color • Fatter women • Older women • Non-Christian women • Disabled women

Domestic Relations

Women receive children, but little/ no child support or alimony (even when awarded)

Human Rights and Politics 3

Women's global discrimination and violence rooted in gendered notions that devalue women/girls • UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women • US only developed country not to legalize

Gender and Politics

Women's suffrage • 1893 - New Zealand is first nation to allow women to vote • 1920 - U.S. women can vote • Women can vote and hold office now in almost all nations • Saudi Arabia (until 2015) • Vatican City

Choose one of the four types of genital cutting/modification outlined in this week's lecture: male circumcision intersex/sex reassignment surgery female genital cosmetic surgery female genital cutting practices Describe the practices, in your own words, along with the pros and cons of your particular type. Would you personally engage in this practice? Why or why not? *NOTE: if your genitalia do not 'fit' the method you choose, pretend they do.

Your Answer: Male circumcision is a surgery that removes the foreskin that is covering the tip of the penis. This practice tends to be most popular in the U.S, parts in Africa, and the Middle East (Ritter Sociology of Gender: An Introduction p. 38). Some pros that may happen are the decreased risk of urinary tract infections in infancy, decrease the risk of penile cancer, decrease the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, and etc. Some cons that may happen are balanitis that means swelling of the foreskin. Another con is balanoposthitis which is an inflammation of the tip and foreskin of the penis. One other con is phimosis which is the inability to retract the foreskin. I agree with the practice of male circumcision. I know that it is not certain that those pros may happen but it could be a safe choice to make. Of course, I will want a professional to make sure they do his/her best job at the practice. The last thing I want is something to go wrong in that part of the body for my son.

Measuring Sexual Orientation

`• Little consensus on defining and measuring sexual orientation • Scales measuring attraction to genders separately • Ways to record sexual fluidity (orientation as): • Range • Undefined • Something else entirely

Hate crime

a criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation • Aimed at core aspect of one's identity • Extremely problematic for ability to secure basic life necessities (housing, work, health care)

Traditional female genital cutting practices (FGC):

a diverse set of practices including piercing, cutting, removing, or sewing closed all or part of a girl's or woman's external genitals • Prevalence & popularity • Health: costs vs. benefits • Fighting back

What does Kaye/Kantrowitz say women's fear is really about?

a fear of themselves; of power and strength of women

• Bonded labor

a form of slavery - when debtor promises personal service, but debts are unpaid

Pansexual

a person sexually attracted to people regardless of • Gender identity • Gender expression • Biological sex • Debates about its unique place vs. with bisexual`

• Lesbian continuum:

a range - through each woman's life and history - of woman-identified experience • Way of honoring homosocial bonds threatened by compulsory heterosexuality

How, according to Schaffner, is the experience of abuse gendered?

abuse of girls confirms boys' place in a gendered hierarchy - gender deeply affects how childhood abuse is processed and how recovery occurs

• Battered women's syndrome:

abused women have poor selfimage, contributing to feelings of powerlessness and dependence • Believe they are responsible for DV • Learned helplessness • Financially dependent • Fear for their lives (for trying to leave or having to go back)

Reproductive Rights • Pro-choice

activists • Cite public/legislative support for abortion rights • Women have always sought abortions and will continue • Legalization saves lives • Women should control their own bodies

Rule of thumb:

although a common saying now, this used to be a real law in which men could (and still can, in some places) beat their wives as long as the stick was no larger than his thumb and it was legal to do so!

Queer theory

an approach to social and cultural study which seeks to challenge or deconstruct traditional ideals of sexuality and gender, especially the acceptance of heterosexuality as normative and rigid dichotomy of gender (male or female)

Q/Queer:

anti-identity opposing binary thinking of sex, gender, sexual orientation, etc. • Opposition to labels (behavior may fall neatly or not)

Police and immigration officials

are complicit - both make money for looking the other way or helping traffickers commit crimes.

Female rapist victims a

are most likely their: family members, intimate partners, and acquaintances.

Undocumented migrants/immigrants/refugees

are the most at-risk, since they cannot report to help for authorities for fear of being deported

• Enhancing health

attending to emotional, physical, and spiritual well- being, without focusing on weight loss or achieving a specific "ideal weight."

Pederasty:

attraction to youths who had at least begun puberty (roughly 14 years of age) up to youths in their 20s • Upper-class practice

________________________ is both a type of commerce and a system of meaning that helped women navigate the changing conditions of modern social experience, allowing them to stake claim to public attention, demanding that others look at them.

beauty culture

Script

behaviors, rules, and expectations associated with a particular role • Outline how we are to behave sexually depending on our gender roles • Social scripts allow for considerable improvisation • May be different for LGBT

• Heterocentrism:

belief that heterosexuality should be central and normal compared to others

Rape myths:

beliefs about rape and sexual assault that blame the victim, justify the perpetrator's actions and discount the violence of rape • Deflect attention from rapist to actions of survivor

• Microaggressions:

brief, common daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities (intentional or not) that communicates hostility and negative slights/insults

• Hate crime

crimes motivated by prejudice against a social group • Gay bashing • Gay panic defense • Gay bullying

Colorism:

differential treatment based on skin tone that generally manifests itself as a preference for lighter colored skin This is a rejection of politics of respectability, though some women still used the politics to gain support for Black civil rights. It did wedge some distance between social classes, however, with upper class Black women following the politics and middle and lower class women avoiding it.

Rape • Date/acquaintance rape

e at college • Tied to physical force, drugs, alcohol, and psychological intimidation • 1 in 5 women; 1 in 16 men are sexually assaulted

Compulsory heterosexuality

economic, political, and social forces that enforce/insure the coupling of women with men

Using examples from his life, how does Staples' essay about his Black body show: racism sexism embodiment

eferences to: nighttime = danger to women Black men and mugging literature in NY "hunch posture" tough guy ideal mistaken for a burglar precautions to seem "less threatening"

IPV throughout History - Material Application

egal understandings and the "rule of thumb" Prevalence and reporting of marital rape IPV has been common throughout history. It is even recommended in the Bible! Almost all cultures - past and present - have evidence of IPV.

• The joy of movementq

encouraging all physical activities for the associated pleasure and health benefits, rather than following a specific routine of regimented exercise for the primary purpose of weight loss or management

Homophobia:

fear and hatred of homosexuals/homosexuality; antigay attitudes and behaviors

• Equal Pay Act (EPA)

federal law requiring men and women to receive same pay for same job • Pay gap continues because of gendered job segregation; devaluation

• L/Lesbian

female attracted to other females

T/Transgender

gender variant/gender nonconforming - crossing gender boundaries • "all identities or practices that cross over, cut across, move between, or otherwise queer social constructed sex/gender boundaries" (Currah: 4) • About gender, not sexual orientation

Fat studies

he interdisciplinary study of the social, cultural, historical, and political aspects of the ways in which fatness as a phenomenon and fat people are portrayed

Heteronormativity:

heterosexual culture as the elemental form of human association • Model of inter-gender relations • Basis of all community • Basis of human reproduction

Gender-based violence includes violence against which of the following groups (check all that apply):

heterosexual women Correct! LGBT women Correct! heterosexual men Correct! LGBT men

The Law Crime • Crime =

highly gendered • 90% all serious crimes are committed by males (worldwide) • Male-female arrest ratio = 4:1 • Female crime is rising • Increased arrests for violent crime • Gang behavior • Drug use

American stereotypes:

ican stereotypes: Gender stereotypes say women lack traits needed for political leadership Women do not hold jobs that lead to politics Incumbents are hard to unseat (and are usually men) Reelected 80-90% of the time Beliefs about marriage and motherhood Appearance; home life as major facets of campaign

• Sexual interests

incitements/inclinations to act sexually • Culture takes our sexual interests and molds/shapes them • Sexuality can be celebrated or condemned

• Q/Questioning

individuals who are unsure about their sexuality - • Wish to explore • No clear "fit" in a label

Employment • Affirmative action:

initiative to increase/maintain/alter number or position of people based on race or sex • Fairer distribution of social benefits • Benefit all women indirectly • African American women most • Major issue of contention

• IPV

is bidirectional/ gender symmetrical • Typologies/forms of IPV: • Intimate terrorism • Violent resistance • Situational couple violence

G/Gay

male same-sex attraction (gay = gay males)

Gender gap:

male-female differences in politics • Votes for candidates and parties • Policy preferences • Women voters outnumber men • Favor Democratic party • Republican party historically "anti-woman" in views

Bidirectional:

men and women attack one another, though women suffer more negatively

Bodies Through Time - ...and Gentlemen 1990s • The metrosexual

metrosexual. He is a modern-day man devoted to shopping, accessorizing, and using beauty products. Upper-class (how else can he purchase all those items?), he is still assumed to be gay because he is often single. Meanwhile, men in suits are still a thing...that did not go away (never did and probably never will...)

• Sexual stigma

negative regard, inferior status, and relative powerlessness that society collectively accords to an nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community

A/Ally

non-LGBTQQIA people who support sexual minority rights

• Family home

one of the most lethal environments in the US • Most underreported of all crimes • More likely in families with • Low income/high or frequent unemployment • Isolation from kin/community • Alcohol use

• Aesthetics:

our ideas about what is beautiful/tasteful • Shaped by artistic tradition • Built for the ideal viewer - a specific, imagined viewer (usually the heterosexual male) • Shows popularity and standards of current women's bodies

Gender-based violence directed at women

part of patriarchy • Motivated by desire for power and control • Tied to other minority identities Also motivated by other parts of identity • Race/ethnicity • Social class/caste • Migrant/refugee status • Age • Religion • Sexual orientation, etc

Rape:

penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object; or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim [U.S. federal definition] • State variation (verbal consent/assent; physical aggression; resistance) • Most underreported crime • 64-94% cases never reported to police

• I/Intersex

people with sex characteristics that make them different from predominant notions of biological femaleness and maleness • Can also fall under "transgender" label • Important to identify separately • Useful teaching tool to describe intersex individuals • Sex, gender, and sexual orientation are intimately connected • Highlights interests/builds coalitions

Intersex

person: someone born with one of several (4) variations in sex characteristics that to not fit "typical" definitions of female or male bodies • Prevalence & popularity • Health: costs vs. benefits

Intimate partner violence (IPV):

physical violence, sexual violence, stalking and psychological aggression (including coercive acts) by a current or former intimate partner

me • Chivalry hypothesis:

police are reluctant to arrest women; judges reluctant to incarcerate women • Women treated less harshly and punished less severely than males • Masks levels of female criminality • Race is a better predictor than gender • Minority men suffer most

Rational-legal authority

power encoded into law that is legitimized and translated to the formal structure of society Women as a group are extremely disadvantaged

• Authority

power that people determine to be legitimate rather than coercive

Transphobia:

prejudice, dislike, and hostility toward transgender or transsexual people • Denied health care • Denied jobs and homes • Denied drivers' licenses • Unable to ask for help

• Heterosexism:

prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination on the basis of not being heterosexual

What are "derivative victims" and why is it important for their experiences to be taken into account?

primary caretakers of minor victims of sexual or physical abuse and surviving family members of a victim who has died as a result of DV - witnessing family violence can have a long-term impact on the entire family structure

Images crafted to cause fragmentation

reduction of people to particular body part(s) • So what do we do? • Represent uniqueness • Even when at odds with ideals • Emphasize subjectivity • Feelings, opinions, preferences

• Homosociality

relationships between people of the same sex within society • Not the same as homosexuality • Influences how sexual orientations manifest in society • Reinforce subcultural perspectives

• Size and self-acceptance

respecting and appreciating the wonderful diversity of body shapes, sizes and features . . . rather than pursuing an idealized weight, shape, or physical feature.

Sexual variation:

sexual variety and diversity • Activities should be viewed on a continuum • No point on the continuum marks (ab)normal behavior - just more or less (a)typical • Most "deviant" activities have been tried/are done by most people in some degree

Rape-prone cultures:

sexual violence is an expression of a social ideology of male dominance • Dominant masculinity = male toughness + interpersonal violence

Social constructionism:

sexuality is defined within particular social/cultural contexts • Definitions of appropriate sexual behavior vary across time and place • Sexuality is learned

`Domestic Relations • Common law

states: property belongs to spouse in whose name it is held • Property = individually owned • Equitable distribution laws consider women's contributions • Still receive less than half

Sex reassignment surgery (SRS):

surgically altered a patient's genitals from one biological sex to another • Intersex vs. trans outcomes

Sexual orientation

the attraction one has to others based on one's sex and/or gender in relation to another's sex and/or gender • Sexual orientation is complicated • Sexual orientation is not binary • Sexual orientation is not static

Power

the likelihood a person may achieve personal ends despite resistance from others

• Human trafficking:

the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by • Threat/use of force • Abduction • Fraud • Deception • Abuse of power • Payment to another person

Circumcision

the surgical removal of foreskin (the skin covering the tip of the penis) • Prevalence & popularity • Health: costs vs. benefits

Embodiment

the way our bodies are viewed and how they interact with the world to create social meaning • Intertwined with social relationships and power in society

West Virginia

transgender women have been fighting the Division of Motor Vehicles because officials refuse to provide them with a driver's license, claiming they are "misrepresenting" their gender on these official documents - High rates of police violence - Of those that are reported, in 4.9 percent of sexual assaults of transgender people, police are the perpetrators

• Tied to commodification

turning something/someone into an object that can be bought, sold, or traded

Sexual harassment

unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal/ physical conduct of a sexual nature when: 1. Submission to such conduct is made explicitly or implicitly a term of condition of an individual's employment; 2. Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as basis for employment decisions affecting such individuals; or 3. Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with and individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment

Female genital cosmetic surgery:

various medical procedures intended to alter appearance or function of genitals • Prevalence & popularity • Health: costs vs. benefits

People outside the beauty ideal may be exoticized

viewed as exotic, foreign, or unusual in an interesting way • Sexually inviting/mysterious • Dangerously hypersexual

• Gender-based violence: def

violence (or threat of violence) directed at an individual because of that person's gender • Often due to perceived gender nonconformity • Transmen and women • Sexual minorities (LGB) • As a means to subordinate • Women and other gender-minority group

Gender-based violence directed at:

• Gay and bisexual men • Based on their orientation (one type of hate crime) • Heterosexual men • Sexual assault (war/prison) • Lynching of Black men

domestic terrorism,

violent acts as a violation of criminal law in the United States to intimate or coerce civilians or to influence public policy. Nine people have been murdered in the name of antiabortion linked to religion, including five physicians, three clinic employees, and a clinic escort.

Why We Have too Few Women Leaders Video

we tend to underestmined thier abilites to be leaders they tend to not negotiate a salary women tend to rely on external things on success not internal women have to belive in thier sevles make the household job important for both genders

Genital cutting and modification:

wide range of procedures medically and/or surgically altering an individual's genitals, including • Male circumcision • Intersex and sex-reassignment surgeries • Female genital cosmetic surgeries • Traditional female genital cutting (FGC) practices

Male gaze

women (and men) critically observe women from the perspective of the ideal male viewer • Women consider how men would view them

Community property

y state: all property acquired during marriage is jointly owned by spouses - each gets half in event of divorce • Leaves women in poverty

The pleasure of eating well—

—eating based on internal cues of hunger, satiety, and appetite; individual nutritional needs; and enjoyment, rather than on external food plans or diets.

• An end to weight bias

—recognizing that body shape, size, or weight are not evidence of any particular way of eating, level of physical activity, personality, or psychological issue, or moral character; and confirming that there is beauty and worth in EVERY body. The main realization is that there are healthy people at every weight/body size, but not everyone is healthy in 'ideal' sizes (skinny, muscular, etc.). It is about the individual over relying on a uniform idea.

The Sexual Revolution

• 1960s to mid-1970s • Confronted sexually repressive Victorian era • Individual self-expression and autonomy • Women's rights • Relationship status • Sexual orientation • Sexuality education

V• 21st century

• 21st century • DADT removed (2010) • Obergefell v. Hodges allows for same-sex marriage (2015)

• Homophobia vs. homonegativity

• 23% US people believe "gay/lesbian relations" should not be legal • 30% feel they are "morally wrong"

Heterosexism and Heteronormativity

• Belief in gender polarization makes LGBT+ recognition difficult

Sexual Harassment •

• College-age men and women sexually harassed • Women: physical contact • Men: taunting and homophobic language • ¾ women experience sexual harassment in their lifetime

Sexual scripts are:

• Cultural • Intrapersonal • Interpersonal ■ Cultural. The cultural component provides the general pattern that sexual behaviors are expected to take. Our cultural script, for example, emphasizes heterosexuality, gives primacy to sexual intercourse, and discourages masturbation. ■ Intrapersonal. The intrapersonal component deals with the internal and physiological states that lead to, accompany, or identify sexual arousal, such as a pounding heart and an erection or vaginal lubrication. ■ Interpersonal. The interpersonal component involves the shared conven- tions and signals that enable two people to engage in sexual behaviors, such as body language, words, and erotic touching.

Societal Norms and Sexuality

• Diversity in sexual behaviors calls into question the natural/unnatural and normal/abnormal labels • We often label behaviors without thinking about our judgments • Not objective descriptions, but statements of our feelings

Human Rights and Politics • CEDAW weaknesses:

• Does not address gender-based violence against women • More reservations to mandates; only uphold certain aspects • Silence on abortion issues and sexual orientation

Domestic Relations 1

• Domestic law = strongest gender inequity • Legal statuses regarding marital roles: 1. Unity 2. Separate but equal 3. Shared partnership Unity—husband is dominant, and the wife has few rights and responsibilities. 2. Separate but equal—husband is breadwinner and wife is companion and nurturer of children, but they share similar legal rights. Also known as the reciprocity model, this is the functionalist assumption of non-overlapping, complementary responsibilities. 3. Shared partnership—husband and wife have equal rights and overlapping responsibilities

Middle Years

• Dutch anti-sodomy campaign (1730s) killed 100 men/boys • 18th-19th centuries - move to secular interpretations • Medicine & psychology • From choice/behavior to innate/ biology • Rehabilitate/prevent homosexuality?

Contemporary Sexual Scripts

• Elements for both sexes • Sexual expression = positive and healthy • Sexual activities involve mutual exchange of erotic pleasure • Sexuality is equally involving • Both partners equally responsible • Legitimate sexual activities are not limited to intercourse • Sexual activities can be initiated by either partner • Both partners are free to accept sexual pleasure/experience orgasm • From any type of stimulation

Employment 1

• Elimination of "disparate impact" policies • Ex. height/weight requirements

Phobias & Hate Crimes

• For every disadvantage and struggle faced by sexual minorities, heterosexual and cisgender individuals benefit • No assault for their choice of sexual partner - or public affection • Social acceptance by neighbors and coworkers • No risk of unemployment due to sexual partners • Financial benefits validated by the government • No risk of losing custody battles due to sexual orientation • No housing discrimination • Able to join the military • No victimization of: hate crimes, medicalization, etc

Rape (Male) rapists' profiles:

• High need for dominance • Hypermasculine & traditional • Socially insecure and/or isolated • Accept rape myths/justify behavior • Rape as revenge/punishment for his sexual problems - remorse • Pornography users* • Young men • Few men committing many rapes

• Categories of homophobia

• Internalized homophobia • Homophobia • Institutional homophobia internalized homophobia (also called internalized heterosexism), which we will broadly define as homonegative attitudes directed toward oneself . The second category is simply homophobia (also called sexual prejudice), which we will define as homonegative attitudes expressed by individuals toward others. The third category is institutional homophobia (also called institutional heterosexism), which we will define as "a cultural ideology that is embodied in institutional practices that work to the disadvantage of sexual minority groups even in the absence of individual prejudice or discrimination

Bodies Through Time - Ladies First 1990s

• LGBT rights • 3 rd wave feminism • Ideal "waif" look • High rates of eating disorders

Reproductive Rights • Who supports?

• Liberals/Democrats • Less fundamental religions/nonreligious • Women • 18-29-year-olds • Whites (then Blacks, closely) • Higher educated

Sexual Harassment cont.

• Linked to: • Emotional trauma • Compromised work productivity • Absenteeism • Lower grades • Deterioration in morale • Long-term depression • Usually not reported for fear of retaliation

LGBT-Based Violence

• Nearly 20% LGBT Americans have experienced personal or property crime in their lifetime motivated by sexual orientation • Gay men at greatest risk • Men most likely to be victims of violent crimes • Heterosexual men most likely to be perpetrators (hold more hostile, homophobic views) • Gay men may be more "visible" targets • LGB racial/ethnic minorities at higher risk than white LGB • Transgender individuals also face violence and discrimination • Over 1 in 4 will be victims in their lifetime

Sexuality

• One's sexual desires, erotic attractions, sexual behaviors (or their potential) • Physical acts and emotional intimacies that are: • Indented to be pleasurable • Embedded within larger, socially constructed bodies of meaning

Conspicuous consumptio

• Purchasing and wearing items as a mark of (superior) status

Retributive Man

• Reassert traditional masculinity through violence, aggression, and revenge schemes (think '80's action movies) • Highly muscled men; focal point of sexual attention for the first time • Muscular - wide shoulders, narrow hips

• Homophobic attitudes correlated with:

• Right-wing conservativism • Traditional gender role belief • Misogyny (anti-femininity)

Ancient Rome

• Roman male citizens follow two masculine rules of sexual conduct: 1. Prime directive of masculine sexual behavior 2. Rule of masculine self-restraint

Reproductive Rights • Continuous battles against Roe v. Wade and funding

• Rules tightened • Challenged by New Christian Right • Formally pro-life; movement into domestic terrorism

Female Sexual Scripts

• Sex is good and bad • It is not okay to touch yourself "down there" • Sex is for men • Men should know what women want • Women shouldn't talk about sex • Women should look like models • Women are nurturers • There is only one right way to have an orgasm

Bodies Through Time - ...and Gentlemen 2000s - 2010s

• Slim - or muscular • Dad bods "dad bod" to describe "softly round" men who no longer care about a super-sculpted physique after they get married and have kids. It is "built for comfort." Think Seth Rogen most recently; Chris Pratt on Parks & Rec (NOT Guardians).

Education • Violating Title IX

• Still allowed to continue • Independently funded through revenue • Partisan politics; inconsistent court rulings; inaccurate media accounts

• Key legal assumptions about gender in the US: 1

• Taken for granted - rarely questioned • Laws perpetuate (and alter) traditional gender roles • Considerable variation on interpretation and enforcement Law is not gender neutral/equal

The Sexual Revolution 2

• Traditional sexual beliefs/attitudes still influence • Men are "naturally" sexually aggressive • Women sexually passive • Value for inexperience • Sexual double standard

Bodies Through Time - Ladies First 1940s - 1950s

• WWII and Cold War • Sexual conservativism

Ancient Greece

• Widespread approval* for bisexuality

Reproductive Rights • 1973 - Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton

• Women right to abortion • State control in second trimester cases - can be performed outside of hospitals • 1977 Hyde Amendment • Restricts funding for abortions of women receiving Medicaid

Rape Victims likely to be

• Young women between 16-24 • Mixed race • LGBT • Disabled • Prison inmates • Homeless • Undocumented immigrants