Gender Studies Midterm

In the United States, the lower class consists of:

15% of the population.

In the United States, the upper class is composed of the highest-earning:

5% of the population.

The National Association of Black Social Workers (NABSW) passed a resolution that is still in effect today against the adoption of black children by white parents. Which of the following is a reason given by the NABSW for this resolution?

A black child growing up in a white family will never develop a positive racial identity.

Which of the following statements is true of the human ability to form impressions?

A person's interchanges with others depend on that person's sex or religion.

Which of the following is part of the process of socialization?

Acquiring culturally appropriate skills and knowledge.

According to structural-functionalism, which of the following is the reason for which inequality is inevitable?

All of these are correct. (variety of social roles, differential rewards for important roles, not all tasks are equally pleasant...)

According to the author, which of the following components of identity is least likely to be attributed to innate biological or anatomical traits?

Class

Which of the following was one of the factors that was focused on by the psychological and sociological theories in the 1950s and 1960s?

Domineering mothers

Which of the following statements is true of symbols?

Humans concoct them and learn to agree on what they should stand for.

Which of the following statements is true of multiculturalism?

It emphasizes the importance of maintaining the cultural elements that make us different from one another.

Which of the following is a criticism of the "pro-ana" or "pro-mia" movement?

It glorifies dangerous and potentially life-threatening conditions.

Which of the following statements is true of false consciousness?

It is the primary means by which the powerful classes in society prevent protest and revolution.

Which of the following statements is true of assimilation?

It is the process by which members of minority groups alter their ways to conform to those of the dominant culture.

------- is a way of examining everyday social life that emphasizes the interplay between societal forces and personal characteristics.

Sociological perspective

Which of the following is an example of gender guidance?

Talking about different feelings with daughters than with sons.

The quotation, "I am haunted by the human chimpanzees I saw along that hundred miles of horrible country," referred to which racial group in the 19th century?

The Irish

Which of the following statements is true of panethnic labels?

They are broad terms applied to diverse subgroups that are assumed to have something in common.

Which of the following statements is true according to constructionism?

What humans know to be real and essential is always a product of the culture and historical period in which humans live.

The conflict perspective views social inequality as:

a reflection of the unequal distribution of power in society.

The National Association of Black Social Workers passed a resolution against the adoption of black children by white parents unless:

all other placement efforts have been exhausted.

Educational attainment is usually described as:

an achieved characteristic.

We begin social interactions with preconceived ideas about others because we:

are saving energy by not starting from scratch in our impressions of others.

Access to education is often derived from one's:

ascribed status.

The fact that "New Yorker" can mean Jew and "urban" can mean black is a reflection of:

code words.

In Newman's narrative of his friends' twin four-year-olds, he reaches the conclusion that the parents' efforts at gender neutrality were a failure due to:

contradicting outside information that eclipsed the parents' messages.

From an essentialist perspective, people's:

definitions and labels can change, but an individual's essence is permanent.

According to the text, the work of anthropologist Margaret Mead suggests that:

definitions of natural gender tendencies are not universal.

In the United States, if an American meets another American for the first time and does not hold out his or her hand to be shaken, a sociologist would be most likely to say that he or she:

lacks knowledge of a common, taken-for-granted assumption of everyday life.

The extension of federal recognition to a tribal nation is the:

formal acknowledgement if the tribe's legal sovereign status.

Referring to new-born daughters as tiny and soft, while referring to new-born sons as strong and hardy is an example of:

gender guidance.

Researchers do not devote time to ask why people become heterosexual because:

heterosexuality is assumed to be normal.

The fact that a girl can be a tomboy and not have her entire sexual identity called into question, but a boy cannot likewise be a sissy and keep his sexual identity intact, reflects that:

in a society structured around and for the interests of men, stereotypically masculine traits are likely to be valued culturally and interpersonally.

When Newman says that identity is a joint social production, he means that identity is:

influences by family, peers, and broader cultural concerns.

The Confederate battle flag is a controversial symbol because it:

is an expression of pride in heritage and often an expression of exclusion and threat.

Adopting a "hyphenated" identity is an example of multiculturalism because:

it maintains simultaneous connections to more than one ethnicity.

According to the author, which of the following social identities is the most innate?

none of these. (class, gender, ethnicity)

The common usage of terms like "female engineer" and "male nurse" demonstrates that:

occupations take on the symbolic identity fo those we expect to be in them.

Symbols are powerful social constructions because:

our lives and reality depend upon our knowledge of and agreement on them.

According to the text, some researchers attribute the fact that men tend to interrupt, are nonresponsive, and control topics of conversation to:

power imbalances between men and women.

As a result of the passage of the Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994, federally funded agencies have been:

prohibited from considering race and culture in their placement decisions.

During the 1970s and 1980s in South Africa, the government created a category of honorary white for:

rich, powerful Asians who invested in South Africa.

Group differences in behaviors or traits tend to be understood in an essentialist way when they are:

seen as innate and individual characteristics.

Children who are adopted by parents of the same race or ethnicity tend to do better than children of color in white homes when it comes to issues of:

self-esteem.

The usage of code words instead of blatant slurs most likely reflects:

shifts in the social stature of particular groups.

In Newman's narrative, when the checker asked Newman's son, "So, what are you going to ask Santa to bring you for Christmas?", she was:

showing that Christianity has the privilege in everyday discourse not to be named.

Identities are best characterized as:

social locations that determine our position in the world relative to others.

The process that creates members whose values, behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions correspond to those deemed by that society as appropriate is called:

socialization.

When systems of difference determine access to resources and life chances, they are said to be associated with:

systems of power and privilege.

The effort to replace such terms as "mankind," "freshmen," or "chairman" with "humankind," "first-year student," and "chairperson," respectively, to refer to people of all sexes reflects:

the avoidance of exclusive language.

In the United States, the official poverty line is determined by:

the cost of subsistence diet multiplied by 3.

The tendency of African-American families to emphasize the importance of hard work, independence, and self-reliance equally among sons and daughters is partly due to:

the historically high proportion of African-American women in the paid labor force.

Groups with significant social power typically have:

the luxury of remaining unexamined.

According to Cornell and Hartman, when growing up and creating our social identities, we learn the boundaries that distinguish group members from nonmembers, whether membership in our group is something to take pride in or be ashamed of, and:

the perceived position of our group within society.

In the United States, although we acknowledge the influence of social surroundings on gender, we only recognize two sexes. This is known as:

the sexual dichotomy.

The appearance and disappearance of particular racial labels and categories reflect:

the visibility and value of certain groups in society.

The fact that red means danger in many cultures most likely demonstrates that:

those cultures have all learned and understood that red means danger.

Children of color are likely to be exposed to:

three types of socialization.

According to the conflict perspective, stratification is best described as:

vertical differences arranged for the benefit of those already in power.

In a stratified society, human difference is arranged:

vertically.

Transgender is a broad label that describes individuals:

whose gender identity doesn't match their assigned sex.