General Biology 2 - MIDTERMS (Final Test)

Artificial Selection

Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms?

Transformation

Recombination DNA technology with the help of a vector gene?

Natural Selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment?

Plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome?

Population Bottleneck

A type of genetic drift in which population size is sharply reduced due to some catastrophic event?

Founder Effect

A type of genetic drift in which there is a loss of genetic variation because of migration of a small subgroup in a population?

Multicellular Organisms

After the emergence of sexual reproduction, there came the development of ____________ from single-celled species?

Human Insulin

An important contribution of recombinant DNA technology in the field of medicine is the use of bacteria to create substances that our body needs, whether to maintain good health or to treat a disease. An example of which is?

1975

Asilomar Conference held during what year?

RNA

At what level are gene products manipulated in genetic engineering?

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

It is a theory on which organisms inherited traits from their parents, and that they may also pass them on to the next generation of offspring?

Theory of Use and Disuse

It is a theory where, if a body part is used, that body part becomes larger and stronger, if it is not used, it deteriorates?

John Ray

During the 17th Century, He established the modern concept of a species, noting that members of one species do not interbreed with members of another species. He used the term species as the basic unit of taxonomy. He also studied fossils and recognized them as remnants of organisms that once lived?

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

During the 18th Century, He contributed to the debate on the age of the earth, suggesting that our planet had initially formed in a molten state and that its gradual cooling must have taken for longer than 70,000 years. He also considered the role of vestigial organs, creating a possibility of species descending from earlier organisms?

Carl Linnaeus

During the 18th Century, He developed the modern taxonomic system that is still used today?

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

During the 18th Century, He proposed that individuals were able to pass on their traits to their offspring.

George Cuvier

During the 18th Century, He studied and wrote books on comparative anatomy, which were extremely useful in interpreting the remains of fossils. He classified animals based on their body plans. His studies about fossils contributed and gave rise to the science of paleontology.

James Hulton

During the 18th Century, He was a proponent of uniformitarianism, stating that the present gradual features of the earth are results of gradual processes such as erosion and sedimentation.

Erasmus Darwin

During the 18th Century, He was aware that the modern organisms are different from the fossils scientists have collected. He believed that the offspring inherited features from the parents, and that the organisms today descended from a common ancestor?

Charles Robert Darwin

During the 19th Century, He came up with the idea that the best-adapted organisms that can survive to breed and pass on their traits to their offspring. He developed his theory of evolution by natural selection as a coherent explanation to the form and distribution of species in different locations?

Charles Lyell

During the 19th Century, He considered that shaping of the earth's surface as a result of gradual long term natural changes?

Alfre Russell Wallace

During the 19th Century, he made an independent study on the origin of organisms. He arrived at the same conclusion as Darwin's that organisms with favorable traits are those that carry on to the next generation. Thus, he had contributed to some of the postulates of Darwin's theory of evolution?

Cambrian Period

During which period were the first land plants formed?

Restriction enzyme

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides?

Electroporation

It is a temporary holes are formed in the plasma membrane of the host cell by applying a significant amount of electricity in the culture medium. This enables the entry of foreign DNA via the pores?

1973

Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen performed successful experiments during what year?

DNA recombination

It is a process of modifying the genes of organisms for practical purposes. It is done when a piece of DNA is combined with another DNA from one another source?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

It amplify specific DNA sequences. This is important in detecting diseases or infectious agents?

Nonrandom Mating

It contributes to the population change from one generation to another. This is described as the selected probability of mating with another individual in the population?

Endonucleases

It cut DNA at specific sites where there are adjacent base sequences. They create sticky ends on the cut DNA sites, allowing certain DNA fragments to be joined together?

Immigration

It happens when organisms enter another habitat and live in it?

Emigration

It happens when organisms leave their habitat?

Geologic Time Scale

It hows the significant events in the history of earth and of evolution of living things. It is develop by studying the rock layers and index fossils worldwide?

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

It is a bacterium has a tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid that causes crown gall disease in plants. The said Ti plasmid in the bacterium can be removed and replaced with a recombinant plasmid. This enables the now- modified bacterium to introduce beneficial genes to plants?

On the Origin of Species

It is a book where Charles Darwin himself wrote and published after his trip in Galapagos Island about his observation to the different animals on the island?

Period

It is a division of geologic history that spans no more than one hundred million years?

Gel Electrophoresis

It is a method used to separate DNA fragments based on their size. In this method, a mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to the gel?

Neutral Mutation

It is a mutation wherein it affects the organism's phenotype but has no impact on its survival or reproduction?

Beneficial Mutation

It is a mutation wherein it affects the phenotype of organisms, resulting in an increase in their chances of survival or reproduction?

Pseudomonas fluorescens

It is a nonpathogenic bacterium that has the ability to produce proteins rapidly. This characteristic is advantageous in developing biotherapeutics and vaccines?

Genetic Engineering

It is a process of making changes on the genetic code of an organism. Its goal is to add one or more new traits that are not normally found in that organism?

Directional Selection

It is a type of Natural Selection in which a change in the environment causes a change in the observable spectrum of traits. In this process, organisms with a particular trait that is well suited to their current environment are more likely to survive?

Disruptive or Diversifying Selection

It is a type of Natural Selection in which extreme phenotypes are more likely to adapt to the environment?

Stabilizing Selection

It is a type of Natural Selection in which intermediate phenotypes are more likely to survive in the environment?

Substitution

It is a type of mutation on which the genetic codon has one altered nitrogenous base?

Insertion

It is a type of mutation which is characterized by the addition of an extra set of base pairs in the genetic materials?

Deletion

It is a type of mutation which it occurs when a set of base pairs in the genetic material is omitted?

Endosymbiosis

It is a type of relationship wherein an organism lives inside its partner. A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes?

Outbreeding

It is also called "assortive breeding." It is when individuals select distant relatives than close relatives as their partners?

Genetic Drift

It is caused by unpredictable changes in allele frequencies due to small population sizes?

Era

It is division that spans time periods of ten to hundreds of millions of years?

Embryology

It is evidence of evolution wherein different organisms have similar structures during their embryological development?

Fossil Record

It is evidence of evolution wherein it contains preserved remains or evidence of ancient animals and provide strong evidence of the history of life on earth?

Homology

It is evidence of evolution wherein it study and compares certain body parts of different animals and can also be another piece of evidence of evolution?

Biogeography

It is evidence of evolution wherein its studies the distribution of plants, animals, and organisms on earth?

DNA/Protein Sequencing

It is evidence of evolution wherein similarities in DNA sequences among organisms indicate their close relationship with one another. Direct sequencing of genetic material to determine common ancestry?

Asilomar Conference

It is held to discuss and help establish the proper guidelines in using recombinant DNA technology?

Mesozoic Era

It is known as "The Age of Dinosaurs". It lasted from 245 to 65 million years ago and is divided into the three periods.

Paleozoic Era

It is literally the era of "Old Life." It lasted from 544 to 245 million years ago and is divided into six periods?

Vectors

It is organisms that are normally harmless but may help spread infection by transferring the genetic material from one host to another?

Recombination

It is simply the rearrangement of genes. This process naturally occurs in the crossing over stage of meiosis, where there is an exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes?

Mutation

It is the change in the structure of a gene caused by alteration in the DNA sequence of an organism?

Eon

It is the largest division of the geologic time scale, spans hundreds to thousands of million of years ago (mya)?

Transduction

It is the process wherein genetically engineered bacteriophages - viruses that parasitize bacteria - are introduced into the cell to create the desired recombinant DNA?

Pseudomonas syriangae

It is the recombinant variant of this bacterium is called the ice-minus bacterium, which lacks the gene responsible for ice formation. It prevents the frost crystals from forming on plants?

Paleontology

It is the science that incorporates different discipline such as biology, geology, ecology, archeology, and computer science to study the evolution of organisms and how they interact with the environment?

Evolutionary Theory

It is the scientific explanation of the diversity of life. Evolution, or change over time, is the process of how present-day organisms have descended from ancient ones. This theory is well-supported, testable explanation of a natural phenomenon.

Taxa

It is the set of organisms?

Epoch

It is the smallest division of the geologic time scale characterized by distinctive organisms?

Geology

It is the study of life on earth based on the evidence found on rocks?

Inbreeding

It is when individuals are more likely to mate with their close relatives that with distant relatives?

Cenozoic Era

It literally means the era of "Modern Life." It began about 65 million years ago and continues to the present day?

Sexual reproduction

It produces organisms that never exactly resemble their parents and these changes in genetic information results in increased chances of evolutionary changes in a species?

Transgenic Tomato

Recombinant technology has also improved the food industry. It is beneficial because of their improved nutritional quality and longer shelf life. An example of which is?

Russian biologist Alexander Oparin and the English geneticist John Haldane

Primordial Soup Theory were generated by whom?

1920s

Primordial Soup Theory were generated during what year?

Proteinoid microspheres

Scientists believe that microscopic cell-like structures similar to modern bacteria appeared 200-300 million years after Earth cooled enough to carry water. These cell-like structures were actually large organic molecules known as?

Lake and Lagoons

Some scientists suggest that life might have originated from the ________ and ________ because they have warm temperatures that can promote chemical reactions.

Pangaea

The Mesozoic began with the supercontinent called?

Phylogenic Tree

The ____________ represents the evolutionary relationships among the set of organisms?

Fitness

The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called its _________.

Protoplast fusion

The cells are created with chemicals to initiate recombination. In this process, bacterial cell walls are digested, turning the cells into protoplasts?

Particle gun

The host cell is bombarded with tungsten particles coated with foreign DNA. This process is used in the field of agriculture. Many farmers use this method to develop crops that can survive extreme weather conditions?

Microinjection

The host cell is immobilized by applying a mild suction with a blunt pipette. The foreign gene is then injected with a microinjection needle, thus creating recombinant DNA?

Strata

The layers of sedimentary rocks are also called?

Bacillus thuringiensis

The modified maize is also known as Bt corn are express a recombinant form of protein used by _________________ bacterium?

Biological Diversity

The number and the kinds of organisms living on earth at a particular time is called?

Ancestral Eukaryote

The origin of Eukaryotic Cells happened about 2 billion years ago. Prokaryotic cells began forming internal cell membranes. Something radical had happened because primitive prokaryotes entered the _______________?

The Age of Mammals

The success of mammals during the Cenozoic is the reason that this era is often referred to as?

Geologist

These people are scientists who carefully study the different materials that make up earth. They work to understand the history of earth by focusing on the changes of earth over time in relation to the changes in climate and land formation. They specifically investigate the rock formations and even fossils to measure the different physical properties of earth?

Paleontologist

These people are specialize in studying in the ecologies of the past and evolution of organisms that thrived in these ecologies through careful observation and documentation of fossils. They work to identify the forms of life that existed millions of years ago. They figure out how things were in ancient times using fossil records?

Gene Flow (Migration)

This happens when there is transfer of genes from the gene pool of one population to another. This affects the number of alleles that are present in population?

Evolution of RNA and DNA

This hypotheses suggests that RNA could have evolve before DNA due to three conditions?

DNA Sequencing

This is a method used to provide the identity and other nucleotides in a DNA strand?

Primordial Soup

This is a theory that claims the origins of life came from a monomer mixture of organic polymer compounds transforming into life, in the right environment, such as the shoreline?

Descent with Modification

This principle implies that organisms are related to one another, and species descend through generations with several changes over time?

Principle of Common Descent

This principle means that all organisms hare common ancestry?

Vectorless Gene Transfer

This process is similar to transformation, but it does not involve vectors. It includes electroporation, protoplast fusion, microinjection, and use of a particle gun?

DNA Ligase

Used to insert DNA of interest to vector?

Molecules that carry foreign DNA into cells

What are vectors?

1960

What year did Endonucleases discovered?

1974

What year does experiments were revolutionary because scientists can now manipulate genes to create organisms with favorable traits?

Oxygen

Which of the following is NOT the chemical compounds present in Primordial Soup? - Hydrogen - Sulfide - Methane - Oxygen - Ammonia - Carbon Dioxide - Phosphate

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

Who are those scientist that find out if organic molecules could evolve from inorganic molecules accompanied with harsh conditions?

Stewart Linn and Werner Arber

Who discovered restriction enzymes in E. coli known as endonucleases?

Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen

Who performed successful experiments on the use of endonucleases?

Paul Berg and other 10 scientists

Who wrote a letter to the National Academy of Sciences to express the possible dangers and ethical considerations involved in gene manipulation?