General Ecology - Chapter 6

202.1

Right whales reproduce seasonally. Their populations are plummeting due to boat strikes, amongst other causes. If a population of right whales is initially 430.00 individuals, what would it be after one year with the following: b = 0.82, d = 1.35?

density independence

The variance in individuals' health ("Relative condition factor") around the regression line in the graph below, especially around lower densities, indicates what type of process is occurring in the population?

continuous population model

The zebra mussel was found in Lake Mead in 2007. In warm waters such as Lake Mead, zebra mussels can reproduce year-round and are capable of producing 40,000 eggs in one spawning, with 1,000,000 eggs in a season (Benson et al., 2021). The life span of individuals is three to nine years and maturity is generally after one year. What model would an ecologist use to estimate future population size in Lake Mead?

24.38

There are 40.00 North American beavers in a particular county in northern Wisconsin in 2022. Beavers breed once per year. Due to climate pressures, λ =0.94. What would be the population of beavers in 2030?

- b and d rates are constant throughout the population. - Every individual has the same b and d rate. - Males and females each add equal amounts to b and d.

There are four assumptions in the discrete-time population growth model. Which of the assumptions below are violated by the following population dynamics of mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus: mule deer live in harems where only a few males mate with many females, they mate in the fall and have offspring in the spring, some deer are more susceptible to chronic wasting disease (CWD) while others are more resistant, and while many females only have one calf during the calving season, some may have two?

age structure

Which of the following best describes the model of differential survival and reproduction that occurs in African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana)? Males and females may not reach maturity until their teens, there is a great deal of maternal care of young, females stop reproducing in their 30s, most individuals reach adulthood, and some may live to be in their 70s in the wild.

- sound transect - mark-recapture

You are interested in studying a rare, threatened species of songbird, the Kirtland's warbler, Setophaga kirtlandii, in the midwestern United States. Which of the following methods might you use to establish the density of the birds in your study area?

36

You are studying a species of swallowtail butterfly, Papilio sp., which is fairly evenly distributed across its range. If, at the end of your study, your study site is 32 hectares, your sample site is 2 hectares, and the total population is 576 butterflies, what was your initial sample size?

133

You are studying the black-tipped mongoose, Herpestes sanguineus, which is fairly evenly distributed across its range. You want to know the total population in Gorongosa National Park (Mozambique). The total size of the park is 530 km2. To estimate the total population, you capture and mark 20 mongooses. When you sample again 6 months later, you find that there are 3 mongooses marked out of your new sample of 20. How many mongooses are there within the entire park?

slows

rmax ________ as the population approaches the carrying capacity.

- to determine current rates of loss of rhinos in order to establish anti-poaching management - to establish guidelines for ballast water release in cargo shipping lanes to minimize the release of invasive aquatic species - to build wildlife corridors, such as over- and underpasses, to allow safe crossing of freeways and highways

What are some reasons to understand population models and dynamics.

- reproduction and survival rates - age distribution of individuals within populations - initial population size

What factors might be included in a model of population growth?

a group of wild basil capable of breeding together at a particular time, separated from other wild basil groups

Wild basil (Clinopodium vulgare) populations would best be defined how?

0.82

North American beavers, Castor canadensis, reproduce once per year. The initial size of a beaver popuation is 35.00 and 10 years later the beaver population is five. What must λ be for the population to reach this size?

50 hawks

Red-tailed hawks are considered open populations. If the initial population of red-tailed hawks in a region at time "t" is 47 individuals, what will it be at time "t+1" if B = 7, D = 3, I = 2, and E = 3?

17.4

There are 37.00 North American beavers in a particular county in northern Wisconsin in 2022. Beavers breed once per year. Due to climate pressures, λ =0.91. What would be the population of beavers in 2030?

λ > 1

A population of kangaroo mice, Microdipodops sp., has a per capita birth rate of 5.3 and a per capita death rate of 4.9. Which curve best indicates the behavior of the population over time?

rmax at t+1 < rmax at t

A species of barnacles, Semibalanus balanoides, lives in the rocky intertidal zone of temperate coastal North America and Europe, and is space-limited. At time t, initial population of the barnacles after a storm is 3258 individuals, and the carrying capacity is 6350. At time t+1, the population has increased to 4149 individuals. Which of the following would be an accurate statement?

339,000,000

Human populations add individuals continuously. In the United States, there are 11.0 births per 1,000 people and 10.27 deaths per 1,000 people (CDC, 2020).If the total population in the United States in 2020 was approximately 332,000,000 (US Census, 2020), what is it expected to be in 2050? (Round to millions of people.)