General Ethics

People at Stage 3 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development think that what is morally right is to _____.

act in ways that produce social approval

According to Kohlberg, stages of moral development are determined by

age level

Martin Luther King Jr. wrote, in the "Letter from the Birmingham Jail", that a law is unjust if it violates any of the following principles except:

an elected government official who takes a bribe from a corporation in exchange for his vote on a bill

The belief that there are no moral standards, judgments, or principles that apply to everyone is known as _____.

Relativism

Which of the following is true of the principle of tabula rasa?

it holds that children taught good values and principles would be good people and children taught the wrong ethical beliefs would be bad.

Which step of Gilligan's theory does this statement represent? "The most important thing to me is making progress in my profession regardless of whom I might step on."

step 1

The full scenario is in your text. Karena reasons, "the wisest decision is to report the activity even though I may lose my job. I have to have courage to do what is right and just." Which ethical theory best depicts her reasoning?

Virtue Ethics

In ethics, the term "_____" refers to character traits that make up a moral life.

Virtues

Drag and drop the examples of academic misconduct against the corresponding terms. 1)Improper calculator/computer use a) b) c) 2) Fabrication a) b) c)

1) a) Selling or giving away all or part of the information on a hard drive that will be used as graded material b)Submitting a duplicate printout with only the student's name changed c)Sharing a device while leaving answers on display or in memory 2) a)Choice, Citing information not taken from the source indicated Citing information not taken from the source indicated b)Choice, Inventing data or source information for research Inventing data or source information for research c)Choice, Taking a test for someone else or permitting someone else to take a test for oneself Taking a test for someone else or permitting someone else to take a test for oneself

In the context of academic misconduct, which of the following are examples of misrepresentation?

1) Lying when confronted with an allegation of academic dishonesty 2) lying to an instructor to increase one's grade 3)using computer programs generated by another and handling them in as one's own work unless expressly allowed by the instructor.

Drag and drop the descriptions of the moral maturity of a person against the corresponding operational levels based on Plato's tripartite conception of a person. 1) Body 2) Heart 3)mind

1) People operating from this level are enslaved by their physical desires and drives. 2)People operating at this level are ruled by their emotions and feelings. 3)People operating at this level are governed by reason and intellect.

Which of the following are true of Stage 1 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development?

1) Self-interest is at the heart of this stage. 2)Teenagers or adults who are still reasoning at this stage most or all of the time could be dangerous. 3)Obedience to authority comes more from fear than respect.

Which of the following are true of Stage 2 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development?

1) The fear of negative consequences in Stage 1 is gradually replaced here by a desire for personal reward. 2)People are sometimes willing to endure punishment if it might help get them something they strongly desire. 3)The needs and interests of others are of concern to a person only to the extent that they can be used for personal gain.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following are true of people at the post-conventional level of thinking?

1) They tend to follow principles rooted in the deepest values and beliefs of their society, culture, or subculture. 2) They seek to follow personally chosen, universal ethical principles that may or may not differ from the values of their society.

How do children reasoning at Stage 2 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development differ from those at Stage 1?

1) Unlike children reasoning at Stage 1, children at Stage 2 sometimes try to use the feelings and needs of others to get what they want. 2)Unlike children reasoning at Stage 1, children at Stage 2 seem to understand that others have feelings and needs like their own.

Drag and drop the descriptions of moral reasoning against the corresponding levels of moral development based on Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. 1)Pre-conventional level 2)Conventional level 3)Post-conventional level

1) moral decision making based on egocentric, or self-centered, thinking. 2) People think of moral right and wrong in terms of conforming to important social expectations and rules 3)moral reasoning is based in ethical principles of some kind

Why do professors and schools go to great lengths to punish academic misconduct?

1) to protect the integrity of the institution 2) to ensure that all students have equal opportunities for success

Drag and drop the descriptions of self-directed values against the corresponding arenas in the ethics environment. 1)Personal Values 2)Friendship Values 3)Family Values 4)Sexual Values

1)Choice, Cultivating the right kinds of expectations from others Cultivating the right kinds of expectations from others 2)Choice, Having the moral fiber to be a faithful companion in difficult circumstances Having the moral fiber to be a faithful companion in difficult circumstances 3)Choice, Honoring parents in appropriate ways Honoring parents in appropriate ways 4)Choice, Differentiating between attraction and seduction Differentiating between attraction and seduction

Which of the following are true of Lawrence Kohlberg's views about moral development?

1)He assumed that moral development is measured by how people reason about right and wrong. 2)He found that there are three motivations for moral decisions, and that they correspond with three levels of reasoning. 3)His model makes it clear that conformity to social norms can sometimes be morally wrong.

In the context of the roots of personal moral development, which of the following are true of Plato's tripartite conception of a person?

1)He held that only those operating at the mind level were truly qualified for positions of public leadership 2) He believed that living at the highest level was necessary if one was to consistently achieve happiness and fulfillment

Which of the following are true of relativism?

1)It states that what is morally right and wrong is different from one person to another or from one culture to another. 2)This line of thinking is dangerous as no one would have the right or ability to judge the actions of any other person as wrong.

In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development, which of the following are true of the flaw in Stage 4 reasoning?

1)People at this stage hold the belief that morality is based in obedience to rules and laws. 2) People at this stage tend to assume that what is legally right and what is morally right are the same thing.

Which of the following are true of Stage 5 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development?

1)People may question the legitimacy of laws and rules that they believe are out of harmony with society's bedrock moral principles. 2)In this stage, existing laws are not as important as the methods for selecting and improving those laws. 3)This stage is based on people's general commitments to create and obey rational and just laws for the benefit and for the rights of every person.

Drag and drop the descriptions of other-directed values against the corresponding arenas in the ethics environment. 1) Personal values --> a) b) 2)Friendship values--> a) b) 3)Family values--> a) b)

1)Personal values a) Being slow to judge others b)Discerning moral character in others 2)Friendship values a) Discerning the difference between good and bad peer pressure b) setting the "agenda" to protect relationships with peers from abuse 3) Family values a) keeping the bonds between parents and siblings strong in good times and bad b) Contributing to the good reputation of one's spouse, parents and siblings.

In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development, identify the true statements about the disadvantages of Stage 3 reasoning.

1)Stage 3 fails to define morality outside of personal contacts with friends, relatives, or others in one's group. 2) If the driving force motivating a person is the approval of others, then those "others" may have significant influence on that person's actions.

Drag and drop the descriptions of other-directed values against the corresponding arenas in the ethics environment. 1)Consumer values 2) Racial values 3)Employments values

1)Supporting enterprises that benefit the community 2) coping positively with the sensitivities and feeling of others 3) Discerning coworkers' positive and negative motives.

Drag and drop the descriptions of various types of academic misconduct against the corresponding terms. 1) Fabrication 2) Misrepresentation 3) General academic misconduct

1)The use of invented information, or the falsification of research or other findings with the intent to deceive for academic professional advantage 2)Any act or omission with intent to deceive an instructor for academic advantage 3)Intentional violation of college policies by tampering with grades or taking part in obtaining or distributing any part of a test, quiz, or graded assignment

Drag and drop the descriptions of the contributions of various school sources in exposing students to the ethics environment against the corresponding school sources. 1)Gym classes and sports--> 2)Business and economic courses--> 3)Literature and other aspects of the humanities--> 4)Psychology--->

1)They can teach self-discipline, obedience to rules, team cooperation and encouragement, attentiveness, courage, and personal character. 2)Choice, They can teach good work attitudes, accountability, resource management, motivation skills, understanding human needs, and so forth. They can teach good work attitudes, accountability, resource management, motivation skills, understanding human needs, and so forth. 3)Choice, They constantly raise ethical issues and can sharpen ethical awareness. They constantly raise ethical issues and can sharpen ethical awareness. 4)Choice, They can encourage students to think about their moral reasoning and maturity. They can encourage students to think about their moral reasoning and maturity.

Which of these actions best illustrates a conflict of interest?

A drug addict who steals money to support her habbit

Identify the view that states that there are no matters of opinion in ethics because there is one and only one "right" answer to every ethical question, no matter how personal or trivial.

Absolutism

A criminal is holding a group of people hostage and threatening to kill them if his demands are not met. The police negotiator believes that she could save some lives if she lied to the terrorist, saying that the money and a helicopter are on the way. Which approach could argue most strongly that telling the lie, in this situation, is morally right because the criminal is violating the security, liberty and welfare rights, of the victims?

Act Utility

Greg is in the library just hours before the exam. He notices some of the other students from his class huddled around one of the tables and joins them; he discovers that they are talking to a young man who has somehow obtained a copy of the exam from the instructor's private files. It seems apparent that this could be an opportunity to do well on the test in spite of his lack of opportunity to study. Greg reasons, "This will work. I will cheat. I need a good grade to keep my job so I can better support my family so they will be happy. My boss will like the fact that I did well as will I. No one will know, so no one will be hurt" Which philosophy best depicts Greg's reasoning:

Act Utility

Omar believes that the state should respect people's privacy rights. He also believes that the state should ensure national security. However, he is unsure whether Internet surveillance and similar measures taken by various government agencies are right or wrong. Which of the following concepts is exemplified in this scenario?

An ethical issue

Amy offers her biology professor $5,000 in exchange for giving an "A" grade for her term paper. In this scenario, Amy is engaging in a type of academic misconduct called _____.

Bribery

The offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of any materials, items, or services of value to gain academic advantage for oneself or another is known as _____.

Bribery

A professor asks students in his poetry class to do an individual assignment comparing the works of four modern poets of color. Amina and Marcus decide to collaborate on the assignment. They select two poets each, conduct their research and analysis, and then share their work with each other to complete the assignment. Which of the following types of academic misconduct is illustrated in this scenario?

Collusion

Identify the term that describes the act of working with another person on an academic undertaking for which a student is individually responsible.

Collusion

A(n) _________ ___________ __________occurs when people find themselves in situations in which their personal needs and desires are at odds with their obligations as professionals or employees.

Conflict of interest

Emily, the head coach of a high school girls basketball team, is conducting a tryout to select the best players who can win tournaments for the school. She finds that one of the students trying out for the team is her best friend's daughter, Summer. She realizes that there are better players than Summer but that her friend will be pleased if Summer makes the basketball team. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?

Conflict of interest

A criminal is holding a group of people hostage and is threatening to kill them if his demands are not met. The police negotiator believes that she could save some lives if she lied to the criminal, saying that the money and a helicopter are on the way. The negotiator reasons, " I must be fair to all parties. The terrorist is taking away the rights and liberties of the victims, if I need to lie to give them back these rights than I will." Which theory best upholds the reasoning of the negotiator.

Contractarian

Greg is in the library just hours before the exam. He notices some of the other students from his class huddled around one of the tables and joins them. He discovers that they are talking to a young man who has somehow obtained a copy of the exam from the instructor's private files. It seems apparent that this could be an opportunity to do well on the test in spite of his lack of opportunity to study. Greg reasons "I can't cheat. It would not be fair to the other students." Which philosophy best depicts Greg's reasoning?

Contractarian Ethics

The process of moral reasoning that ultimately leads one to a well-founded conclusion is called _____.

Critical thinking

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following is a characteristic of people at the conventional level of thinking?

Direct self-interest takes a backseat to an overriding emphasis on following external standards.

_____ _____ are questions or problems, situations or actions that contain legitimate questions of moral right or wrong.

Ethical Issues

_______ _________ are general guidelines of ethical behavior.

Ethical Principles

Drag and drop the descriptions of ethics and morality against the corresponding terms. Ethics --> Morality -->

Ethics --> 1) It originated from a Greek word that meant "the way things should be." 2) It is where people get the opportunities to test, question, and challenge the rules and standards that they are taught to follow. Morality--> 1) It originated from a Latin word that meant something like "the way people are." 2) It refers to the rules and social standards that people are taught to follow.

Which of the following terms refers to the guiding beliefs, standards, or ideals that define a group or set it apart?

Ethos

Experience does not always help us to grow. Often we go through experiences that should develop us but they do not. Why do they not help us to grow? What holds us back?

Fear of change

Which of the following is true of the views of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., on the kinds of laws?

He maintained that some laws are just, and they should always be obeyed.

Which of the following are true of critical thinking?

It allows people to clarify their ideas.

Which of the following is true of legalism?

It holds that ethical standards and standards set by law are really the same.

Which of the following is a true statement about ethos?

It is the Greek word from which the word "ethics" is derived.

Which of the following is true of absolutism?

It promotes the attitude that one's own opinions are the correct ones

Tori has been a personal secretary for the Governor for the past three years. During this time, Tori has observed what he considers to be insincerity on the part of the Governor with regards to interest in social causes. Tori has seen money that was to go to schools and children's hospitals questionably disappear. The Governor is more interested in spending the federal government's money for his own agenda than for helping people. Tori reasons, "The public has a right to be treated fairly. He is violating the rights of these children. I need to gather more information and, if I am right, I need to report this behavior." Which philosophy best depicts Tori's reasoning:

Kantian Ethics

Kim has learned that a group of students in her algebra class have a scheme to cheat on the final exam. They are pressuring her to join them. Kim reasons, "It's not so much that I'm afraid of being punished, but rules are rules. Imagine what it would be like around here if everyone cheated on exams! I won't allow them to break the rules and mess up a great school. I'll turn them in if I have to." What stage or step would that be?

Kohlberg's stage 4 bases ethics on obedience to rules and laws, not out of fear of punishment, but out of a sense of duty to help maintain the social order.

The belief that ethical discussions are unnecessary because there are laws to govern people's behavior is called _____.

Legalism

Drag and drop the descriptions of the different categories of moral judgments against the corresponding categories. Moral --> Immoral --> Nonmoral -->

Moral --> Actions that are judged to be consistent with good ethical thinking and decision-making Immoral--> Behaviors that are contrary to good moral reasoning Nonmoral--> Actions that are neither right nor wrong, neither morally good nor bad.

_____ _______ are conclusions as to whether specific actions are ethically right or wrong.

Moral Judgments

Greg is in the library just hours before the exam. He notices some of the other students from his class huddled around one of the tables and joins them. He discovers that they are talking to a young man who has somehow obtained a copy of the exam from the instructor's private files. It seems apparent that this could be an opportunity to do well on the test in spite of his lack of opportunity to study. Greg reasons "I can't cheat. I need a good grade but knowledge is the most important thing. I must try." Which philosophy best depicts Greg's reasoning?

Natural Law

Jack works in a clothing store at the mall. He is paid on commission, so the more he sells the more money he makes. When a customer asks Jack if he/she looks good in an item of clothing Jack carefully considers his answer. Jack reasons, "Human relationships should be valued. My answer must protect my relationship with the customer and my company." What philosophy is Jack following?

Natural Law

Identify the true statement about the ethical perspectives of Plato and Aristotle.

Neither Plato nor Aristotle connected their moral perspectives with the Greek religion of their time.

Which one of the following would best fit into Kohlberg's stage 1:

Not enough information to determine

Andrew's teacher asks the class to write a paper on climate change. On the day of submission, Andrew copies a paper posted on the Internet and submits it without mentioning the source. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?

Plagiarism

_____ is the act of using the words, ideas, or creative works of others while giving the impression that the material is one's own creation.

Plagiarism

Which of the following is true of the ethical perspectives of Plato and Aristotle?

Plato and Aristotle saw the ethics environment as being very inclusive.

A man is holding a group of people hostage. He is threatening violence if his demands are not met. The police negotiator believes that she might avoid violence if she lies to him, saying that the money and a helicopter are on the way. She hesitates. She reasons, "I know this is a unique situation but if lying was the rule for all, the world would be an unhappy place. I know a better way to save lives without lying." Which approach would support her motivation.

Rule Utility

Kim has learned that a group of students in her algebra class have a scheme to cheat on the final exam. They are pressuring her to join them. Kim reasons, "I'm joining the group! This is my last class before graduation, and I'm not going to let some stupid algebra test mess up my transfer to Florida State. The school may say that cheating is wrong, but I'm here to take care of myself and my interests. That's all that really matters." What stage or step would that be?

Self-interest is the hallmark of both Gilligan's Step 1 and Kohlberg's Stages 1 and 2.

Identify the type of ethics that refers to determining what is right or good solely on the basis of the momentary context.

Situational ethics

If a person holds the view that what is right or good today in one situation may not be right tomorrow in another set of circumstances, he or she is most likely to believe in the use of _____.

Situational ethics

Which of the following lead students to consider cultural differences in ethical thinking?

Sociology and anthropology

After playing, three-year-old Zoya tidies up the playroom so that her mother will not get angry at her for leaving the room messy. In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development, identify Zoya's level of moral reasoning.

Stage 1 : which corresponds with pre-conventional thinking

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following characterizes the pre-conventional level of thinking?

The effects of one's actions on others are not an important concern, unless one's own interests are affected as well.

Which of the items below is a major failing of Kohlberg's study?

The study was gender-biased against women.

Which of the following are true of ethics and morals?

The terms "ethics" and "morals" come from Greek and Latin terms having to do with behavior, culture and habits.

Which of the following are true of ethical principles?

They are often considered to be universal. they are the "should" statements of ethics, prescribing how people ought to conduct themselves.

Which of the following is true of Stage 3 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development?

Those in this stage want to be good people, both in their own eyes and in the eyes of others.

Which terms are used to describe whether or not a deductive argument has the correct form (structure)?

Valid/invalid

In ethics, the term "_____" refers to moral qualities that are considered important and worthy.

Values

A man is holding a group of people hostage. He is threatening violence if his demands are not met. The police negotiator believes that she might avoid violence if she lies to him, saying that the money and a helicopter are on the way. She hesitates. She reasons, "My aim is excellence. I know honesty is important but justice is a higher virtue so I must lie to be just." Which approach would best support her motivation?

Virtue Ethics

Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote that he had hoped ___________________ would understand why law and order exist.

conservative whites

Which of the following describes: Informed and logical thought, or logical problem solving?

critical thinking

Abortion, euthanasia, and the death penalty are examples of what?

ethical issues

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, at the post-conventional level of thinking, people seek to _____.

follow timeless ethical principles

According to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., which of the following are the two kinds of laws?

just laws, unjust laws

What is the ethical concept at the heart of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

justice

At Stage 5 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development, what is morally right is to _____.

live consistently by the deepest moral values and ethical principles of one's society and/or the groups to which one belongs

People at Stage 2 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development tend to think that what is right is to _____.

make deals to meet their own needs and get what they want

"Values" refer to

moral qualities that are considered worthy

Which word would best describe picking a red shirt rather than a blue one to wear?

non-moral

Matters that normally have no moral impact on others:

none of the above

Which terms are used to describe whether the parts of a deductive argument is true or untrue?

sound/unsound

If I think that an action is right IF it makes other people respect me, accept me, and give me social approval, at which stage in Kohlberg's theory would I be?

stage 3

Identify the stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development at which what is morally right is to live up to the explicit agreements, laws, rules, and policies that help define the groups in which one participates, so that the groups can function in harmonious order.

stage 4

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following characterizes the pre-conventional level of thinking?

the effects on one's actions on others are not an important concern, unless one's own interest are affected as well.

Which of the following maintained that children were born neither good nor evil and were destined to become whatever was "written on their tablets"?

the principle of Tabula rasa

An important reason that schools promote academic integrity is that _____.

they are training students to act with honesty and honor in their careers

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, people at the conventional level of thinking _____.

think of morality in terms of conformity

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, people at the pre-conventional level of thinking _____.

think of morality in terms of conformity

Moral development stages arrive in a person sequentially. true or false

true

One of Martin Luther King Jr.'s primary arguments in the "Letter from the Birmingham Jail" is that some laws are unjust and immoral. True or False

true

One of the most important reasons that professors and schools promote academic integrity is that they know they are preparing students for careers. true or false

true