genetics 18 and 21
Which protein, produced in the milk of domestic animals, is used to treat some inherited forms of hemophilia?
Factor IX
True or false: Reproductive cloning can only occur as a result of laboratory manipulations.
False
The blank is a brand of transgenic zebrafish that glows with bright green, red, or yellow fluorescent color.
GloFish
Select traits that are modified in transgenic plants.
Resistance to disease Resistance to insects Resistance to herbicides
Methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals are referred to as reproductive blank.
cloning
Gene knockins are used to study the effects of ______.
consistent gene expression
Scientists are mainly interested in stem cells to help them understand basic genetic mechanisms that underlie the process of blank, and for their potential to treat human blank.
development diseases
For ES or EG cells to be used in transplantation, researchers have to know how to cause the cells to blank into the appropriate type of tissue.
differentiate
Electroporation allows DNA into cells using ______.
electrical current
The early mammalian embryo contains blank blank cells, which are pluripotent cells found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
embryonic stem
Sometimes a gene knockout produces no obvious phenotypic effect. This may be due to the small contribution of the gene to the organism's phenotype, to gene redundancy, or because the effect may only be seen under certain blank conditions.
enviornmental
True or false: Gene knockins are integrated into chromosomes at random sites.
false
Altering the sequence of a gene, such as with the CRISPR-Cas system, is known as ______.
gene modification
A transgenic plant can be made by the introduction of cloned blank into somatic tissue, such as a leaf. The leaf is then treated with plant blank hormones, which can regenerate an entire transgenic plant.
genes growth
Transgenic plants that express proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis are resistant to ______.
insects
The production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock is called molecular blank.
pharming
A stem cell that can differentiate into almost every cell type in the body, but has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual is called ______.
pluripotent
Somatic plant cells are blank, which means they are capable of developing into an entire organism.
toipotent
Which protein used to treat emphysema is produced in the milk of domestic animals?
α1-Antitrypsin
The transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from one animal species to another is called blank.
xenotransplantation
Using stem cells to repair joints damaged by injury or arthritis would be useful in what tissue type?
Cartilage
To study how the loss of normal gene function affects the phenotype of a mouse, CRISPR-Cas technology can be used to introduce a deletion into a specific mouse gene. This process is called gene ______.
modification
Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow supply cells that populate blood and lymphoid tissues and are ______.
multipotent
With the exception of those in the blood, other types of adult blank blank are difficult to locate and to remove in sufficient numbers for transplantation.
stem cells
Select the substances that are treated through bioremediation.
Organic solvents Pesticides Sewage Herbicides Petroleum hydrocarbons
To create a gene knockin mouse, a gene of interest is cloned and placed adjacent to sequences from the mouse genome. The purpose of this mouse DNA is to ______.
allow homologous recombination to place the gene in a noncritical region of the genome
Transgenic plants can express blank RNA that silences a gene involved in fruit softening, thereby improving fruit storage.
antisense
Transgenic plants that express the pokeweed blank protein are resistant to a variety of blank pathogens.
antiviral viral
Somatostatin is a hormone ______.
- that inhibits the secretion of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon - produced by engineering bacterial cells
Arrange the steps that occur during synthesis of new bacteriophage λ viruses in the correct order, putting the first step at the top. Instructions
1. Prophage DNA is removed from the bacterial chromosome 2. Host cell enzymes copy phage DNA and transcribe the viral genes into mRNA 3. Host cell ribosomes translate viral mRNA into proteins
Arrange the steps that occur when HIV infects an animal cell in the correct order, putting the first step at the top.
1. Spike glycoproteins bind to receptors on the plasma membrane of the host cell. 2. The viral envelope fuses with the host cell's membrane. 3. The viral capsid, containing RNA and viral proteins, is released into the cytosol. 4. Cellular enzymes remove capsid proteins. 5. RNA, reverse transcriptase, and integrase are released into the cytosol
The diameter of a virus is usually around ______ nm.
20-400
What is a virus?
A nonliving particle containing a nucleic acid genome
How are new bacteriophage λ particles released from a host cell?
A phage enzyme breaks down the bacterial cell wall, causing the cell to burst.
What is an emerging virus?
A virus that has arisen recently and is likely to cause infection
What is a retrovirus?
A virus with a genome made of RNA that copies its genome by reverse transcription
During assembly of HIV, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and viral RNA become enclosed in capsid proteins. Where does the assembly process occur?
At the plasma membrane
The genome of a virus can be made of either blank or blank.
DNA RNA
True or false: The only factor that influences the binding of the λ repressor protein and the cro protein to the OR operator sequences is their concentrations within the cell.
False
What is introduced into animals or plants to create a genetically modified organism?
Genetic material
In an HIV particle, what components of the virus are contained within the capsid of the virus?
HIV protease Integrase HIV RNA Reverse transcriptase
Select sources of insulin used to treat insulin-dependent diabetes prior to the advent of genetically engineered human insulin.
Human cadavers Pig pancreas Cow pancreas
When a bacterial cell is infected with phage λ, the phage DNA may integrate into the bacterial chromosome with the aid of an enzyme called blank
Integrase
What protein can stimulate a latent HIV provirus to produce new HIV particles?
NF-κB
What happens during the lysogenic cycle?
New phages are not made. Viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's chromosome.
Repression of PR and PRM is modulated by the binding of the λ repressor to three operator sites within OR. When PRM is active, but PR is repressed, which operator sites are bound by the λ repressor?
OR1 and OR2
During the initial stages of a phage λ infection, which two promoters are activated first?
PL and PR
Which phage λ promoter becomes activated upon establishment of the lysogenic cycle?
PRE
Which of the following events occurs only during the lysogenic cycle and not during the lytic cycle?
Phage DNA integrates into the host chromosome.
Which of the following viruses infects bacterial cells and has a genome made of double-stranded DNA?
Phage λ
PPT
Polypurine tract important for viral DNA synthesis
LTRs
Repetitive sequences found at both ends of the RNA Repetitive sequences found at both ends of the RNA
In which areas has the use of recombinant microorganisms raised concerns?
Safety concerns when they are used to produce food products Environmental concerns when they are released into the surroundings
PBS
Site for the binding of a primer to initiate DNA
When immature HIV particles are assembled at the plasma membrane of the host cell, what protein binds to the plasma membrane, the HIV RNA, and HIV proteins that will be contained within the viral particles?
The Gag polyprotein
In order for phage λ to enter the lysogenic cycle, what gene must be activated?
The integrase gene
When a cell becomes infected with a virus, what happens after the virus attaches to the host cell?
The viral DNA or RNA enters the host cell.
Which proteins are able to bind to the operator sequences of OR?
The λ repressor protein The cro protein
When a cell becomes infected by a virus, when and how are the viral genes expressed in the cell?
They can be expressed immediately by host cell enzymes and ribosomes.
True or false: When phage λ infects a bacterial cell, the activation of PL and PR initiates a competition between the lysogenic and lytic cycles.
True
U5 and U3
Unique sequences
In a cell infected with HIV, how are new viruses produced?
Viral DNA in the host cell chromosome is transcribed into RNA.
What is a provirus
Viral DNA integrated into a chromosome in a eukaryotic cell
Which emerging virus can cause severe fetal brain defects, including microencephaly?
Zika virus
Viruses can only infect certain types of cells because proteins in the virus must ______.
bind to specific molecules on the surface of the host cell
The use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases is called
biological control
The term that means the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment is blank.
bioremediation
The use of living organisms or the materials they produce in the development of goods or processes that are beneficial to humans is called blank .
biotechnology
At very high concentrations, the λ repressor protein will be bound to OR1, OR2, and OR3. When all three operator sites are occupied ______.
both PRM and PR will be repressed
The protein coat of a virus is called a(n) blank
capsid
Binding of the λ repressor protein and the cro protein to the operator sequences of OR is influenced by the blank of the proteins within the cell and their relative blank for the operators.
concentrations affinities
The lytic cycle occurs when the activity of the blank protein exceeds that of the blank protein.
cro cll
When HIV infects a cell, both the capsid and its contents are released into the cytosol of the host cell after the viral blank of HIV fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell.
envelope
A cell that is infected by a virus is called a(n) blank cell.
host
The λ repressor favors lysogeny by _____.
inhibiting expression of genes required for the lytic cycle
People with blank -dependent diabetes cannot synthesize an adequate amount of blank and must get it from an alternate source.
insulin insulin
An enzyme found in viruses such as HIV that can cut the host cell's chromosomal DNA and incorporate the viral genome into the chromosome is called blank
integrase
A viral envelope is made of a ______ embedded with virally encoded spike glycoproteins.
lipid bilayer
Within HIV particles, the HIV genome is a single-stranded RNA molecule with blank - blank repeat sequences at both ends.
long terminal
If the integrase gene is activated after bacteriophage λ infects bacterial cell, then the phage will enter the blank cycle.
lysogenic
The viral reproductive cycle in which bacteriophage DNA is incorporated into the host cell's DNA but new phages are not made immediately is called the blank cycle
lysogenic
In order for HIV to be incorporated into the host cell genome, a ______ complex of HIV DNA and proteins forms in the cytoplasm and is then transported to the nucleus.
preinitiation
A complex of HIV DNA and proteins, including integrase and Vpr, that forms in the cytoplasm and is transported to the cell nucleus is called the ______ complex.
preintegration
Activation of the transcription factor NF-κB in a cell containing the HIV provirus results in ______.
production of new viral particles
Phage DNA that is integrated into the chromosome of a bacterial cell is called a(n) blank
prophage
Viral DNA that is integrated into a chromosome in a eukaryotic cell is called a(n) blank
provirus
The number of species and cell types that a virus can infect is called its host blank.
range
In order for double-stranded HIV DNA to be incorporated into a host cell chromosome, DNA must be synthesized from an RNA template by the enzyme blank blank.
reverse transcriptase
The viral enzyme that uses a viral RNA strand as a template for the synthesis of a complementary copy of DNA is called blank blank
reverse transcriptase
The genetic material of HIV consists of two blank -stranded blank molecules.
single stranded rna
The genome of HIV is composed of ______.
single-stranded RNA
The genome of human immunodeficiency virus consists of ______.
single-stranded RNA
In terms of size, a virus is ______.
smaller than all cells
H1N1 is a ______.
strain of influenza virus related to a virus that infects pigs
Biological control is the ______.
use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases
Place the steps that occur during the reproductive cycle of phage λ in the correct order, putting the first step at the top.
1. phage binds to proteins in the bacteria cell membrane 2. phage DNA is injected into the cytoplasm 3. Viral DNA and proteins are synthesized, and the host chromosomal DNA is digested 4. phage components are assembled into new phages
What type of cell can be infected by a bacteriophage?
A bacterial cell
What is a host cell?
A cell infected by a virus
What does it mean to say that a virus is latent?
Its genome is integrated into a host cell chromosome, and the virus is inactive.
Human immunodeficiency virus is a(n) ______ virus with a(n) ______ genome.
enveloped; RNA
During the assembly of phage λ, capsid proteins are modified by blank produced by the host cell.
enzymes
Phage λ cannot self-assemble because assembly of new viral particles requires the function of ______.
enzymes that modify capsid proteins proteins that serve as scaffolding for capsid assembly
After the establishment of the lysogenic cycle, induction of the lytic cycle can be activated by ______.
exposure to UV light
True or false: In order for new HIV particles to be assembled, the viral DNA must be excised from the host cell's chromosome.
false
The commercialization of some strains of recombinant microorganisms has proceeded slowly due to concerns in situations where they are used to produce blank products or where they are released into the blank .
food enviornment
The introduction of genetic material into plants and animals results in Blank modified Blank.
genetically organisms
After a virus attaches to a host cell, its Blank enters the host cell.
genome
A prophage or provirus can remain inactive, or blank, for long periods of time.
latent
Transcription from λ promoter PRE occurs when the blank cycle is established.
lysogenic
In bacteriophages, another term for latency is blank .
lysogeny
In order for bacteriophage λ to be released from a bacterial cell, a phage enzyme called blank digests the bacterial cell wall, which causes the bacterial cell to burst.
lysozyme
If bacteria containing λ prophage are exposed to UV light, it may cause induction of the cycle.
lytic
Attachment of a virus to a host cell is specific because the virus must bind to specific blank on the surface of the host cell.
molecules
In order for new bacteriophage λ components to be produced and assembled, the prophage must be blank from the bacterial chromosome.
removed
The OR region of phage λ DNA acts as a genetic switch between the lysogenic and lytic cycle because its three operator sequences can be bound by either the ______.
repressor protein or the cro protein
In one of the earliest applications of biotechnology, a bacterial strain was engineered to produce a human hormone with a short coding sequence called ______.
somatostatin
A nonliving infectious particle with a genome composed of nucleic acid is called a(n)
virus
In a bacterial cell infected with phage λ, if the activity of the cro protein is greater than the activity of the cII protein, then the blank cycle will occur.
lytic
The reproductive cycle of phage λ that results in the release of new phage particles is called the blank cycle.
lytic
The series of steps that occurs involving infection of a host cell, expression of viral genes, and production of new viruses is called the viral blank blank.
reproductive cycle
Which of the following proteins inhibits the expression of genes required for the lytic cycle?
λ repressor
When HIV is assembled at the plasma membrane, what viral components become enclosed by capsid proteins and an outer envelope?
Integrase Reverse transcriptase Viral RNA
What is the function of integrase, an enzyme that is found in HIV and some other viruses?
It cuts the host cell's chromosomal DNA and incorporates the viral genome into a host chromosome.
The term "host range" describes the ______ by a virus.
number/type of species that can be infected
Microorganisms can exert biological control against plant pathogens or insects by competing with pathogens for blank or space or producing a blank that inhibits pathogens or insects.
nutrients toxins
In biotechnology, what is used to benefit humans?
Living organisms Materials produced by living organisms
What is the result of the lytic cycle of bacteriophage λ?
Lysis of the host cell and release of new bacteriophages
Which reproduction cycle of bacteriophage λ is represented in the figure?
Lytic
Place the steps to create a knockin mouse in order.
1. A gene of interest is cloned and surrounded by DNA sequnences from the mouse genome. 2. The cloned DNA is injected into a fertilized mouse oocyte 3. Homologous recombination introuduces the gene intoa noncritical region of the gneome. 4. Theooctye is transplated into the uterus of a female mouse 5. A mouse with the inserted-ene develops
The benefits of inserting gene knockins into noncritical genome sites are that ______.
1. insertion will not interfere with a critical mouse locus 2. a more consistent level of expression of the gene of interest compared to insertion at a random location
Molecular pharming can refer to ______.
1. production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock 2. the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants
Select products that are generated in transgenic plants.
Biodegradable plastics Antibodies Medicines Vaccines
What technique to introduce genes into plant cells involves a "gene gun"?
Biolistic gene transfer
What is the name of the process that occurs when bioremediation takes place via microorganisms modifying toxic pollutants by altering or transforming their structure?
Biotransformation
Transgenic plants have been modified to produce vaccines against many animal diseases in which part of the plant?
Leaves
What field of medicine can be improved by xenotransplantation research?
Organ transplantation
Stem cells that can differentiate into several cell types but far fewer than an embryonic stem cell are said to be blank.
multipotent
A cloned gene becoming integrated into the genome by nonhomologous recombination is called gene blank.
addition
The jellyfish gene for GFP was inserted into the zebrafish genome by gene ______.
addition
A gene blank is a gene blank in which a gene of interest has been added to a particular site in the mouse genome. Listen to the complete question
knockin additioin
In a type of gene replacement called gene blank, a cloned gene is rendered inactive and replaces a normal gene at its chromosomal location.
knockout
Using microscopic-sized needles to introduce DNA into plant or animal cells is called blank.
microinjection
A strain of mice engineered to carry a mutation that is analogous to a disease-causing mutation in a human gene is called a mouse blank.
model
The process of gene blank aims to alter the sequence of a gene.
modification
To produce mouse models for human diseases a missense mutation can be introduced int a specific gene through CRISPR-Cas technology. This is an example of gene blank.
modification
Mice have been developed with genetic modifications that make them develop symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. These mice are an example of a ______.
mouse model
A plant cell that has had its cell wall removed is called a ______.
protoplast
To facilitate DNA entry into a plant cell, the cell wall can be removed, producing a cell called a blank.
protoplast
Gene Blank means that when one type of gene is inactivated, another gene with a similar function may be able to compensate for the inactive gene.
redundancy
Gene blank means that when one type of gene is inactivated, another gene with a similar function may be able to compensate for the inactive gene.
redundancy
The cells that construct our bodies from a fertilized egg are called blank cells.
stem
How can microorganisms be used in biological control of plant disease and insect pests?
- By producing a toxin that inhibits pathogenic microorganisms or insects - By competing with pathogenic strains for nutrients or space
Considering a diploid cell, how many copies of a gene already present in the genome would be present immediately following gene addition (assume the cell has not progressed through the cell cycle)?
3
What component of bone marrow is useful to patients with certain types of cancers?
Stem cells
A portion of the plasmid DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens called blank blank becomes integrated into the chromosomal DNA of plants, and encodes plant growth hormones which cause a crown gall tumor to grow.
T DNA
Select the common characteristics of stem cells.
They have the capacity to divide. They can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types.
The process of a toxic pollutant being degraded by enzymes produced by microorganisms into a less complex, non-toxic metabolite is called blank.
biodegradation
In blank blank transfer, plant cells are bombarded with high velocity microprojectiles coated with DNA.
biolistic gene
Understanding relevant microbial genes that encode proteins that can modify hazardous chemical wastes enhances the process of ______.
bioremediation
A bioremediation process called blank occurs when enzymes produced by microorganisms modify a toxic pollutant by altering or transforming its structure.
biotransformation
Embryonic stem cells are found in ______.
blastocyst
Stem cells could implanted into the blank to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease.
brain
Sometimes a gene knockout produces no obvious phenotypic effect. This may be due to the small contribution of the gene to the organism's phenotype, to gene redundancy, or because the effect may only be seen under certain conditions.
enviornmental
Gene knockout allows researchers to study
how the loss of normal gene function affects an organism.
Many countries have a ban on blank cloning, while others permit limited research in this area.
human
Tests revealed that Dolly was "genetically " blank than her actual age indicated. This was likely due, in part, to her shorter blank.
older teleomeres
Microinjection can be used to introduce DNA into ______.
plant and animal cells
The use of electrical current to create temporary pores in the blank membrane, through which DNA can enter, is called blank.
plasma electroporation
Embryonic stem cells are blank, which means that they can differentiate into almost every cell type of the body, but a single embryonic stem cell has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual.
pluripotent
For ES or EG cells to be used in transplantation, researchers must be able to cause them to differentiate into the appropriate type of tissue. This process is thought to directly involve ______.
properties of neighboring cells factors internal to the stem cells hormones and growth factors
If one type of gene is inactivated and another gene with similar function compensates for the inactive gene, this is known as gene ______.
redundancy
The Monsanto Company has produced transgenic plant strains tolerant of blank, which is a herbicide. The herbicide then kills blank but not the crop of interest.
roundup weeds
Incorporation of a growth hormone-regulating gene and promoter from other species produced a genetically modified ______ that can grow year round instead of only during specific seasons.
salmon
A significant breakthrough in research in the use of stem cells for therapy was achieved in 1998 when two separate teams showed that
ES and EG cells can be propagated in the lab.
True or false: All biotransformation results in biodegradation.
False
Select reasons that a gene knockout may produce no obvious phenotypic effect.
The gene in question makes such a small contribution to the organism's phenotype that its loss is difficult to detect The effects of the knockout may be observed only under certain environmental conditions Gene redundancy
The possibility of human cloning raises many ethical questions. Some people feel it could be a new way to offer blank couples a chance at reproduction. Others are concerned that human cloning is blank wrong.
infertile ethically
Bioremediation is the use of living organisms or their products _____.
to decrease pollutants in the environment
Stem cells that can give rise to all the cell types in the adult organism are said to be blank.
totipotent
The type of stem cell that can give rise to all cell types in the adult organism is called ______.
totipotent
Upon infection of plant cells, Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes ______.
tumor growth
Primordial germ cells in the testis that can only differentiate into a single cell type, the sperm, are an example of ______ stem cells
unipotent
Stem cells that only differentiate into a single cell type are said to be
unipotent
Stem cells that only differentiate into a single cell type are said to be blank.
unipotent
The plants that are used to make what type of oil have been altered with regard to oil composition?
Canola
Select problems exhibited by cloned mice.
Cloned mice die at a younger age than their naturally bred counterparts. Many genes are not expressed normally in cloned mice.