Genetics - Ch 19 & 20/slides

pharmacogenomic

A _______ test detects a variant of a single gene that affects drug metabolism.

cloning vector

A _________ ______ can be any place of DNA into which other DNA can insert.

not in the genome

A cDNA is considered not to be a product of nature because its exact sequence is _______ ______ ______ _______ of an organism.

human version

A character of drugs manufactured using recombinant DNA technology is that they are the _____ ______ of the protein.

blindness

A dramatic gene therapy success is the treatment of a form of ________ called Leber congenital amaurosis type 2.

genetic counselor

A health care professional who helps people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease is called a _______ ________.

rescue karyotyping

A new application of testing chromosomes, called _______ _______, is done on tissue samples that were stored when a women's uterus was scraped following a miscarriage.

patentable transgenic organism

A tomato plant manufactures a protein naturally found in bananas but not in tomato, thereby making the tomato more nutritious. This is an example of a _______ ______ _______.

morpholinos

A variation of antisense technology uses synthetic molecules called _______ that consist of sequence of 25 DNA bases attached to organic groups.

plasmid

An ______ is isolated from a bacterium and cut with the same enzyme. The two DNA molecules are then mixed, and their sticky ends bind to each other.

trinitrololuene

Cleaning up munitions dumps from wars is a use of bioremediation, such as deploying bacteria that normally breaks down ________, the major ingredient in dynamite and land mines.

genetic code

Creating transgenic organisms is possible because all life uses the same ________ ________.

gene expression profiling

DNA microarrays are used in _____ _____ _____.

gene expression profiling

DNA microarrays are used in _______ _______ ______.

restriction

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences are called _________ enzymes.

liposomes

For gene therapy fatty structures called _______ are also used as vectors.

mass spectrometry

For most genetic conditions, testing in newborns is carried out via an analytical chemistry technique called _______ ________.

gene chips

Gene expression DNA microarrays are also called ______

ex vivo

Gene therapy strategies vary in invasiveness. One approach involves removing cells from the body, altering them, and then infusing them into the bloodstream through the vein. This is called ________ _______ gene therapy.

heritable, passes to offspring

Germline gene therapy is _________

bacteriophages, retroviruses, artificial chromosomes

Identify the different types of cloning vectors used in recombinant DNA technology.....

penetrance, epistasis

Identify the factors that are considered in the computer program that predicts the results of meiosis in gametes of an individual: _______ and _______.

orinithine transcarbamylase

In 1999, 18-year old Jesse Gelsinger died during gene therapy experiment aimed at treating his ________ ______ deficiency.

orinithine transcarbamylase

In ______ ______, a person cannot make a liver enzyme required to adequately break down dietary proteins.

Flow cytometry

In _______ _______ it assigns each type of sperm a positive or negative charge.

type 1 Gaucher

In ________ ______ ______ disease, the enzyme glococerebrosidase is deficient or absent.

ornithine transcarbamylase

In ________ _______ deficiency, a person cannot make a liver enzyme required to adequately break down dietary proteins.

computer algorithm

In a DNA microarray experiment a ______ ______ interprets the pattern of gene expression.

laser scanner

In a DNA microarray experiment a ________ ______ detects and converts the results to a colored image.

bioremediation

In a ________ protocol, bacteria with engineered abilities to detoxify pollutants are intentionally released in an area.

oligonucleotides

In a microarray, many ________ of known sequence are attached to one surface, in a grid pattern.

elevated risk

In the context of predictive tests, a disease-associated genotype indicates _______ _______.

cytochromes

Many pharmacogenetic tests detect specific variants of genes that encode enzymes called _______ that metabolize toxins, including of normal metabolism as well as drugs.

expression

Microarray analysis has allowed scientists to view the ______ of specific genes in a cell.

antibodies

Milk from cows and rabbits has been used to produce ________.

somatic and germline

On what type of cells can genome editing be done?

warfarin

One of the first drugs to be described using pharmacogenetics was the blood thinner _______.

antibiotic resistant gene

One strategy for selecting recombinant DNA molecule uses plasmids that have a ________ ________ _____ as well as a gene that encodes an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction that produces a blue color.

genetically modified

Organisms altered to have genes from other species or to over- or underexpress their own genes are termed ______ ______ organisms.

transgenic

Organisms that harbor DNA from other species are termed _______.

complementary strands

Palindromic sequence in DNA are regions in which bases on ______ ______ read the same in both directions.

cloning vectors

Pieces of DNA that are used to deliver specific DNA sequences to cells are called _________ _______.

embryo

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis, samples a cell from a early ________

RNA interference

RNAi stands for?

gene cloning

Recombinant DNA technology is also known as _______ ______.

RNA

Ribozymes are _______ molecules that are part of ribosomes, and they have catalytic activity.

liposomes

Several techniques exist to insert DNA into animal cells to create

ethical, sociological, psychological, medical

Some of the different types of issues that genetic counseling addresses are ______ ,_______, ______ and _______.

actin

The "athletic" gene alpha-actinin 3 encodes a protein than binds ________, one of the two major proteins of muscle.

endurance athletes

The 250-bp insertion (i) in the ACE gene has been found to be more common among _______ _____.

gene drive

The application of genome editing to kill, alter or render infertile a pathogen is called a ______ ______

body fluid, transgenic animal

The best method to produce human protein is in a ______ ______ of a ______ ______.

sticky ends

The cutting action of some restriction enzymes on double-stranded DNA creates single-stranded extensions. These are called _______ _______ because they are complementary to each other.

phenylketonuria

The first genetic condition tested for in newborns was _________.

fertilized ovum

The genetic change must be introduced into a ______ ______ so that it is present in every cell of the transgenic animal.

Cas9

The genome editing technique CRISPR uses a restriction enzyme, called _______, which is guided by a short RNA to complementary DNA that it then cuts on both strands.

transcription-activator-like effector nuclease

The genome editing technique TALEN stands for ________ ______ ______ ________ ______ technology.

zinc finger nuclease

The genome editing technique ZFN stands for __________ _________ _______ technology.

clustered regularly, palindromic repeats

The genome editing techniques CRISPR is an acronym for ______ _____ interspaced short _______ ______.

correct multiple genes

The genome editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 can _______ _______ ______ at a time.

protection, viruses

The natural function of restriction enzymes in bacteria are ______ from infecting ______.

knock out

The process of silencing the expression of a specific gene is known as

gene therapy

The transfer of normal genes into cells to replace missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders is a procedure known as _______ _______.

HIV

The viral vector used in gene therapy for androleukodystrophy is _______.

restriction, cloning vectors, recipient cells

Three requirements needed to construct a recombinant DNA molecule are _______ enzymes, ________ _______, and _______ _____.

restriction

To create a recombinant DNA molecule, a _______ enzyme cuts DNA from a donor cell at sequence that bracket the gene of interest.

bacteriophage

Vectors used in recombinant DNA technology include ________, which are viruses that infect bacteria. These are modified to transport DNA, but not cause disease.

Antisense, ribozymes, RNA interference

What are example of gene silencing?

ZFN, TALEN, CRISPR-Cas9

What are three major genome editing techniques?

restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, recipient cells

What are three requirements needed to construct a recombinant DNA molecule?

genome editing

______ _____ techniques create double stranded breaks in DNA double helix, enabling insertion of a desired DNA sequence or removal of a sequence.

RNA interference

______ _______ is a gene silencing technique that is based on the fact that RNA molecules can fold into short, double-stranded regions where the base sequence is complementary.

Pharmacological chaperone

______ _______ therapy stabilizes misfolded enzymes sufficiently to allow some function.

XIST

______, a long, noncoding RNA, is used to silence the extra chromosomes of trisomy 21 down syndrome.

Substrate reduction

_______ ______ therapy decreases the amounts of the substrate.

Sickle cell

_______ _______ disease is particularly amenable to genome editing.

Antisense technology

_______ _______ is a form of gene silencing that blocks expression of a gene by introducing RNA that is complementary to the gene's mRNA transcript

Marafan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos

_______ ________ and _______ _______ syndromes are diseases that thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) are a part of.

enzyme replacement

_______ ________ therapy supplies recombinant glucocerebrosidase.

Huntington disease

________ ______ is an adult-onset disease.

Methyl groups

________ ______ shield a bacterium's own DNA from its restriction enzymes.

Traditional agriculture

________ ________ is the controlled breeding of plants and animals to select individuals with certain combinations of inherited traits that are useful to humans.

Adrenoleukodystrophy

________ disease is a mutation in the ABCD1 gene on the X chromosome prevents the portholes in the peroxisomes from admitting an enzyme needed to make myelin.

Restriction enzymes

________ work as molecular scissors in creating recombinant DNA molecules.