Genetics Exam
William is red-green colorblind. Williams father (fox) is also red-green colorblind, but his mother (Dana) is not. neither of Fox parents (teena and Bill) were colorblind. Fox has a little sister (Samantha) with normal vision. Dana parents (Margret and William), have normal vision, as does her younger brother Charles. use the above information to draw out a pedigree. only shade in affected individuals, not carriers. use the roman numerals provided to properly place each person in their genration. remember that birth order goes lefter to right aka oldest to youngest.
( - means married/ + means siblings / ~ means effected ) I. o-[] o-[] II. []~+o+o+[] []~+o III. []~
if there was a disorder caused by an allele on the mitochondrial chromosome, what would the pedigree of a suffering family look like (mitochondrial is inherited from the mother)
( - means married/ + means siblings / ~ means effected ) []-o~ []-o~+[]~+o~+[]~ []~+o~+o~
if there was a disorder caused by an allele on the Y chromosome, what would a pedigree of the suffering family look like
( - means married/ + means siblings / ~ means effected ) []~-o o-[]~+[]~+o+o o+[]~
in goldfish, there is a dominant trait called bubble eye that causes a large sac to form under the eye and the dorsal fin to be underdeveloped. a second gene determines if the fish's body shape is elongated or rounder. Felix the fish is homozygous for the bubble eye trait, but heterozygous for his elongated body shape, he is bred to Celeste, a hetrozygous bubble fish with a homozygous recessive round shape. what fraction of the offspring will be Bbll
1/4
a true-breeding yellow beaked zebra finch is crossed to a true-breeding red beaked zebra finch. all of their offspring have red beaks. if one of these F1 red beaked finches is crossed to a true-breeding red beaked finch, what percentage of the offspring are expected to have red beaks
100%
two Manx cat produce a litter of seven kittens. Manx is a lethal dominant allele. what fraction of the offspring would you expect to have Manx tails
2/3 (could be wrong)
in pigeons, foot feathering (ew) follows an incomplete dominance pattern. if two intermediate phenotype pigeons, produce eight eggs, what are the odds of any one egg being partial feathered
50%
in goldfish, there is a dominant trait called bubble eye that causes a large sac to form under the eye and the dorsal fin to be underdeveloped. a second gene determines if the fish's body shape is elongated or rounder. Felix the fish is homozygous for the bubble eye trait, but heterozygous for his elongated body shape, he is bred to Celeste, a hetrozygous bubble fish with a homozygous recessive round shape. what fraction of the offspring will be bubble eyes and round
8/16 (could be wrong)
the following pedigree is an example of the inheritance pattern of magical ability in one hypothetical family in the harry potter universe. answer yes or no to A-F ( - means married/ + means siblings / ~ means effected ) []~-o~ []~-o~+o~+[]~-o []~+[]~ o
A. could magical abilities be inherited in a Dominate autosomal pattern (yes) B. could magical abilities be inherited in a recessive autosomal pattern (yes) C. could magical abilities be inherited in a Dominate X-linked pattern (no) D. could magical abilities be inherited in a recessive X-linked pattern (yes) E. could magical abilities be inherited in a Y-linked Pattern (no) F. could magical abilities be inherited in a mitochondrial pattern (yes)
( - means married/ + means siblings / ~ means effected ) I. []-o~ II. []-o+o + []~-o III. []~+[]~+[]~+o o could this trait be inherited as autosomal recessive F.
A. if this trait is X-linked recessive, what is the genotype of II-4 (X~y) B. if this traite is X-linked recessive, what is the genotype of II-2 (X~x) C. ------ D. if this trait is X-linked recessive, what is the genotype of III-5 (X~x) E. how do you know that trait is not dominant (II generation parents don't have it) F. yes it could the only show up when the genotype is effected then not show up if not effected only shows when recessive phenotype is present
consider two breeding pigeons with the following genotype and answer yes or no (check and bar + no check and bar AND (T check and bar) A. would it be possible to produce offspring that have t-check B. would it be possible to produce offspring that have check C. would it be possible to produce offspring that have bar D. would it be possible to produce offspring that have barless
A. yes B. yes C. yes D. no
a series of vaccines are required to enter preschool - the "no exemptions" rule prevents some families from being admitted
Consequentialism / Utilitarianism
the ends justify the means; the good of the many outweighs the needs of the few
Consequentialism / Utilitarianism
a citizen has been leaving water for immigrants crossing the border through unofficial channels. when detained, the citizen admits to the act, because lying would be wrong
Deontology
right actions are always right, regardless of consequences. humans should never be treated as a means to an end.
Deontology
God gave commandments that must be obeyed, religion specific
Divine Command
a young man is starving but refuses to take leftovers from a finished plate at a restaurant because stealing is a sin
Divine Command
what is not an example of domestication
Elephants have been used by humans for thousands of years
the difference between Mendel experiments in the area of heredity and those done by earlier researchers was that
Mendel expressed the results of his experiments in terms of numbers
a female Manx cat and a male cat with a normal tail produce a litter of seven kittens. Manx is a lethal dominant allele. what is the genotype of the female Manx fat
Mm
years later, Moon marries Sun and bears three children after he becomes king. all three children are golden haired like their mother. Moon is dark haired. rumors say that the three children were not fathered by Moon, as his many illegitimate children are all dark haired. although it is true that the children were not fathered by moon, a child having a different hair color from a parent is not exactly iron-clad evidence. give one genetic reason why the three children have blonde hair even with a dark haired father
Mothers genes are dominant the small % of mothers gene effected Kids
Two people on an organ donation list match the same donor. One potential recipient can be at the hospital in under an hour for surgery, the other is currently unable to be reached after four attempts to all given contacts. the doctors tells the first person to come in instead of trying to continue to reach the second person.
Principlism
a practical approach that attempts to balance doing good, not harm, allowing for autonomy, and acting with justice
Principlism
adenine and guanine are both double ringed nitrogenous bases, making them
Purines
which nitrogenous base is only found in DNA and not RNA
Thymine
a tall plant of unknown genotype is crossed to a recessive short plant. of the offspring, 896 are dwarf and 912 are tall. identify the tall plants genotype and state your evidence
Tt / if a punnet square was made it would result in half and half using Tt as the genotype
the fictional kingdom of idgf is full of intrigue and deception. no ruling family is immune to the speculations of their subjects Tyler has type AB+ blood. his wife Liz had O+ blood. their twins 1 and 2 both have A+ blood. the youngest child Jack has type O+ blood. assuming that there are no mutations and no epistemic phenotype like Bombay phenotype, explain if or how Jack could have the blood type shown
Tyler might not be jacks legitimate child typical Tyler move
the wing pattern of pigeons is determined by four alleles of the same gene that follow a hierarchy of dominance with the most pigment production being dominant if a pigeon has a bar phenotype, what are the two possible genotypes
WbWb and WbWl
Dana brother Bill marries a women, Tara, with normal color-vision. Tara has her DNA sequenced as part of the genealogy project and confirms that she has no color-blindness alleles. what is the percent chance of Bill and Tara having a red-green colorblindness child.
X~Y xxx~ xy xx~x xy 0%
make sure you know chi-square even tho low key don't think she would add it
a chi-square value larger than 3.8 is considered statically significant and should lead to a rejection of a null hypothesis
what is an evolutionary bottleneck
a narrowing of genetic diversity
Annealing
attach and cold down, new strand
what happens in a cell during the annealing step in DNA replication
attaches copy to the single strand cools down add primers to DNA strand
there is not enough information in the pedigree to determine if the identical trait is inherited as autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. one of the modes of inheritance is far more likely though. what mode is more likely and why ( - means married / + means siblings / ~ means effected ) o~-[] o+[]+o~-[] o+[]~
autosomal dominate each generation is effected and its passed down
it is rare for old wizard families in harry potter to have children with non-wizard ability. wizard ability does show up in non-wizard families with no distinction as to the sex of the child. if this characteristic is inherited, which inheritance pattern make the most sense
autosomal recessive would need rr to show the trait
when using an online simulator to virtually grow round vs wrinkled peas, students found that it took from 6-24 generations of peas to create a mono culture when selecting for round peas. why was this so
because they are dominant therefore harder to control and be inherited. mainly heterogeneous so the outcome is less likely to be the same
when using an online simulator to virtually grow round vs wrinkled peas, students usually found that it took only a single generations of selecting the wrinkled peas to create a mono culture. why is this so
because they are recessive therefore easier to control and be passed down. all homozygous so the outcome is more probable to be the same
identify the phenotype of a pigeon with the following genotype (check and bar feather + no check and bar feather)
check
domesticated plants are called
cultivars
rough strain plus heat-killed smooth strain
deadly strain
smooth strain
deadly strain
over time, some plant species are bred close to a perceived "ideal", then vegetativly propagated to quickly spread that particular genetic composition. enormous areas may be used to grow what is essentially a clones crop. what is the biggest concern with growing mono culture
decreased genetic pool
Protease plus heat-killed smooth strain
die
Rnase plus heat-killed smooth
die
four traits required for animal domestication
docile conforms to hierarchy reproductive in captivity feed able
three traits that domesticated animals often exhibit that their wild counterparts do not
docile less diverse
the first organism to be domesticated was probably
dog
Extending
extend the new strand to make copy
three reasons that a plant might be domesticated
food textile beauty taste
structure of an amino acid
h-N-H | r-C-H | o=C-oh
heat-killed smooth strain
harmless strain
rough strain
harmless strain
denaturing
heat up and break apart
how does a cell carry out the denaturing step during DNA replication? identify at least one specific enzyme involved
helicase splits the DNA into 2 parts
sexual selection is one driving force in evolution. the peacock is a product of sexual selection with his flashy tail. the tail slows him down and makes him more vulnerable to predators. it also requires enormous amounts of energy to produce each year. why are characteristics that may reduce the chance of survival selected for in cases of sexual selection
increase reproduction leads to the increase in offspring then increased population
when we say that a mutation is negative, what does that mean
it lessens the chance for the individual to reproduce or survive in the environment hes in
what is it about the overall structure of DNA that makes the process of extending so much more complicated than it is in PCR
lagging strand doesn't match right (could be wrong)
two changes domesticated crops might exhibit that their wild counterparts do not
larger seeds dormancy rate short
Dnase plus heat-killed smooth strain
live
when describing the sex chromosomes in birds, females are WZ and males are ZZ. how does this chromosome set-up affect characteristics that are sex-linked
male need 2 female need 1
Pre-zygotic selection includes
mates chosen by humans
a female Manx cat and a male cat with a normal tail produce a litter of seven kittens. Manx is a lethal dominant allele. Luci, the first kitten, has a normal length tail. what is her genotype
mm
what is the ultimate source of variation
mutation
the two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds between the
nitrogenous bases on each strand
could the indicated trait in the pedigree be autosomal recessive ( - means married / + means siblings / ~ means effected ) o-[]~ []-o+[]+[]~-o~ o+o []~+o
no
a dumpy (short and fat trait) nematode is crossed to a normal length nematode who had one dumpy parent. identify the phenotype of any offspring with the heterogeneous genotype.
normal
when examining corn, what explanation is there for the purple kernel color to be dominant over the yellow kernel color
occurred more (could be wrong)
what are the chemical components of a DNA nucleotide
phosphate group deoxyribose sugar nitrogenous base
the term "mutation" tends to have a negative contentions when it in facts just means a change. mutations can indeed be negative, but they can also be X or X
positive ; neutral
why are some traits dominant and other recessive what causes it
produces a functional protein and others don't / protein D and no protein R
in the 1940s and early 1950s, most scientist doubted that DNA was the carrier of inheritable information and expected protein to be the carrier instead. why
protein was more complex (20 building blocks) DNA only had 4 building blocks and less complex
a true-breeding yellow beaked zebra finch is crossed to a true-breeding red beaked zebra finch. all of their offspring have red beaks. which trait is dominant
red
two reasons why Mendel used the garden pea as a model organism
small observable control large amount
identity one technical problem that can arise during PCR and the effect of that problem when replicating DNA
temp time missed molecule copied wrong leads to mutations smaller # of DNA cant break up or attach
why did Mendel analyze thousands of plants while conducting his research
the likelihood of seeing a clear pattern is higher with a larger data set
cats have lived with humans for thousands of years, yet do not show many of the characteristics of domestication. it has been argued that they may still not be fully domesticated, or, if they are, that the event is less than 200 years old. what is the reasoning behind this hypothesis
they don't conform to a hierarchy and aren't always docile. they are very independent creatures that also have the same genetic code as a lion or tiger so no genetic change has occurred either
what is one thing that all forms of selection require
variation
what do the terms in vitro and in vivo mean
vivo - in cell vitro - artificial
it is later discovered that Bill is not Fox father after all. instead, a man primarily known as the "smoking man" is his father. this mans colorblindness status is unknown. how does this information contribute to your idea about fox inheritance of the trait
wouldn't matter if dad effected because its X linked
could the indicated trait in the pedigree be autosomal dominant ( - means married / + means siblings / ~ means effected ) o - [] o+o+[]- o~ o~
yes
after one round of replications, which of the test tubes shown above would you expect if DNA showed a dispersive pattern of replication
| | |--| <- intermediate | |
after one round of replications, which of the test tubes shown above would you expect if DNA showed a semi-conservative pattern of replication
| | |--| <- intermediate | |
after two rounds of replications, which of the test tubes shown above would you expect if DNA showed a despersive pattern of replication
| | |--| <- intermediate | |
which of the test tubes shows the actual results of the experiment after one round of replication
| | |--| <- intermediate | |
after two rounds of replications, which of the test tubes shown above would you expect if DNA showed a semi-conservative pattern of replication
|---| <- light |---| <- intermediate | |
which of the test tubes shows the actual results of the experiment after two rounds of replication
|---| <- light |---| <- intermediate | |
after one round of replications, which of the test tubes shown above would you expect if DNA showed a conservative pattern of replication
|---| <- light |___ | <- heavy
after two rounds of replications, which of the test tubes shown above would you expect if DNA showed a conservative pattern of replication
|---| <- light |___ | <- heavy
