Genetics Exam

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This problem refers to the MN and ABO loci mentioned in class. It also refers to the Rh locus, which is responsible for the positive/negative part of the blood type. The Rh+ allele is dominant to the Rh- allele at this locus. Select all couples who could be the parents of a child with phenotype M, AB- based on the phenotypes at these three loci. If none of these couples could be the parents of this child, select "None of These". Select one or more: a. Mother Type MN, B+ and Father Type N, O+ b. None of These c. Mother Type M, A+ and Father Type N, B- d. Mother Type MN, O+ and Father Type MN, A- e. Mother Type MN, AB- and Father Type M, O-

None of these

Refer to the following cross for these questions: Aa bb Cc Dd Ee x Aa BB cc DD EY 1. How many different gametes can be formed form the individual of genotype AaBBccDDEY? Give your answer as a number 2. How many different genotypes are expected among the progeny of this cross? Give your answer as a number 3. What is the probability that the first child from this cross will be a son that shows all of the dominant characteristics?

1. 4 2. 48 3. 3/32

Assume that there is complete dominance and complete penetrance at each locus and that epistasis does not occur. (These are the same conditions we used in class). Write your answers in numeric form (not in words). Referring to the cross DdFFGghhRrTT x DDffGgHhRRTt: 1. How many different gametes does the DdFFGghhRrTT parent produce? 2. How many different genotypes are found among the progeny of this cross? 3. How many different phenotypes are found among the progeny of this cross? 4. What is the probability that the first offspring from this cross will show the dominant phenotype for all loci? (Type in as a decimal and round to 6 digits.) 5. What is the probability that the first offspring from this cross will be heterozygous for all loci? (Type in as a decimal and round to 6 decimal digits.) 6. What is the probability that the first offspring from this cross will be a son with genotype DDFfGghhRrTt? (Type in as a decimal and round to 6 decimal digits).

1. 8 2. 48 3. 4 4. 0.375 5. 0.03125 6. 0.015625

DNA was obtained from a mother and her two daughters, Ann and Sue. DNA was also taken from three men who could have fathered the girls. The same loci were amplified in all individuals. Results from separating the fragments are provided below. Note that the two girls do not have to have the same father. Be sure to use the information from both genes in your analysis. 1. Based on these data, Ann's father could be 2. Based on these data, Sue's father could be

1. Ed 2. None of these

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene. abl is a (an)

Oncogene

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene. c-myc is a (an)

Oncogene

Multiple bone fractures occur, which can cause stunting of bone growth.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

In which disorder do affected individuals lack the ability to metabolize dopamine, which leads to shaky movements? Pick the best answer.

Parkinson Disease

An organism described as 2n=4 has the chromosomes below with genes indicated by letters and centromeres indicated by periods. Select the BEST description of the chromosome aberration present in this organism. QRS.VW QRS.VW ABD.GHM ABHG.DM

Pericentric Inversion

is the appearance of an individual for a particular characteristic.

Phenotype

The nucleotides along each strand of DNA are joined by ____ bonds. ___ bonds join one nucleotide to the next along a strand of RNA.

Phosphodiester

Marfan Syndrome shows ___________ because individuals with this disorder have a variety of abnormalities including long limbs, weak connective tissue, and abnormal heart valves.

Pleiotropy

Embryonic Stem Cells are considered to be

Pluripotent

An individual has the chromosomes shown below. Which gamete will be produced the least frequently by this individual?

QrT

Is the sickle cell allele dominant or recessive to the normal allele?

Recessive

Responsible for Burkitt's Lymphoma

Reciprocal Translocation

Reverse Tandem Duplication

Is the helical coiling shown in this picture a right-handed or left-handed coil?

Right-Handed Coil

Is the helical coiling shown in this picture a right-handed or left-handed coil? (Look at the pointed side of the sword, not the handle)

Right-Handed Coil

Responsible for Familial Down Syndrome

Robertsonian translocation

5' - C C G U A U G C A U U U C G G A C U U A G U A A G G A C U G A C A U A A -3' What is the sixth amino acid in the protein formed from this mRNA? Fill in the blank with the name of the correct amino acid and nothing else so that Moodle can grade your question correctly.

Ser

Defective hemoglobin molecule causes red blood cells to be abnormally shaped, resulting in poor circulation and other challenges.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Tandem Duplication

The coding strand of a normal and a mutant DNA sequence are shown below: Normal: 5' - C A A A T G A C T A A T G G C T G A C A G C A T A A - 3' Mutant: 5' - C A A A T G A C T A A A T G G C T G A C A G C A T A A - 3' 1. The mutation can be described as a ______ mutation 2. The mutation can be described as a(n) 3. At the protein level, this mutation can best be described as a

1. frameshift 2. Insertion 3. Readthrough

Assume that there is complete dominance and complete penetrance at each locus and that epistasis does not occur. (These are the same conditions we used in class). Write your answers in numeric form (not in words). Referring to the cross DdFfGgHhRrTT x DDffGgHhRRTt: 1.How many different gametes does the DdFfGgHhRrTT parent produce? 2. How many different genotypes are found among the progeny of this cross? 3. How many different phenotypes are found among the progeny of this cross? 4. What is the probability that the first offspring from this cross will show the dominant phenotype for all loci? (Type in as a decimal and round to 6 digits.) 5. What is the probability that the first offspring from this cross will be heterozygous for all loci? (Type in as a decimal and round to 6 decimal digits.) 6. What is the probability that the first offspring from this cross will be a son with genotype DDFfGghhRrTt? (Type in as a decimal and round to 6 decimal digits).

1.32 2. 144 3. 8 4. 0.28125 5. .015625 6. 0.003906

There are ___ base pairs per turn in the Watson-Crick model of DNA.

In petunias, the blue allele (B) is dominant to the red allele (b) for flower color. At a linked locus, the tall allele (T) is dominant to the dwarf allele (t). The distance between the two loci is 21 cM. A plant has the chromosomes shown below. What percentage of gametes produced from this plant will have both the red and dwarf alleles? Enter only the numerical value for the percentage. Do not include the % symbol so that Moodle will grade this correctly.

10.5

The following is a small fragment of DNA. Only one strand is shown, but assume that the molecule is double-stranded. How many hydrogen bonds are present in this DNA molecule? Give your answer as a number without units so that Moodle can grade it correctly. 5' - GGCTAGG - 3'

19 (Adenine pairs with Thymine using 2 hydrogen bonds Guanine pairs with Cytosine using 3 hydrogen bonds)

How many chromosomes are present in a normal human gamete? Give your answer as a number.

You are studying a disorder that is based on the genetic composition at three loci. Assume that a dominant allele at any locus adds 5 units of risk for the disorder and that a recessive allele at any locus adds 3 units of risk for the disorder. Individuals with 26 or more units of risk develop the disorder. The environment does not affect the presence or absence of this disorder. How many risk units will be present in an individual of genotype AaBbCc?

You are studying a disorder that is based on the genetic composition at three loci. Assume that a dominant allele at any locus adds 7 units of risk for the disorder and that a recessive allele at any locus adds 3 units of risk for the disorder. Individuals with 27 or more units of risk develop the disorder. The environment does not affect the presence or absence of this disorder. How many risk units will be present in an individual of genotype AabbCc?

Approximately how many base pairs of DNA are in the human genome?

3 billion

The base composition of a double-stranded DNA molecule is 12% adenine. What percentage of this molecule is the base guanine? Give only the answer in numerical form so that Moodle will grade your answer correctly. Do not write "%".

38 (A=T/U G=C so A+G=50%)

How many chromosomes are expected in a somatic cell from a normal chimpanzee?

The sequence of a template strand in a double-stranded DNA molecule is 5'- ATTGCCAA -3'. What is the sequence of the mRNA produced from this segment of DNA? Pick the best answer.

5'- UUGGCAAU -3' (Write down the pairs then put it in opposite order!!)

This question refers to the mRNA sequence below: 5' - A G C U G A U G G G C U G G U G C C G A G A A A G U U A G G U A A - 3' How many amino acids are present in the protein formed from this mRNA? Fill in the blank with the correct number and nothing else so that Moodle can grade this question correctly.

In petunias, the blue allele (B) is dominant to the red allele (b) for flower color. At a linked locus, the tall allele (T) is dominant to the dwarf allele (t). The distance between the two loci is 19 cM. A plant has the chromosomes shown below. What percentage of gametes produced from this plant will have both the red and dwarf alleles? Enter only the numerical value for the percentage. Do not include the % symbol so that Moodle will grade this correctly.

9.50 (basically just half the number always)

If malaria was somehow wiped out in Western Africa, what genotype would eventually become most fit? Let S represent the Sickle Cell allele and A represent the normal allele

AA (sickle cell is used as a mutation to fight malaria. However, there are defects in having sickle cell. If Malaria were to somehow be wiped out, the normal allele will become the preferred allele and would become the preferred allele.)

This question refers to the ABO blood type locus. Remember that the A and B alleles are codominant to each other and both are dominant to the O allele. A man has blood type A. Mark all genotypes below that are possible for this man.

AA, AO

5'-A A C G A A U A U G U U A A U C G U A G C C A C C U G G U U C A G C U A A G G U G A-3' As this mRNA is translated, the third codon is ________. Fill in the blank with the correct codon without any spaces, and nothing else so that Moodle can grade this question correctly.

AUC

Stem cells obtained from an umbilical cord are considered to be

AdultStemCells

A man who has an X-linked dominant allele will pass it on to...

All of his daughters

form of a gene

Allele

Huntington's Disease often shows ____________ since the disorder tends to present earlier and progress more rapidly in later generations.

Anticipation

The M and N alleles code for ________ on the blood cell surface.

Antigens

Two parents have a trait. Their daughter does not have the trait, but their son does have the trait. Draw the pedigree on scratch paper and shade in those individuals who have the trait. Which mode(s) of inheritance are consistent with the inheritance pattern of the shaded trait?

Autosomal Dominant

Two parents have a trait. Their son does not have the trait, but their daughter does have the trait. Draw the pedigree on scratch paper and shade in those individuals who have the trait. Which mode(s) of inheritance are consistent with the inheritance pattern of the shaded trait?

Autosomal Dominant, X-Linked Dominant

Species 1 is described as 2n = 8 and has chromosome composition BBDDEEHH. Species 2 is described as 2n = 10 and has chromosome composition NNPPSSXXZZ. Select the best answer to classify the organism below based on its chromosome composition. Note that each letter represents a chromosome and that the organism below is either an individual from one of the species above or is derived from one or both species above. Organism: NNNNPPPPSSSSXXXXZZZZ

Autotetraploid

Autotriploid

In which disorder do affected individuals have mood swings that can alternate between periods of deep depression and euphoric feelings? Pick the best answer.

Bi-polar Disorder

DNA was amplified from three kittens, 2 adult female cats and 3 adult male cats. Determine which cats are the parents for the kitten mentioned below. If the parents cannot be determined from these data select "Cannot be Determined from These Data". The parents of Kitten 1 are ......

Cannot be Determined from These Data

The M allele is ___________ to the N allele.

Codominant

The two strands of DNA are said to be ___ to each other since adenine is always across the molecule from thymine and cytosine is always across the molecule from guanine. Pick the best answer.

Complementary

High levels of methylation of the base ____ are associated with low levels of gene activity.

Cytosine

Xeroderma pigmentosum is due to a defective ___.

DNA repair mechanism

The genetic code is said to be ___ since more than one codon can code for the same amino acid.

Degenerate

Responsible for Cri du Chat

Deletion

Select all of the items below that are components of DNA.

Deoxyribose, Phosphate, Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

The donuts in this picture were decorated to illustrate the cell cycle. Which donut(s) represent prophase of mitosis?

Donut 2

The donuts in this picture were decorated to illustrate the cell cycle. Which donut(s) represent telophase of mitosis?

Donut 5

Presence of an extra chromosome causes intellectual disabilities.

Down Syndrome

Responsible for Charcot Marie Tooth Disease

Duplication

The technique used to separate pieces of DNA is

Electrophoresis

Stem cells obtained by the somatic cell nuclear transfer process are considered to be

Embryonic Stem Cells

inheritance occurs when modifications to the DNA are passed on to the next generation. Heritable changes that are not due to changes in DNA sequence are called ___ changes

Epigenetic

In which disorder do affected individuals have seizures due to a sudden disruption of communication between nerve cells? Pick the best answer.

Epilepsy

Improving the quality of life by improving the gene pool is called

Eugenics

Select all couples that could be parents for a child that has the blood type M, B-. Select one or more: a. Father of type MN, AB+ and Mother of type M, O- b. Father of type N, AB- and Mother of type M, B- c. Father of type MN, B+ and Mother of type M, AB+ d. Father of type M, B- and Mother of type MN, A+

Father of type MN, B+ and Mother of type M, AB+, Father of type MN, AB+ and Mother of type M, O-, Father of type M, B- and Mother of type MN, A+

Female 2, Male 1

The joining of the sperm and the egg is called

Fertilization

This question refers to the mRNA sequence below: 5'-A A C G A A U A U G U U A A U C G U A G C C A C C U G G U U C A G C U A A G G U G A-3' As this mRNA is translated, the fifth codon is _______. Fill in the blank with the correct codon without any spaces, and nothing else so that Moodle can grade this question correctly.

GCC

the combination of alleles that an individual has for a given gene

Genotype

Cervical cancer is associated with

HPV

A cell is haploid if there is one of each chromosome type in the cell. A cell is diploid if there are two copies of each chromosome type in the cell. Classify the cell type below as either Haploid or Diploid. Spermatid

Haploid

What protein is defective in sickle cell anemia? Give the name, not abbreviation

Hemoglobin

Which term refers to the uncontrollable cell division that is characteristic of cancer cells?

Hyperplasia

Linkage violates Mendel's Law of

Independent Assortment

Interstitial Deletion

Three traits were measured on many sets of twins. The MZ:DZ ratios were determined for each trait. Which trait is expected to have the highest heritability based on these data? Pick the best answer. Select one: a. Trait Z with ratio 62:41 b. Trait W with ratio 85:13 c. Trait Y with ratio 95:83

Trait W with ratio 85:13 (the greatest difference btw MZ and DZ= highest heritability)

The process of making tRNA from DNA is called

Transcription

An alteration in the DNA from an AT base pair to a GC base pair is called a

Transition

An alteration in the DNA from an CG base pair to a AT base pair is called a

Transversion

Trisomic

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene. BRCA1 is a (an)

Tumor Suppressor Gene

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene. BRCA2 is a (an)

Tumor Suppressor Gene

Classify the gene below as either a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene. The RB gene is a(n)

Tumor SuppressorGene

This question refers to the mRNA sequence below: 5' - A G C U G A U G G G C U G G U G C C G A G A A A G U U A G G U A A - 3' Which stop codon is used to terminate translation with the protein is produced from this mRNA? Fill in the blank with the correct codon without any spaces, and nothing else so that Moodle can grade this question correctly.

UAG

X-ray diffraction experiments conducted by ____ led to the determination of the structure of DNA.

Wilkins, Franklin

Select all of the individuals who are expected to be female based on chromosome composition.

XO, XXX

What is the sex chromosome composition of an individual who has guevedoces?

Is the inheritance pattern indicated by the shaded symbol in this pedigree consistent with the inheritance pattern of an X-linked dominant characteristic and Autosomal dominant?

Yes

Is the inheritance pattern indicated by the shaded symbol in this pedigree consistent with the inheritance pattern of an X-linked recessive characteristic?

Yes

Is the inheritance pattern indicated by the shaded symbols in this pedigree consistent with the inheritance pattern of an X-linked dominant and x-linked recessive characteristic?

Yes

Is the inheritance pattern indicated by the shaded symbols in this pedigree consistent with the inheritance pattern of an X-linked dominant characteristic?

Yes

Is the inheritance pattern indicated by the shaded symbols in this pedigree consistent with the inheritance pattern of an autosomal dominant characteristic?

Yes

Is the inheritance pattern indicated by the shaded symbols in this pedigree consistent with the inheritance pattern of an autosomal recessive characteristic?

Yes

Dr. Gardner had a chocolate bar on her desk this morning. When she looked for it after lunch, she noticed it was missing, but she found a hair on her desk. She collected DNA from the hair and from each of her TAs in hopes of finding the guilty party. She amplified two STR regions from the hair, herself, and her 5 TAs. She separated the amplified fragments on a gel. The results are shown below. Select all who could have left the hair on Dr. Gardner's desk based on these data.

Jess

A ____ is an organized array of a cell's chromosomes.

Karyotype

Transcriptionally acive DNA is _______ tightly coiled than DNA that is not being transcribed.

Less

The cell division process that occurs in gamete formation is called

Meiosis

The cell division process in which one cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells is called _____.

Mitosis

Responsible for Turner Syndrome

Monosomic

This question refers to the ABO blood type locus. Remember that the A and B alleles are codominant to each other and both are dominant to the O allele. A woman is blood type AB. Her child is blood type B. She wants to get child support from a man who is blood type A. Can this man be the father of the woman's child based on these data?

Yes

Somatic Cell

all cells except gamete producing cells •Typical somatic cells each contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs of chromosomes) •22 pairs of autosomes plus one pair of sex chromosomes •Chromosomes of the same pair type are said to be homologous chromosomes.

Which gene below has been implicated in Burkitt's Lymphoma?

c-myc

Metastatic

cancer cells spread and establish secondary tumors in other sites in the body

Tumor

distinct mass of abnormal cells that do not have normal controls on cell division

Angiogenesis

growth of new blood vessels

Amnion

inner membrane surrounding embryo

G1/S checkpoint

monitors for proper cell size and undamaged DNA

Haploinsufficiency

occurs when a diploid organism has the loss of function of one copy of a gene and is left with only one functional copy of a gene and this functional copy does not produce enough of the gene product to exhibit the wild-type phenotype One example of this is Bloom Syndrome

Chorion

outer membrane surrounding embryo

Which gene acts like a "fork in the road" in determining whether a cell is repaired or programmed for cell death?

p53

Metastasis

the ability to move and establish tumors at remote sites in the body.

Anaplasia

the structure and function of the cancer cells is undifferentiated compared to normal cells within the same tissue.

Hyperplasia

the uncontrolled cell division with cells that are immortal and invasive

APC

tumor suppressor gene

CDKN2A

tumor suppressor gene

NF1

tumor suppressor gene

P53

tumor suppressor gene

DNA ______________________ the histones before transcription occurs.

unwinds from

How Much DNA is in the Human Body?

~100 trillion meters of DNA.

Cystic Fibrosis

•Autosomal Recessive mutation •Causes thick mucus to accumulate in lungs leading to respiratory infections and breathing difficulties •Gene on Chromosome # 7

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Blue Sclerotic Syndrome

•Dominant mutation •Variable effects including multiple bone fractures and limited mobility

Benign

•abnormal cells remain localized and do not invade surrounding tissue

Malignant

•cancer cells invade surrounding tissue

G2/M checkpoint

•holds up cycle until replication and DNA repair are complete

M checkpoint

•proper spindle formation and attachment

Monosomic

This problem refers to the MN and ABO loci mentioned in class. It also refers to the Rh locus, which is responsible for the positive/negative part of the blood type. The Rh+ allele is dominant to the Rh- allele at this locus. Select all couples who could be the parents of a child with phenotype MN, AB- based on the phenotypes at these three loci. If none of these couples could be the parents of this child, select "None of These". a. Mother Type MN, O+ and Father Type MN, A- b. Mother Type MN, B+ and Father Type N, O+ c. Mother Type MN, AB- and Father Type M, O- d. Mother Type M, A+ and Father Type N, B-

Mother Type M, A+ and Father Type N, B-

Mother Type M, A+ and Father Type N, B-, Mother Type MN, AB- and Father Type M, O-, Mother Type MN, O+ and Father Type MN, A-

This problem refers to the MN and ABO loci mentioned in class. It also refers to the Rh locus, which is responsible for the positive/negative part of the blood type. The Rh+ allele is dominant to the Rh- allele at this locus. Select all couples who could be the parents of a child with phenotype MN, O- based on the phenotypes at these three loci. If none of these couples could be the parents of this child, select "None of These". Select one or more: a. Mother Type MN, AB- and Father Type M, O- b. Mother Type M, A+ and Father Type N, B- c. Mother Type MN, B+ and Father Type N, O+ d. None of These e. Mother Type MN, O+ and Father Type MN, A-

Mother Type M, A+ and Father Type N, B-, Mother Type MN, B+ and Father Type N, O+, Mother Type MN, O+ and Father Type MN, A-

This problem refers to the MN and ABO loci mentioned in class. It also refers to the Rh locus, which is responsible for the positive/negative part of the blood type. The Rh+ allele is dominant to the Rh- allele at this locus. Select all couples who could be the parents of a child with phenotype M, B- based on the phenotypes at these three loci. If none of these couples could be the parents of this child, select "None of These". Select one or more: a. Mother Type MN, AB- and Father Type M, O- b. None of These c. Mother Type MN, B+ and Father Type N, O+ d. Mother Type MN, O+ and Father Type MN, A- e. Mother Type M, A+ and Father Type N, B-

Mother Type MN, AB- and Father Type M, O-

Mother Type MN, B+ and Father Type N, O+, Mother Type MN, O+ and Father Type MN, A-

This problem refers to the MN and ABO loci mentioned in class. It also refers to the Rh locus, which is responsible for the positive/negative part of the blood type. The Rh+ allele is dominant to the Rh- allele at this locus. Select all couples who could be the parents of a child with phenotype N, A- based on the phenotypes at these three loci. If none of these couples could be the parents of this child, select "None of These". Select one or more: a. Mother Type M, A+ and Father Type N, B- b. None of These c. Mother Type MN, O+ and Father Type MN, A- d. Mother Type MN, AB- and Father Type M, O- e. Mother Type MN, B+ and Father Type N, O+

Mother Type MN, O+ and Father Type MN, A-

Is the inheritance pattern indicated by the shaded symbol in this pedigree consistent with the inheritance pattern of an X-linked recessive characteristic?

Assume that the loci are all independent and that the allele represented by the upper case letter is completely dominant to the allele represented by the lower case letter. Assume that there is no epistasis. Referring to the cross: AaBbCcDd x AaBbCCDd What is the probability that the first child from this union will be heterozygous for all loci? Write your answer in numerical form rounded properly to four decimal digits. Do not give your answer as a fraction or percentage.

0.0625 (make P squares for all four and write the % that they are heterozygous. multiply them all together)

Assume that the loci are all independent and that the allele represented by the upper case letter is completely dominant to the allele represented by the lower case letter. Assume that there is no epistasis. Referring to the cross: AaBbCcDd x AAbbCcDd What is the probability that the first child from this union will display the dominant phenotype for all loci? Write your answer in numerical form rounded properly to four decimal digits. Do not give your answer as a fraction or percentage.

0.2813 (make P squares for all four and write the % that the dominant gene is present. multiply them all together)

A population was scored for the MN blood type locus. There were 94 Type M, 388 Type MN, and 246 Type N individuals in the population. Calculate the frequency of the M allele in this population.Round your answer properly to four decimal digits.

0.3956 ([(2x94)+388]/[2x728])

A population was scored for the MN locus with the following results: 25% are Type M, 60% are Type MN and 15% are Type N. What is the frequency of the M allele in this population?

0.55 ([(2x25)+60]/[2x100])

How many different gametes are possible from an individual of genotype AAbbCCdd

Tongue rolling ability is conferred by the presence of a dominant R allele. Nonrollers are genotype rr. A class of Genetics students consists of 299 rollers and 48 nonrollers. Assume that this population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this locus. Please round all answers correctly to 4 decimal digits. 1. What is the frequency of the r allele? 2. What is the frequency of the R allele? 3. How many people in the class are expected to be heterozygous for this locus? Round your answer to 4 decimal digits. Do not round to a whole number.

1. 0.3719 ( We know the frequency of the rr allele [48/347] which equals q^2. So, find the square root of q^2 and then you have the frequency of the r allele.) 2. 0.6281 ( q+p= 1. So, take the frequency of the r allele [q], and subtract it from 1, and you get p [the frequency of the R allele].) 3. 162.1163 ( Expected frequency of heterozygotes are 2pq. so 2x0.3719x0.6281= 0.46718078. To find the number of people, you take 2pq(total population)

Assume that there is complete dominance and complete penetrance at each locus and that epistasis does not occur. (These are the same conditions we used in class). Write your answers in numeric form (not in words). Referring to the cross DdFFGghhRrTt x DDffGgHhRRTt: 1. How many different gametes does the DdFFGghhRrTt parent produce? 2. How many different genotypes are found among the progeny of this cross? 3. How many different phenotypes are found among the progeny of this cross? 4. What is the probability that the first offspring from this cross will show the dominant phenotype for all loci? (Type in as a decimal and round to 6 digits.) 5. What is the probability that the first offspring from this cross will be heterozygous for all loci? (Type in as a decimal and round to 6 decimal digits.) 6. What is the probability that the first offspring from this cross will be a son with genotype DDFfGghhRrTt? (Type in as a decimal and round to 6 decimal digits).

1. 16 2. 72 3. 8 4. 0.28125 5. 0.03125 6. 0.015625

The coding strand of a normal and a mutant DNA sequence are shown below: Normal: 5' - C G G A T G G C G C G T T G A A C G T A T T A A A T A A G C - 3' Mutant: 5' - C G G A T G G C G G T T G A A C G T A T T A A A T A A G C - 3' 1. The mutation can be described as a 2. The mutation can be described as a(n) 3. Give the one letter abbreviation for the amino acids in the normal sequence. Write only the abbreviations for the amino acids from amino to carboxyl end and do not put any spaces between the letters so Moodle will grade it properly. 4. Give the one letter abbreviation for the amino acids in the mutant sequence. Write only the abbreviations for the amino acids from amino to carboxyl end and do not put any spaces between the letters so Moodle will grade it properly. 5. At the protein level, this mutation can best be described as a

1. Frameshift 2. Deletion 3. MAR (once it codes to stop, STOP) 4. MAVERIK 5. Readthrough

The coding strand of a normal and a mutant DNA sequence are shown below: Normal: 5' - C A A A T G A C T A A A T G G C T G A C A G C A T A A - 3' Mutant: 5' - C A A A T G A C T A A T G G C T G A C A G C A T A A - 3' 1. The mutation can be described as a 2. The mutation can be described as a(n) 3. Give the one letter abbreviation for the amino acids in the normal sequence. Write only the abbreviations for the amino acids from amino to carboxyl end and do not put any spaces between the letters so Moodle will grade it properly. 4. Give the one letter abbreviation for the amino acids in the mutant sequence. Write only the abbreviations for the amino acids from amino to carboxyl end and do not put any spaces between the letters so Moodle will grade it properly. 5. At the protein level, this mutation can best be described as a

1. Frameshift 2. Deletion 3. MTKWLTA 4. MTNG 5. Nonsense

Shaded individuals in this pedigree have an X-linked genetic disorder that causes green toenails. Individuals who are not shaded have the normal clear toenails. Please answer the following questions regarding this pedigree. Assume that a capital "G" represents the dominant allele and that a lower case "g" represents the recessive allele. 1. Which allele is dominant? 2. The pedigree identity numbers of the identical twins are 3. The genotype of individual I-4 is 4. The genotype of individual II-6 is 5. What is the probability that the next child from the marriage of II-2 x II-3 will have be a son with green toenails? 6. Supposed individuals III-1 and III-5 marry and have children. What is the probability that their first child will be a daughter with green toenails?

1. Greeb 2. III-6 and III-7 3. gg 4. GY 5. 1/4 6. 1/2

Refer to the biochemical pathway below for this question. Note that "Enz" stands for enzyme. The allele represented by the capital letter is dominant for each gene. Individuals with the normal phenotype produce the end product for this biochemical pathway. Mutant individuals do not produce the end product. Classify each genotype as to whether it results in a "Normal" or a "Mutant" phenotype. 1. Genotype bbeegg 2. Genotype BBEEGG 3. Genotype BbEeGg 4. Genotype BBEegg 5. Which enzyme(s) will an individual of genotype BbeeGG produce? Select the best answer.

1. Mutant 2. Normal 3. Normal 4. Mutant 5. Enzymes B and G are produced

The coding strand of a normal and a mutant DNA sequence are shown below: Normal: 5' - T T A A T G G C C A A T G A C T A C T G A A A - 3' Mutant: 5' - T T A A T G G C C A A T G A T T A C T G A A A - 3' 1. The mutation can be described as a 2. The mutation can be described as a(n) 3. Give the one letter abbreviation for the amino acids in the normal sequence. Write only the abbreviations for the amino acids from amino to carboxyl end and do not put any spaces between the letters so Moodle will grade it properly. 4. Give the one letter abbreviation for the amino acids in the mutant sequence. Write only the abbreviations for the amino acids from amino to carboxyl end and do not put any spaces between the letters so Moodle will grade it properly. 5. At the protein level, this mutation can best be described as a

1. Point 2. Transition 3. MANDY 4. MANDY 5. Silent

The coding strand of a normal and a mutant DNA sequence are shown below: Normal: 5' - C C A A T G A T T A A C A C G T A T T A G A A - 3' Mutant: 5' - C C A A T G A T T A A G A C G T A T T A G A A - 3' 1. The mutation can be described as a 2. The mutation can be described as a(n) 3. Give the one letter abbreviation for the amino acids in the normal sequence. Write only the abbreviations for the amino acids from amino to carboxyl end and do not put any spaces between the letters so Moodle will grade it properly. 4. Give the one letter abbreviation for the amino acids in the mutant sequence. Write only the abbreviations for the amino acids from amino to carboxyl end and do not put any spaces between the letters so Moodle will grade it properly. 5. At the protein level, this mutation can best be described as a

1. Point 2. Transversion 3. MINTY 4. MIKTY 5. Missense

The diagram below shows three genetic loci. Please answer the following questions about these three genes. Mark each as true or false. 1. The A/a and B/b loci assort independently. 2. The A/a and G/g loci assort independently. 3. The B/b and G/g loci assort independently. Mark each gamete type as either parental or recombinant. 4. ABg 5. AbG 6. ABG 7. abg

1. True 2. False 3. True 4. Parental 5. Recombinant 6. Recombinant 7. Recombinant

Shaded individuals in this pedigree have an autosomal genetic disorder that causes black teeth. Individuals who are not shaded have the normal white teeth. Please answer the following questions regarding this pedigree. Assume that a capital "B" represents the dominant allele and that a lower case "b" represents the recessive allele. 1. Which allele is dominant? 2. The twins in this pedigree are 3. Which are the pedigree identity numbers of the two related individuals who are parents of a daughter? 4. The genotype of individual I-4 is 5. The phenotype of individual II-5 is 6. What is the probability that individual II-1 is heterozygous? 7. What is the probability that the next child from the marriage of II-4 x II-5 will have black teeth? 8. Supposed individuals III-1 and III-4 marry and have children. What is the probability that their first child will be a son with white teeth?

1. White 2. Dizygotic 3. III-1and III-2 4. bb 5. White 6. 0.67 7. 1/2 8. 3/8

A genetic disorder is controlled by several genes. The effects of the alleles at these loci are additive. Assume that there is no environmental effect. For each locus, a capital letter in the genotype confers 4 units of risk. Each lower case letter confers 2 units of risk. Individuals with more than 25 risk units have the disorder. 1. Joseph has genotype Ee HH Nn Rr. Does Joseph have the disorder? 2. Janet has the genotype ee HH Nn rr. Does Janet have the disorder? 3. Joseph and Janet are the parents of a child. What is the maximum number of risk factors that could be present in this child? Give your answer in numerical form

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