genetics lab final
For this week's exercise, we will be using the _______ or similarity-based method of tree construction, specifically the ___________ algorithm.
-phenetic -nearest neighbor
The final step in the ELS program is to "develop" your gel so that the DNA fragments become visible. This technique uses a small amount of radioactive phosphorus and is called ____________.
autoradiography
A ______________ is produced by examining and comparing each nucleotide at each position across the sequences of a data set.
consensus sequence
A gain or loss of a nucleotide from a mRNA frequently results in a __________ mutation.
frameshift
In an X-linked Recessive trait, why are more males affected than females?
males need only one copy of the defective allele where females require two copies, one on each X chromosome.
Changes to nucleotides in the second position of codons most frequently results in ___________ mutations.
missense
The ability of one (1) amino acid to be coded by more than one (1) codon is best described by which concept?
the genetic code is degenerate
When using microsatellites as genetic markers, as we do in this lab exercise, it is easy to identify heterozygotes because they all show 2 bands.
true
The universal Start Codon is ______ and codes for the amino acid _____.
-AUG -Methionine
The Consensus Model of a Eukaryotic Gene contains what?
-Transcribed Region -Enhancer -TATA Box -Introns
The distance between the locus for tall (a) and the locus for red (b) is ______ map units?
10.9
A total of 424 offspring are produced. Some are red and some are blue. Given the cross that you made, you expected a ratio of 3 red : 1 blue. How many blue offspring did you expect from the 424 progeny?
106
In fruit flies, bristle shape is found to be incompletely dominant with wild being homozygous (+,+), mildly bent being heterozygous (+,b) and fully bent bristles being homozygous (b,b). For mandible size, wild type is heterozygous (+,m), short is homozygous (+,+) and long is homozygous (m,m). Assume that two mildly bristled, wild mandibled flies (standard F1 cross) are mated, how many of their 500 progeny would you expect to be mildly bristled, wild mandibled?
125
A fruitfly is found to have the genotype RRSsTtUuVvWW. How many different gamete genotypes could this fly produce?
16
In a recent survey of students in General Genetics, 102 identified themselves are female and 171 as male. Use Chi-Squared analysis to determine if this sample fits an expected ratio of 1:1. The Observed Chi-Squared calculated from these data is ____?
17.44
A fruitfly is found to have the genotype FFGGHhRR. How many different gamete genotypes could this fly produce?
2
In a recent survey of students in General Genetics, 99 identified themselves are female and 120 as male. Use Chi-Squared analysis to determine if this sample fits an expected ratio of 1:1. The Observed Chi-Squared calculated from these data is ____?
2.01
In fruit flies, bristle shape is found to be incompletely dominant with wild being homozygous (+,+), mildly bent being heterozygous (+,b) and fully bent bristles being homozygous (b,b). For mandible size, wild type is heterozygous (+,m), short is homozygous (+,+) and long is homozygous (m,m). Assume that two mildly bristled, wild mandibled flies (standard F1 cross) are mated, how many of their 432 progeny would you expect to be wild bristled, short mandibled?
27
____ is a "signature" ratio for the Recessive Lethal Mode of Inheritance.
2:1
Codons always consist of how many nucleotides?
3
In a typical Medical Pedigree, how many generations are documented?
3
A total of 428 offspring are produced. Some are red and some are blue. Given the cross that you made, you expected a ratio of 3 red : 1 blue. How many red offspring did you expect from the 428 progeny?
321
A fruitfly is found to have the genotype DdEeFF. How many different gamete genotypes could this fly produce?
4
In peas, Round seeds are dominant over Wrinkled, and Yellow is dominant over Green. A wrinkled, yellow (aaBb) plant is crossed with a round, yellow(AaBb) plant and a large number of offspring are produced. Given the results below, calculate the overall Chi-Squared (observed) value for these data. Hint: You will first need to determine the expected Phenotypic ratio for this cross. Choose the closest answer. Offspring Phenotypes 300 Wrinkled, Yellow 100 Wrinkled, Green 259 Round, Yellow 85 Round, Green
4.23
A total of 168 offspring are produced. Some are red and some are blue. Given the cross that you made, you expected a ratio of 3 red : 1 blue. How many blue offspring did you expect from the 168 progeny?
42
In fruit flies, bristle shape is found to be incompletely dominant with wild being homozygous (+,+), mildly bent being heterozygous (+,b) and fully bent bristles being homozygous (b,b). For eye color, orange is dominant over wild in a simple Mendelian fashion. Assume that two mildly bristled, orange eyed flies (standard F1 cross) are mated, how many of their 720 progeny would you expect to be bent bristled, wild eyed?
45
In a recent survey of students in General Genetics, 214 identified themselves are female and 168 as male. Use Chi-Squared analysis to determine if this sample fits an expected ratio of 1:1. The Observed Chi-Squared calculated from these data is ____?
5.54
In peas, Round seeds are dominant over Wrinkled, and Yellow is dominant over Green. A wrinkled, yellow (aaBb) plant is crossed with a round, yellow(AaBb) plant and a large number of offspring are produced. Given the results below, calculate the overall Chi-Squared (observed) value for these data. Hint: You will first need to determine the expected Phenotypic ratio for this cross. Choose the closest answer. Offspring Phenotypes 250 Wrinkled, Yellow 150 Wrinkled, Green 250 Round, Yellow 150 Round, Green
66.67
In peas, Round seeds are dominant over Wrinkled, and Yellow is dominant over Green. A wrinkled, yellow (aaBb) plant is crossed with a round, yellow(AaBb) plant and a large number of offspring are produced. Given the results below, calculate the overall Chi-Squared (observed) value for these data. Hint: You will first need to determine the expected Phenotypic ratio for this cross. Choose the closest answer. Offspring Phenotypes 799 Wrinkled, Yellow 221 Wrinkled, Green 816 Round, Yellow 132 Round, Green
68.67
In fruit flies, bristle shape is found to be incompletely dominant with wild being homozygous (+,+), mildly bent being heterozygous (+,b) and fully bent bristles being homozygous (b,b). For eye color, orange is dominant over wild in a simple Mendelian fashion. Assume that two mildly bristled, orange eyed flies (standard F1 cross) are mated, how many of their 592 progeny would you expect to be mildly bristled, wild eyed?
74
A fruitfly is found to have the genotype AABbCcDdEE. How many different gamete genotypes could this fly produce?
8
Fruit flies have a total of ______ chromosomes.
8
In Drosophila, Wild Eye (A) is dominant over Sepia Eye (a) while Wild Wing (B) is dominant over Rough Wing (b). In your exercise using the Electronic Fly Colony you select the following Parental PHENOTYPIC cross: Wild eye, Wild wing Male x Sepia eye, Rough wing Female. What would be the GENOTYPES of the parents used in this cross?
AABB male X aabb female, AaBb male X aabb female
The codon that generally indicates the start of a gene is _____.
ATG
___________ Ratios can be produced from two or more Segregation Ratios.
Assortment
_________ is the field of research that combines Genetics, Mathematics and Computer Science. One goal of this research is to identify genes and gene regions.
Bioinformatics
The scientific (genus species) name for the fruitfly (or red-eyed pomace fly) is?
Drosophila melanogaster
In this Laboratory we will be testing predictions derived from the ______ Hypothesis.
Mutation Buffering
________ are regions of a "gene" that remain in the final matured message.
Exons
Which of the following would NOT be considered a Stop codon?
TAT
____________ is the conversion of mRNA to Amino Acids.
Translation
The ____ Site is found at the start of an Inton and commonly contains the nucleotides GC.
donor
Fruit flies exhibit the Lygaeus Mode of Sex-determination. For each gender below, give the correct chromosome assignment. FEMALE ______ MALE ______
XX, XY
Aminoacyl synthetase is an enzyme involved in __________.
charging of tRNAs
Exercise 1 in this week's lab uses different starting crosses to examine the concept of __________.
configuration
What is the primary purpose for heating your samples prior to loading them to the gel?
denature the DNA into single strands
Phylogenetic "trees" are also know as phenograms and cladograms but the most general term for such graphs is _____________.
dendrograms
The Fly Colony module used this week has a major difference from the previous weeks. Once you select a F1 offspring to use as an F2 parent, the program automatically selects the other parent to be a __________ genotype. This choice assures that the expected final assortment ratio will always be 1:1:1:1.
dihybrid double recessive
The single cross that we will use throughout this laboratory to examine linkage is the ____________.
dihybrid recessive backcross
The last area that you should include in any scientific report is the ____________. This area is very important because it is where you describe in your own words how the observed results relate to what you expected the results to be. This area will be graded very carefully.
discussion/conclusion
___________ is a series of techniques by which biomolecules can be separated based on size, length, and/or shape.
electrophoresis
You will be using a new compute program this week, ELS, which stands for __________ ___________ __________.
electrophoresis learning system
Fruit flies have 6 pairs of chromosomes.
false
Linkage is considered to be a violation of Mendel's Principle of Segregation.
false
The DNA fragments used in this will exhibit a very simple mode of inheritance, which is Simple Mendelian.
false
The codon ATG signals the end of a transcriptional unit.
false
The cross that is the most useful for solving a 3-point mapping problem is the Dihybrid Recessive Backcross.
false
Relative to the sex chromosomes, human females are the _____________ gender.
homogametic
For the Medelian option, the Fly Colony program is designed so that the F1 progeny are all heterozygotes. This result simulates exactly what happens if we were crossing real flies and occurs because one Parent is _________ dominant while the other is selected to be _________ recessive.
homozygous/ homozygous
Mutations caused or induced by external factors, usually chemical or environmental are termed ________
induced mutations
The fragments of DNA we will be examining this week in lab will be separated based on fragment _____________.
length
Think about this weeks lab a little bit and in your own words, CONCISELY explain why it is so important to control the time of gel electrophoresis. Address it from the point of what might happen if the gel runs too short of a time versus too long of a time.
not enough resolution/separation of the band fragments if the gel runs too short making it difficult to interpret and 2. loss of data if bands are run off the end of the gel
All loci located on Chromosome pair _______ of fruit flies would exhibit sex-linked mode of inheritance.
one
Regions of genes that are actually transcripted are called ________.
open reading frames
The area of the written report where you are expected to fully describe how you set up your experiment is called the ___________.
protocol
Mendel's Second Principle describes the interactions between alleles at 2 different loci. This is the Principle of ______________?
segregation
An exchange of a purine for a purine or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine would be termed a ________ mutation.
transition
Replacement of a purine by a pyrimidine would be an example of a ________ mutation.
transversion
A somatic cell of a female fruit fly has 6 autosomes.
true
Acceptor Sites are found at the end of Introns and are commonly found to contain the nucleotides AG.
true
Chromosome pair 1 functions as the sex chromosome in fruit flies.
true
The Genotyping that we will be using in this exercise provides us with an example of how science can help solve a problem. Genotyping also provides us with another critical lesson, namely that ____________________. science is the ONLY valid way to search for "truth".
uncertainty exists in all scientific studies
The term HOLANDRIC refers to what type of inheritance?
y-linked