Genocide Final

5. Discuss the impact of colonialism in relation to genocide. How does colonization impact the countries in which it occurs? Are there similarities and differences between settler genocides which occur within one's own nation-state versus a colonized country abroad? Defend with examples, etc.

Cambodia - Canada - East Timor - Portuguese Rwanda - Belgium The others already were created by colonization

3. What are the 10 stages of genocide? Please use one case study to illustrate how each stage is carried out.

Classification 'Us vs. Them' mentality To prevent —> Create universalistic institutions that promote tolerance and understanding. Ex. The Catholic church in the Rwandan genocide. Symbolization Symbolizing people as "Jews" or "Gypsies" Does not lead to genocide unless they lead to dehumanization Stars that identified the type of Jews in Nazi camps Discrimination Use of laws, customs, and political power to deny rights of other groups Nuremberg Laws of 1935 in Nazi Germany stripped Jews from their german citizenship, prohibited employment by governments and universities Preventing: Give full political empowerment and citizenship rights for all groups in society. Outlawing discrimination on the basis of nationality, ethnicity, race or religion Dehumanization Denying the humanity of another group Ex. In Rwanda, Hutu referred to the Tutsi as "cockroaches" Preventing: Local and international leaders should condemn hate speech. Ban hate propaganda and hate radio stations. Organization Genocide is always organized either by the state using militia to deny state responsibility Preventing: Membership in militia should be outlawed. Bans on arms for countries involved in genocide massacres Polarization Forbiding intermarriage or social interaction Prevent Perpetrators' own group are most able to stop genocide. Extremist drive groups apart Security protection for moderate leaders or assistance to human rights groups. Preparation Prepare a militia with training, weapons with cloaking the intentions by referring to the genocide as "ethnic cleansing, purification, or counter terrorism." Make the population fear the victim group, "if we don't kill them, they will kill us." Prevent Arms ban that are enforced by commissions. Persecution Victims are identified and separated and may be forced to wear identifying symbols. Segregated victims into ghettos and concentration camps Prevent A Genocide Emergency must be declared at this stage If great powers, regional alliances, or the UNSC can be mobilized to intervene Extermination Begins quickly and is considered the "genocide." Armed forces work with militias to do killing Prevent: Only rapid and overwhelming armed intervention can stop the genocide Establishing "safe" areas or refugee escape corridors w/ heavily armed international protection Small genocide should be stopped by authorized acts by the UNSC If the UN can't intervene then a multilateral force Denial Final stage and an indicator of further genocidal massacres. Perpetrators dig mass graves Denial of committed and blame the victims. Prevent: Establishing a tribunal Ex. Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals or an international tribunal in Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. Deterring worst genocide killers.

8. What crimes are within the Rome Statute's jurisdiction? What states fall under the ICC's jurisdiction? How do cases fall under the jurisdiction? When answering this question, please make sure to discuss the various crimes and not just give the definitions. What makes these crimes, and this court, different from other international crimes and courts? What are the key elements of the Rome Statute one must consider in relation to jurisdiction and prosecution.

NO ONE!

10. What are the psychological elements that shape a societies reaction(s) to genocide. What elements help make it easier for a genocide to occur and what factors shape an individual's response to genocide. Use explicit examples. Include the various different ways a person can respond within the genocidal context.

-normal by mental health standards -the fact that the fiercest struggles often take place between individuals, groups, communities that differ very little - or between which the differences have greatly diminished (example: hutu vs. tutsi, protestant vs. catholics) -THE OTHER: Reinforcing the other through scape-goating- Reinforcing the other through propaganda- Reinforcing the other through ideology -innately superior, gifted by God or destiny, the bearers of a sole truth, or limitlessly capable, 1. Racial purity and racial superiority of Germans / Hutu 2. Nationalism and living space -HUMILIATION/DEHUMANIZATION -GERMANY EXAMPLE: Scapegoating: "Stab in the Back" Collective View of Germans: Strong, superior, and military powerful. Military and government had lied to the general population regarding the progress of World War I The loss seemed to be sudden and inexplicable Scapegoat was needed Jews: 1) Profound devaluation - language, stereotypes 2) Threat to racial purity 3) International conspiracy -STEREOTYPING -Perpetrators' psychological roots in childhood experiences of parental authoritarian and repression. BYSTANDERS - A person who is present at an event or incident but does not take part. For, as a crime of crimes, those directly involved, as either victim or agent will be a minority; since for every victim, there are many bystander. Bystanders need not be direct witness to nor necessarily not affected by perpetrators. INTERNAL BYSTANDERS - specific borders of a nation-state: individuals, organizations, institutions or the state itself. EXTERNAL BYSTANDERS - are outside the borders of the nation-state where the crime is committed: can include countries and the church. -Perpetrators sought to make all Hutu bystanders into perpetrators. Bystanders are often unaware of, or deny, the significance of events or the consequences of their behavior. RATIONALIZE RESISTANCE GROUPS - uprisings, smuggling children and people out, smuggling life saving documents and food into ghettos, secret documentation, example: hiding the jews, rwandans refused to kill tutsis -Paul Rusesabagina - heltered more than 1,200 Tutsis and moderate Hutus within the walls of the luxury hotel he managed in Kigali, while outside hundreds of thousands were murdered. He bribed Hutu soldiers and petitioned influential officials, risking his personal wellbeing in order to save lives.

1. What is the current definition of genocide? Please include the protected groups, and when the definition applies. How does this definition compare to other scholars versions of the definition? What are the advantages / disadvantages to using one definition over another? (500 to 1000 words). Is the current definition of genocide sufficient? Defend yes/no with explanation.

1) The current definition of Genocide is any of the following acts that are committed in times of peace, OR in time of war. Under the Genocide Convention, acts of genocide include a) killing members of the group. b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part. d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. These protected groups include: National, ethnic, racial or religious groups. When comparing Lemkin's version of genocide to the Conventions, the Convention tends to put more emphasis on the "biological and physical" destruction on groups, and less on the social destruction of a group. In defining the groups, however, the Convention does not specifically clarify what a "group" entails. The ICTR, however, defines a group as "any stable or permanent group" that can be accorded protection. The exclusion of political groups drew the attention of Lea Kuper (1981), and called upon political reasons being one of the main motivators behind an episode of genocide. Therefore, he contends "I believe a major omission to be in the exclusion of political groups from the list of groups protected." Another key distinction made when evaluating the definition of genocide came with Irving Horowitz' definition in 1976. In it, he claims "Genocide is a structural and systematic destruction of innocent people by a state bureaucratic apparatus." This was one of the first definitions of genocide that emphasized the role of the government within the definition. It was mentioned again in Jack Porter's definition in 1982. His definition, however, included not only mass murder, but "starvation, forced deportation, and political, economic and biological subjugation." This emphasized the social destruction of the genocide, and underscored the role of the lack of social order that creates the environment of a genocide. Helen Fein (1988), also emphasized the social deconstruction of a genocide. This definition focused on the suppression of "biological and social reproduction of the collectivitiy." Through the definition, this can be accomplished through the imposed prescription or restriction of reproduction of group members, increasing infant mortality and other related methods. Advantages/ Disadvantages - Include Genocide Convention definition and compare to other related definitions that may not include the specific groups. Also, keep in mind the social deconstruction of a genocide, and how those elements effect a genocide. Current Genocide definition efficient? Include the exclusion of political groups in your answer, and refer to Rwanda, Holocaust, East Timor and Cambodia.

7. What type(s) of justice can one expect after genocide? What transitional justice mechanisms are utilized in order to bring forth justice? Do you think these are effective/ineffective? Defend with concrete examples. (500 to 1000 words).

1. Rwanda and Yugoslavia are good examples of recognized genocide as they have been both recognized by the UN and have been offered multiple help benefits. One of these benefits are commissions that supervise that both those governments are incoordination with their treaties and abiding human rights. Another are the International criminal tribunals that try war leaders. 2. The Holocaust is a widely recognized genocide and the war leaders that were brought in front of the ICC were convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity, except for Albert Speer because he apologized. 3. Recognizing genocide happens in forms that include a sincere public apology, reparation to the community or the group that has been neglected. Organizations aimed at restoring refugees as a cause of genocide and those who are internally displaced are useful mechanism deployed in times of civil war and genocide. 4. Those who are denied the right to recognize a genocide that occurred against their group or people are incapable of talking about the genocide. Some countries see it as encouraging genocide mentality by talking about so talking of what happened is prohibited. Preceding genocide, countries try to deny that a genocide happened and use other terms such as ethnic cleansing and "we were being attacked".

4. Compare/Contrast the key rulings of the three major war crimes trials: Nuremberg, ICTY, and ICTR. How did each one advance our understanding of genocidal law and intent?

Compare/Contrast the key rulings of the three major war crimes trials: Nuremberg, ICTY, and ICTR. How did each one advance our understanding of genocidal law and intent? (500 to 1000 words). NUREMBERG The ruling behind the Nuremberg introduced the idea of Genocide to the international community. Before then, genocide had not been codified under international law. The closest idea of genocide was the 1945 London Charter of the International Military tribunal. This defined Crimes Against Humanity, in which: Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation and other inhumane acts done against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial or religion grounds..." The Nuremburg trials introduced a crime to which has never been prosecuted under the international court. The Nuremburg advanced our genocide understanding in this sense that genocides target specific groups. Defines curtains ACTS under genocide such as what is seen in the Genocide Convention. Finally, the Genocide Convention also includes the idea that genocide can happen in times of peace AND times of war. Genocidal intent was hard to prove in terms of the genocide convention. ICTY ICTY emphasized the need to prove intent in the international law. In order to convict genocide within the ICTY, "They must have sought to destroy a group entitled to the protections of the Genocide Convention. This tribunal SPECIFICALLY references the Genocide Convention in highlighted the perplexities within the codified definition of genocide. It writes, "Customary internal law limits the definition of genocide to those acts seeking the physical or biological destruction of all or part of the group." Overall, this tribunal emphasizes the need to prove intent beyond a reasonable doubt... Key point: ICTY introduced the idea of ethnic cleaning being considered a genocide. 1993 (UN) - ethnic cleansing might as well be considered genocide. ICJ CONFIRMED THIS. ICTR "It is possible to deduce the genocidal intent inherent in a particular act changed from the general context of the perpetration of other acts systematically directed against that same group.." This advanced the idea of intent in the definition of genocide. Think of the quote that she kept saying in class when learning about Rwanda. She noted that in a documentary, somebody asserted to the international community that what was happening in that country was undoubtedly a genocide, but the UN were still reluctant to intervene because they did not actually see it as a true genocide. In the documentary, somebody urged, "How many acts of genocide does it take in order for this to be considered a genocide?" Think about this and how this changed the level of proof that prosecutors began relying on for a proper prosecution...

6. Discuss the role of the international community post-Holocaust. Specifically, the actions and successes/failures of the United Nations and other individual countries that intervened or failed to intervene. Utilize at least three case studies to defend your answer.

Discuss the role of the international community post-Holocaust. Specifically, the actions and successes/failures of the United Nations and other individual countries that intervened or failed to intervene. Utilize at least three case studies to defend your answer. The judgments that were made at Nuremberg gave the international community impetus to intervene in a conflict within a country that was showing genocidal tendencies. This was Raphael Lemkin's biggest objective, and succeeded in the best way possible with the successful passage of the Genocide Convention. However, the idea of sovereignty that was put into place by the Treaty of Westphalia puts a lot of red tape around the discussion of possible intervention, and leaves countries hesitant to conduct any real operations in the event of a genocide. In this question, include the Treaty of Westphalia and include the complexities of respecting state sovereignty in the event of international intervention. Include cases such as Rwanda, Bosnia, and other related genocides that we have studied that did not receive a lot of outside help. Include the idea of countries failing to classify some of these episodes as genocides because they DO NOT WANT TO INTERVENE. By definition, as set forth by the Genocide Convention, Rwanda fit the definition of genocide in the worst way possible. Failing to classify it as a genocide was not a lack of consensus of interpretation, it was the lack of wanting to intervene and politics that impeded any real intervening efforts by the international community.

9. Which genocides have been recognized by the United Nations as actual genocides? How do we see this recognition? What elements do the recognized genocides have that non-recognized genocides do not? What impact does recognition have on genocide?

Rwanda and Yugoslavia are good examples of recognized genocide as they have been both recognized by the UN and have been offered multiple help benefits. One of these benefits are commissions that supervise that both those governments are incoordination with their treaties and abiding human rights. Another are the International criminal tribunals that try war leaders. 2. The Holocaust is a widely recognized genocide and the war leaders that were brought in front of the ICC were convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity, except for Albert Speer because he apologized. 3. Recognizing genocide happens in forms that include a sincere public apology, reparation to the community or the group that has been neglected. Organizations aimed at restoring refugees as a cause of genocide and those who are internally displaced are useful mechanism deployed in times of civil war and genocide. 4. Those who are denied the right to recognize a genocide that occurred against their group or people are incapable of talking about the genocide. Some countries see it as encouraging genocide mentality by talking about so talking of what happened is prohibited. Preceding genocide, countries try to deny that a genocide happened and use other terms such as ethnic cleansing and "we were being attacked".