Geo final: Chapters 1+2+11+12

The Northeast Fringe

A relatively obscure series of ethnic conflicts emerged in the 1980s in India's extreme northeast. Much of this area was not historically part of the South Asian cultural sphere, and many of its peoples want autonomy or independence. Northeastern India is relatively lightly populated and has attracted millions of migrants from Bangladesh and northern India. Many locals view this movement as a threat to their lands and culture. On several occasions, local guerillas have attacked newcomer villagers and, in turn, have suffered reprisals from the Indian military. Northeastern India is a remote area, and relatively little information from it reaches the outside world. After 2000, India's government began to invest more money in the region, hoping to reduce support for separatism. India is also eager to expand trade with Myanmar and has been working with the Myanmar government to secure the border zone. As a result of these initiatives, several rebel movements have signed cease-fires with the Indian government. By 2018, fighting had decreased significantly over the entire region, although tensions remain high. Tensions in the northeast complicate India's relations with Bangladesh. India accuses Bangladesh of giving separatists sanctuary on its side of the border and objects to continuing Bangladeshi emigration. As a result, the Indian government has almost completed building a 2500-mile (4000-km), $1.2 billion, fortified barrier along the border.

Buddhism

A religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, who was born in 563 BCE to an elite caste. He rejected the life of wealth and power and sought instead to attain enlightenment, or mystical union with the cosmos. He preached that the path to such "nirvana" was open to all, regardless of social position.

Jainism

A religious group in South Asia that emerged as a protest against orthodox Hinduism in the 6th century BCE. Jains are noted for their practice of nonviolence, which prohibits them from taking the life of any animal.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

local scale

A spatial scale that is essentially equivalent to a community. -example: small village in the Philippines

bioregion

A spatial unit or region of local plants and animals adapted to a specific environment such as a tropical savanna.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. primary function is to make loans to poor countries so that they can invest in infrastructure and build more modern economic foundations.

nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality; a territory which simultaneously bounds a nation and a state

Dravidian language family

A strictly South Asian language family that includes such important languages as Tamil and Telugu. Once spoken through most of the region, Dravidian languages are now largely limited to southern South Asia.

Green Revolution

A term applied to the development of new techniques, starting in the 1960s, that have transformed agriculture in India and many other developing countries; Green Revolution techniques usually involve the use of hybrid seeds that provide higher yields than native seeds when combined with high inputs of chemical fertilizer, irrigation, and pesticides.

Marxism

A term referring to the political philosophy developed by Karl Marx in the 1800s and based on the ideas of communism.

ideographic writing

A writing system in which each symbol represents not a sound but rather a concept.

The mountains of New Zealand were formed by the petrified bodies of four gods who got stranded on a canoeing trip to Earth. The Maori believe the mountains were formed from the petrified bodies of four gods stranded there after their canoe capsized.

According to Maori legend, how were the mountains of New Zealand formed?

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

"One Belt, One Road"

Also known as the "new Silk Road" initiative, this is a program that China is using to attempt to reorient global trade networks so that they focus on the Eurasian landmass rather than the Atlantic and Pacific ocean basins, a move that could have major geopolitical ramifications.

Contemporary Geography of Buddhism and Jainism

Although Buddhism virtually disappeared from India, it persisted in Sri Lanka. Among the island's dominant Sinhalese people, Theravada Buddhism developed into a national religion. Meanwhile, in the high valleys of the Himalayas, the Tibetan form of Buddhism emerged as the majority faith. The town of Dharamsala in the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh is the seat of Tibet's government-in-exile and of its spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, who fled Tibet in 1959 after an unsuccessful revolt. In the 1950s, a new Buddhist community emerged in central India. Led by B. R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of India's constitution, it is composed of Dalits who reject the caste discrimination viewed as central to Hinduism. This so-called Ambedkarite Buddhist movement continues to grow, and now counts more than 8 million followers. At roughly the same time as the birth of Buddhism (circa 500 bce), another religion emerged in northern India: Jainism. This religion took the creed of nonviolence to its ultimate extreme. Jains are forbidden to kill any living creatures, and the most devout wear gauze masks to prevent them from inhaling small insects. Jainism forbids agriculture because plowing can kill small creatures. As a result, most Jains looked to trade for their livelihoods and today form a relatively prosperous community concentrated in northwestern India.

Urban South Asia

Although South Asia remains largely rural, many of its cities are huge and growing quickly. India alone has more than 53 metropolitan areas with over 1 million inhabitants. Because of this rapid growth, South Asian cities have serious problems with homelessness, poverty, congestion, water shortages, air pollution, and sewage disposal. Throughout the region, sprawling squatter settlements, or bustees, are rapidly expanding, providing meager shelter for many migrants. Clean water and sanitation are major problems in urban slums throughout South Asia. Roughly half of India's city dwellers still do not have access to sewers or other modern sanitation facilities. In Bangladesh, a 2015 report claimed that the country's slum dwellers, those living without piped water or other basic amenities, had increased by 60% in the previous 17 years. Urban air pollution is another huge problem, resulting in an estimate 1.1 million early deaths in 2016 alone. Yet progress is being made; between 2000 and 2018, over 300 million Indians gained access to clean water.

Wildlife Protection

Although the environmental situation in South Asia is worrisome, wildlife protection inspires some optimism. The region has managed to retain a diverse assemblage of wildlife despite population pressure and intense poverty. The only remaining Asiatic lions, for example, live in India's Gujarat state; and even Bangladesh retains a viable population of tigers in the Sundarbans, the mangrove forests of the southern Ganges Delta. Wild elephants still roam several large reserves in India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. Extensive governmental intervention is needed to protect wildlife in South Asia. India's Project Tiger, which currently operates more than 53 preserves, is credited with saving the country's tiger population. India is now estimated to be home to more than 2200 wild tigers, representing some 60% of the global population. Maintaining tiger habitat, however, is never easy, as growing human populations seek to convert remaining wildlands to farmlands. Moreover, wild animals, particularly tigers and elephants, often threaten crops, livestock, and even people living near the reserves. When a rogue elephant herd ruins a crop or a tiger kills livestock, government agents are usually forced to destroy the animal.

Energy in South Asia

An adequate response to the challenge of climate change in South Asia will require major changes to the region's energy systems, which remain underdeveloped. Most recent energy investment goes toward fossil-fuel power plants. India mines more coal than any country except China, yet it still imports large quantities from Indonesia. Pakistan is just now beginning to tap into its massive coal deposits in the Thar Desert. Renewable energy, however, is now gaining ground. India is now the world's fourth largest producer of wind power and the seventh largest producer of solar power. According to current projections, more than two-thirds of India's new electricity installation will come from a mix of solar and wind generation by 2030. The construction of hydroelectric dams in the Himalayan region is also delivering increasing amounts of carbon-free power, although this creates other environmental problems.

Tasman Sea

An arm of the southern Pacific Ocean between southeastern Australia and New Zealand.

Laissez-faire

An economic system in which the state has minimal involvement and in which market forces largely guide economic activity.

water stress

An environmental planning tool used to predict areas that have or will have serious water problems based upon the per capita demand and supply of freshwater. -highest "" is North Africa, three-quarters of Africa's population will experience water shortages by 2025 and China, India, much of Southwest Asia, and even countries in Europe follow

Peters Projection

An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally.

Mongolia

An example of lush grasslands that characterize the natural steppe bioregion can be found in which of the following countries?

desert

An extremely dry area with little water and few plants -sparse rainfall

Urbanization

An increase in the % and in the number of people living in urban settlements. -54% of the world's pop lives in cities

Human Development Index (HDI)

An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, educational attainment, and life expectancy, and gender inequality.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. -Established in 1945 to save the world from another "save succeeding generations from the scourage of war" (51 nations currently 193) -Its Charter gives the SC primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security

Buddhism

Ancient India's caste system was challenged from within by Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, was born in 563 bce in an elite caste. He rejected the life of wealth and power, however, and sought instead to attain enlightenment, or mystical union with the universe. He preached that the path to such enlightenment (or nirvana) was open to all, regardless of social position. His followers eventually established Buddhism as a new religion. Buddhism spread throughout South Asia and later expanded into East, Southeast, and Central Asia (and is further discussed in Chapter 13). But in India, Buddhism essentially disappeared by 800 ce as its main ideas were reabsorbed back into Hinduism.

Indian Christians

Are more numerous than either Parsis or Jains. Their religion arrived some 1700 years ago as missionaries from Southwest Asia brought Christianity to India's southwestern coast. Today roughly 20% of the people of Kerala follow Christianity. Several Christian sects are represented, with the largest affiliated with the Syrian Christian Church of Southwest Asia. Another Christian stronghold is the small Indian state of Goa, a former Portuguese colony, where Roman Catholics make up roughly half of the population. During the colonial period, British missionaries went to great efforts to convert South Asians to Christianity. They had little success, however, in Hindu, Muslim, and Buddhist communities. The remote tribal districts of northeastern India proved receptive to missionary activity, and the states of Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram now have Christian majorities, with more than 75% of the people of Nagaland belonging to the Baptist Church.

The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak. Along mid-ocean ridges, new oceanic crust forms through volcanic activity. A rift forms as the seafloor New Zealand's South Island, these peaks run 500 km along the West Coast forming a dramatic spine down the island.

As Heezen and Tharp interpreted the ocean depth data, they identified what unusual feature that hinted at continental drift?

Environmental Issues

As is true in other poor and densely settled world regions, serious ecological issues plague South Asia, including the usual environmental problems of water and air pollution that accompany early industrialization. All countries in the region, however, are making major efforts to address the environmental crisis.

oceanic trench

At a convergent plate boundary where the denser oceanic crust is recycled back into the mantle a physical feature called a(n) "" is typical.

The Failure of Development in North Korea

At the end of the Korean War in 1953, North Korea had a higher level of development than South Korea. But as South Korea turned to export-led industrialization, North Korea remained devoted to a state-led economy that rejected globalization and failed to generate development. North Korea did maintain close economic relations with the Soviet Union, but when Soviet power collapsed in 1991, it experienced a severe blow. No longer able to afford sufficient fertilizer, North Korean agriculture sharply declined, leading to severe famines. In 2017, the UN Committee on Rights of the Child concluded that up to 40% of North Korean children are malnourished. The same committee also called on North Korea to end child labor practices and to quit discriminating against young people for the political "crimes" of the parents and other relatives. North Korea's government has made some efforts to enhance economic growth. In 2012, it legalized some private farming and marketing, enhancing its food security. Following China's lead, North Korea also opened a number of Special Economic Zones in which foreign firms, mostly South Korean and Chinese, produce goods for the world market using inexpensive local labor. North Korea has also attempted to bolster its economy by exporting workers to other countries. A 2015 UN report, however, claimed that many of these workers experience slavelike conditions in labor camps in China, Russia, and the Arabian Peninsula. Such economic initiatives have led to an emerging North Korean middle class, especially in Pyongyang. Modern housing units have been rising, and smuggling networks provide the new elite with products and information from the outside world. In 2016, the North Korean economy grew by almost 4%, its fastest rate of expansion in 17 years. Economic sanctions imposed by the UN in 2017, as a consequence of North Korean nuclear weapons and missile programs, hit the country hard, with some experts warning of an 80% drop in hard currency earnings. Whether such economic damage will prompt North Korea to negotiate with the United States and its other adversaries remains to be seen.

The Southern Islands

At the southern tip of peninsular India lies Sri Lanka. This island is ringed by extensive coastal plains and low hills, but mountains reaching more than 8000 feet (2400 meters) occupy the southern interior, providing a cool, moist climate. Because the main monsoon winds arrive from the southwest, that portion of the island is much wetter than the rain-shadow areas of the north and east. The Maldives, a chain of more than 1200 islands off the southwestern tip of India, has a combined area of only 116 square miles (290 square kilometers), and only one-quarter of the islands are inhabited. Like many South Pacific islands, the Maldives are low coral atolls, with a maximum elevation slightly more than 6 feet (2 meters) above sea level.

Hurricane Maria

Atmospheric heat imbalances between the equatorial zone and the midlatitudes produce massive tropical cyclones called typhoons in the Pacific and hurricanes in the Atlantic. Both are capable of widespread damage through high winds, coastal flooding from waves, and heavy rainfall. "" devastated the island of Puerto Rico in 2017, leaving this US territory without electricity for months.

What South Asian country is the poorest as evaluated by several development measures?

Bangladesh

tropical forests, deserts and grasslands, temperate forests, tundra. The equator lies at the center of the tropics, so tropical forests are first in this order, followed by deserts and grasslands, then temperate forests; tundra is associated with the cold polar regions.

Beginning at the equator and heading toward either the North or South Pole, which general pattern of bioregions is the most accurate?

Sahel

Belt south of the Sahara where it transitions into savanna across central Africa. It means literally 'coastland' in Arabic.

50%

Biologists estimate that habitat destruction and other changes are destroying several dozen species every day, resulting in an extinction rate that could see as much as "" of Earth's species gone by 2050---reducing Earth's genetic resources, w/ potentially disastrous results.

The Himalayan Countries

Both Nepal and Bhutan are disadvantaged by their rugged terrain and remote locations. Until recently, Bhutan remained purposely disconnected from the modern world economy, allowing its small population to live in a relatively pristine natural environment. Although it now allows direct international flights, cable television, and the Internet, Bhutan still charts its own course, emphasizing "gross national happiness" over economic growth. Bhutan has also invested heavily in hydropower dams and exports large amounts of electricity to India, boosting its economic growth. Nepal, on the other hand, is more heavily populated and suffers much more severe environmental degradation. Nepal has long relied heavily on international tourism, but its tourist industry has contracted due to political instability.

transform plate boundary

Boundary between two plates that are sliding past each other.

In the 1700s, European colonialists took advantage of political and military turmoil throughout South Asia. The most successful exploitation was by a private organization that acted as an arm of its government. What was the name of this organization?

British East India Company

China religion

Buddhism and Taoism as well as Confucianism

The Caste System

Caste is one of the historically unifying features of South Asia, as certain aspects of caste organization are found even among the region's Muslim and Christian populations. Caste is actually a rather clumsy term for a complex social order. It combines two distinct concepts: varna and jati. Varna refers to the ancient fourfold social hierarchy, which distinguishes the Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (merchants), and Sundras (farmers and craftspeople), in declining order of ritual purity. Standing outside this traditional order are the so-called untouchables, now called Dalits, whose ancestors held "impure" jobs, such as leather working or trash collection. Jati, on the other hand, refers to the hundreds of local endogamous ("marrying within") groups that exist at each varna level. Different jati groups are often called subcastes. India's caste system is in a state of flux today. Its original occupational structure has been undermined by the necessities of a modern economy, urbanization reduces the power of caste enforcers, and social reforms have chipped away at its inherent discrimination. The Dalit community itself has produced several notable national leaders who have waged partially successful political struggles. Owing to such efforts, the very concept of "untouchability" is illegal in India. India's central government also reserves a significant percentage of university seats and government jobs for applicants from low-caste backgrounds, while several Indian states have set higher quotas. Such "reservations," as they are called, are controversial, as many people believe they unfairly penalize people of higher-caste background. Despite such changes, caste remains an important feature of Indian social organization, and an estimated 90-95 % of marriages still occur within caste groups. Dalits continue to suffer from many forms of oppression, particularly in the poor, rural areas of north-central India. Radical Hindu activists also pressure Dalit communities by trying to coerce Christians and Muslims of Dalit backgrounds to reconvert to Hinduism.

-the drier zone north of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) Valley -the more humid region that includes the Yangtze and all areas to the south

China can be broadly divided into 2 main areas:

Environmental challenges

China suffers from some of the world's most severe air and water pollution while legislation in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan have resulted in environmental improvements

Criticism of the Chinese Economic Model

China's economic expansion has created tensions with several other countries, especially the United States. China exports far more to the United States than it imports, creating a trade imbalance. Foreign critics accuse China of unfairly keeping labor costs low and of enacting numerous barriers to imports. In early 2018, U.S. president Donald Trump harshly criticized Beijing for violating intellectual property rules and imposed tariffs on Chinese solar panels and washing machines. Such actions generated warnings about a possible trade war. Most experts, however, think that the interdependence of the Chinese and American economies makes such an occurrence unlikely. Many top U.S. firms, particularly those in the high-tech sector, are tightly tied to Chinese manufacturers though long-distance commodity chains. Critics also focus on the mistreatment of workers in Chinese factories. Employees in electronics plants are often exposed to hazardous chemicals and are sometimes forced to work overtime under harsh conditions without additional pay. The global labor-rights movement has organized major protests against Foxconn and Catcher Technologies, two Taiwan-based firms that manufacture iPads, iPhones, Kindles, and other U.S.-designed devices in Chinese factories. In 2014, a Hong Kong student group organized a large demonstration outside of Foxconn's local headquarters to publicize that fact that 14 of its employees had recently committed suicide, supposedly because of the brutal conditions in its factories. Another concern is the lack of political freedom in China. Opponents of the government still face imprisonment, and freedom of the press is highly limited. Reporters Without Borders, a global organization that advocates freedom of the press, rates China as one of the world's 12 "enemies of the Internet." Such sites as Google, Facebook, YouTube, and the New York Times are banned, although savvy Chinse Internet users know how to get around the so-called Great Firewall of China. Intellectual freedom in Chinese universities has been curtailed in recent years as the government reemphasizes Marxism. In 2017, Chinese censors went so far as to ban images of Winnie the Pooh after local bloggers started to use the fictional bear to poke fun at president Xi.

Three Gorges Dam in China

China's gov has been trying to control the Yangtze for two reasons: prevent floods and to generate electricity - Built a series of large dams, the largest off which is a massive structure in the Three Gorges area, completed in 2006. -$39 billion structure is the world's largest hydroelectric dam, forming a reservoir 350 miles long -jeopardized several endangered species (Yangtze River dolphin), flooded a major scenic attraction, and displaced more than 1 million people - The dam generates large amounts of relatively clean electricity, supplying 1.7% of China's demand -accor. to gov, it prevents the release of roughly 100 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere annually -environmentalists think that the costs exceed the benefits -Gov officials disagree, the dam prevented flooding during drenching rain in July 2016 -reduced power generation, additional coal burning

population pressures. In some areas of the world, such as Mexico City, water systems are buckling under the pressure to supply millions of people with freshwater every day.

Chronic water shortages today are mainly caused by __________.

shape of the projection surface

Classes of map projections are based on the ___________________.

maritime climate

Climate moderated by proximity to oceans or large seas. It is usually cool, cloudy, and wet, and lacks the temperature extremes of continental climates. -island countries of Southwest Asia and the British Isles in Europe

caste system

Complex division of South Asian society into different hierarchically ranked hereditary groups. Most explicit in Hindu society, the caste system is also found in other South Asian cultures to a lesser degree.

Weather vs. Climate

Daily atmospheric conditions (temp and precip) what you get vs long term atmospheric conditions what you expect

Decentralization

Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization's hierarchy.

The Chinese Territorial Domain

Despite its inability to regain Taiwan, China has successfully retained most of the territories that the Manchus controlled. In the case of Tibet, this has required considerable force. Resistance by the Tibetans compelled China to launch a full-scale invasion in 1959. The Tibetans, however, continue to struggle for real autonomy, as they fear that the Han Chinese now moving to Tibet will eventually outnumber them and undermine their culture. The postwar Chinese government also retained control over Xinjiang in the northwest as well as Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol), a vast territory stretching along the Mongolian border. Like Tibet, Nei Mongol and Xinjiang are classified as autonomous regions. The native peoples of Xinjiang are asserting their religious and ethnic identities, and separatist attitudes are common. Most Han Chinese, however, see Nei Mongol and Xinjiang as integral parts of their country and regard any talk of independence as treasonous. One territorial issue was finally resolved when China reclaimed Hong Kong from Britain. As Chinese relations with the outer world opened in the 1980s, Britain decided to honor its treaty provisions and return Hong Kong to China. China, in turn, promised that Hong Kong would become a special administrative region, retaining its fully capitalist economic system for at least 50 years under the "one country, two systems" model. Many civil liberties not enjoyed in China itself remain protected in Hong Kong. Despite Hong Kong's autonomy, China's government continues to intervene in its affairs, angering many of its people. Beijing's interference in Hong Kong's local elections in 2014 generated a massive student-led protest movement. Hong Kongers are also concerned about the lack of affordable housing and the high cost of living, with many blaming such problems on Beijing. Tensions mounted in 2017 when the Chinese government announced plans to build a high-speed rail line into Hong Kong that would feature an immigration checkpoint—not on the border, but in the heart of the city. The young people of Hong Kong are evidently losing faith in the "one country, two systems" model, and some have engaged in heated protests and even riots. According to a 2017 poll, 94% of local residents between the ages of 18 and 29 primarily identify as "Hong Konger," whereas only 3% think of themselves mainly as "Chinese."

Social Conditions in China

Despite pockets of persistent poverty, China has made significant progress in social development. Since coming to power in 1949, the communist government made large investments in medical care and education, and today China has impressive health and longevity figures. The illiteracy rate remains higher than those of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, but because almost all children attend elementary school, full literacy is in sight. With 34 million more men than women now in China, one pressing social issue is the gender imbalance. This gap reflects the cultural practice of honoring ancestors; because family lines are traced through male offspring, only a male heir can maintain the family's lineage. One result has been illegal gender-selective abortion; if ultrasound reveals a female fetus, the pregnancy is sometimes terminated. Poor couples sometimes abandon baby girls, and young boys are occasionally kidnapped and sold to wealthy couples without a son. But the government is increasingly taking action, sentencing to death a doctor who sold seven infants to human traffickers in 2014. As a result, China's sex ratio at birth has dropped from 121 boys for every 100 girls in 2005 to 114 boys to 100 girls in 2015. Northeastern China, however, has seen little change on this front. Women historically occupied a low position in Chinese society, as is true in most other civilizations. In the 20th century, both the nationalist and the communist governments sought to equalize the relations between the sexes, and the rate of female participation in the Chinese workforce is relatively high. But as is still true across East Asia, few women achieve positions of power in either business or government. According to the 2016 Global Gender Gap Report, China ranks 99th out of 144 countries in regard to the social position of women, whereas South Korea and Japan placed lower still, in the 114th and 111th positions respectively.

sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

cultural imperialism

Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy that encourages cultural assimilation of neighboring foreign peoples or by economic or technological superiority.

As a legacy of British colonialism in India, most national-level communication is conducted in English. Which of the following language families is one of the non-English languages of India?

Dravidian Tibeto-Burman Indo-European Austro-Asiatic Not: Semitic

Patagonia

Dry plateau region found in southern Argentina.

The China Question

During the global Cold War, Pakistan allied itself with the United States, while India leaned slightly toward the Soviet Union. Such alliances began to fall apart with the end of the superpower conflict in the early 1990s. Since then, Pakistan has moved closer to China, while India has done the same with the United States. China's military connection with Pakistan is rooted in its own tensions with India. In 1962, China defeated India in a brief war, gaining control over the virtually uninhabited territory of Aksai Chin in northern Kashmir. The fact that China claims the entire northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh helps ensure that relations between the two massive countries remain frosty. In 2017, conflict intensified when Indian troops stopped a Chinese construction project in a highland area claimed by both China and Bhutan. India is also concerned about China's development of ports around the Indian Ocean, which potentially could be used as naval bases. A particular worry is Pakistan's massive new port of Gwadar, constructed, financed, and managed by Chinese firms. India is also concerned about rising Chinese influence in Nepal. Tensions between India and Chine eased a little in early 2018, when the leaders of the two countries met to discuss geopolitical and economic issues. But India has also been slowly developing military relations with other countries. In 2017, it joined the United States, Japan, and Australia in reinitiating the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue. The "Quad," as this informal alliance is called, seeks to promote and defend an "Asian arc of democracy."

-Sub-Saharan Africa - North Africa -South-West Asia South Asia

Earth has more than 7.5 billion people with a forecasting increase to 9.8 billion in 2050 taking place in "", "", "", and "".

US

East Asia is situated in the same general latitudinal range as the "", extends farther north and south

novel ecosystems

Ecosystems completely new to Earth that are a result of human activity, urbanization, and industrialization.

renewable energy

Energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro, that are replenished by nature at a faster rate than they are used or consumed and generally have a low environmental impact. -10% of the world is powered on this energy -"clean" no GHG emissions resulting from usage

orographic rainfall

Enhanced precipitation over uplands that results from lifting (and cooling) of air masses as they are forced over mountains.

Sri Lanka

Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka stems from both religious and linguistic differences. Northern Sri Lanka is dominated by Hindu Tamils, whereas the island's majority group is Buddhist in religion and Sinhalese in language. Relations between the two communities historically have been fairly good, but tensions mounted after independence. Sinhalese nationalists have favored a centralized government, with some calling for an officially Buddhist state. Most Tamils want political and cultural autonomy and have accused the government of discriminating against them. In 1983, war erupted when the rebel force informally known as the "Tamil Tigers" attacked the Sri Lankan army. By the 1990s, most of northern Sri Lanka was under the control of Tamil rebels. In 2007, Sri Lanka's government abandoned negotiations and launched an all-out offensive, crushing the rebel army and killing its leaders. Afterward, more than 100,000 Sri Lankan troops, almost entirely Sinhalese, were stationed in the Tamil areas. Local residents have complained bitterly that the military has grabbed land for itself, often to develop it for tourism. In early 2018, however, Sri Lanka announced that it would reduce its number of military camps in the former rebel stronghold from 17 to 3 and return the lands back to their former owners.

Alps

Europe's Largest Mountain system

interactivity + connectivity

Even though geographers may work at different scales, they never lose sight of the "" and "" among local, regional, and global scales.

Physical geography

Examines climate, landforms, soils, vegetation, and hydrology

Peninsular India

Extending southward from the river lowlands is peninsular India, made up primarily of the Deccan Plateau, which is bordered on each side by narrow coastal plains backed by north-south mountain ranges. The higher Western Ghats are generally about 5000 feet (1500 meters) in elevation, while the Eastern Ghats are lower and less continuous. On both coastal plains, fertile soils and adequate rainfall support population densities comparable to those of the Ganges lowland to the north. Soil quality ranges from fair to poor over much of the Deccan Plateau; but in the state of Maharashtra, lava flows have produced particularly fertile black soils. Unfortunately, the semiarid western portion of the plateau does not provide reliable rainfall for agriculture.

Kyoto Protocol

Following the minimal success of the Rio Convention signers to reduce their atmospheric emissions, a more formal international agreement came from a 1997 meeting in Kyoto, Japan at which 30 Western industrialized countries agreed to cut their emissions to 1990 levels by 2012. -Had the force of international law, with penalties for those countries not reaching their emission reduction targets. -Failed to live up to expectations, US did not join despite being the world's largest polluter. -Did not place emission limits on booming developing economies like China (China overtook the US as the world's largest GHG emitter in 2008) -extended to the end of 2015, due to slow negotiations on its successor agreement

Forests and Deforestation

Forests and woodlands once covered most of South Asia outside of the northwestern deserts; but in most places, tree cover has disappeared as a result of human activities. The Ganges Valley and coastal plains of India were largely deforested thousands of years ago for agriculture. More recently, hill slopes in the Himalayas and in the remote lands of eastern India have been heavily logged for commercial purposes. Beginning in the 1970s, India embarked on several reforestation projects. The central government claims that India's forest coverage actually increased by 2266 square miles (5871 square kilometers) in the early 2000s, but most Indian environmentalists are skeptical, pointing out that many existing forests are being degraded. Reforested areas in India, moreover, are often covered by nonnative trees like eucalyptus that support little wildlife. As a result of deforestation, most villages of South Asia suffer from a shortage of fuelwood for household cooking, forcing people to burn dung cakes from cattle. This low-grade fuel provides adequate heat but diverts nutrients that could be used as fertilizers, and produces high levels of air pollution, both indoors and outside. Where wood is available, collecting it involves many hours of female labor, as the remaining sources of wood are often far from the villages. Villagers in India's forested areas are increasingly banding together to protest deforestation and to demand their own rights to land and resources in wooded areas.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Formed as an outgrowth of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995, the WTO is a large collection of member states dedicated to reducing global barriers to trade. The WTO currently includes 164 countries.

convergent plate boundaries

Formed when two lithospheric plates move toward each other. The nature depends on the type of plates that are converging.

Kolkata

Formerly Calcutta, symbolizes the problems faced by rapidly growing cities in developing countries. About 1 million people here sleep on the streets every night. And with approximately 15 million people in its metropolitan area, Kolkata falls far short of supplying the rest of its residents with water, electricity, and sewage treatment. Power is woefully inadequate, and during the wet season many streets are routinely flooded. With rapid growth as migrants pour in from the countryside, a mixed Hindu-Muslim population that generates ethnic tension, a decayed economic base, and an overloaded infrastructure, Kolkata faces a troubled future. Yet it remains a culturally vibrant city, noted for its fine educational institutions, theaters, and publishing firms. Kolkata is currently trying to nurture an information technology industry, but the success of this effort remains to be seen.

Mumbai

Formerly called Bombay, Mumbai is India's financial, industrial, and commercial center. The city itself contains roughly 14 million people, while its metropolitan area is home to as many as 22 million. Mumbai is responsible for much of India's foreign trade, has long been a manufacturing center, and is the focus of India's film industry. This economic vitality draws people from all over India, resulting in simmering ethnic tensions. Limited space means that most of Mumbai's growth extends to the north and east of the historic city. Building restrictions in the downtown area have led to skyrocketing commercial and residential rents, which are some of the highest in the world. Hundreds of thousands of less-fortunate immigrants live in "hutments," crude shelters built on formerly busy sidewalks. The least fortunate sleep on the street or in simple plastic tents, often placed along busy roadways. The Mumbai Metro, an ambitious rapid-transit system scheduled for completion in 2021, promises improved access across the sprawling city.

Grameen Bank

Founded by Muhammad Yunus to provide very small loans to poor individuals, particularly women.

China on the Global Stage

From 2000 through 2017, China's military budget grew at an average annual rate of about 10%. Although China's military spending is only about a third of U.S. military expenditure, it is more than triple that of Russia, the world's third highest military spender. In 2017, China established its first overseas military base in strategically located Djibouti near the entry to the Red Sea. Concerned about China's growing strength, South Korea and Japan have been eager to maintain close military ties with the United States, although many people in both countries oppose such relations. Currently, some 35,000 U.S. troops are stationed in Japan, with another 28,000 in South Korea. China is also seeking to develop its "soft," or nonmilitary, power on the global stage. In 2013, it announced the formation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank to serve as a counterweight to the Western-dominated World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The United States opposes the expansion of this Chinese-led bank and expressed disappointment when major Western European countries announced that they would participate in its activities. China has also invested heavily in port facilities around the Indian Ocean in Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, and especially Pakistan. Possible Chinese interference in the internal affairs of other countries, a practice sometimes described as "sharp power," has caused concern. In 2017, Australia accused China of meddling in its electoral politics, universities, and publishing industries, and Germany advanced similar claims. Some foreign leaders also point to the growing personal power of Chinese leader Xi Jinping. In 2017, Beijing officially elevated Xi to the same position as the country's founder, Mao Zedong. Xi's views now reign supreme in China's government, schools, and media, and criticism of his ideas is illegal. However one views its influence, China is now clearly a major force in global politics. Chinese leaders insist that their aims are peaceful attempts to bolster international trade and the global economy, and they point to their efforts to mediate disputes between Burma and Bangladesh as well as Pakistan and Afghanistan. They also express their own concerns about United States and other Western countries meddling in Chinese internal affairs, especially in regard to human rights issues and the situation in Tibet. Foreign critics, however, argue that China's military actions in the South China Sea indicates a more aggressive approach to global geopolitics.

tropics Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn

From the equator, parallels latitude are used to mathematically define the "": The "" of "" at 23.5 degrees N and the "" of "" at 23.5 degrees S denote where the Sun is directly overhead at noon on the solar solstices in June and December.

Gross National Income (GNI)

GDP + net income from outside a country's borders through trade and other forms of investment

Physical and human geography

Geography can be broken into 2 complementary pursuits: "" and ""

history, Historians

Geography can be compared to "": """ describe and explain what has happened over time, whereas geographers describe and explain the world's spatial dimensions aka how it differs from place to place

regions

Geography organizes info about the world into units of spatial similarity -each a contiguous bounded territory that shares one or many common characteristics -spatial shorthand that provides an area with some signature characteristic that sets it apart from surrounding areas - in addition to delimiting an area, generalizations about society or culture are often embedded in these "" labels

40%

Global energy demand is forecast to increase "" by 2030 as the large developing economies of China, India, and Brazil industrialize further

Japan

Gov projections released in 2015 estimated that the # of workers in "" will probably fall by 7.9 million by 2030, and that the total pop. will likely decline to 86 million by 2060.

Mahayana Buddhism

Great Vehicle -simplifies the quest for nirvana, in part by incorporating the existence of beings who refuse divine union for themselves in order to help others spiritually. -permits its followers to practice other religions

Greater Delhi

Greater Delhi vies with Mumbai as India's largest city. Delhi itself is a congested city of tight neighborhoods burdened by extreme air pollution; in contrast, nearby New Delhi is noted for its wide boulevards, monuments, parks, and expensive residential areas. The national capital, New Delhi was born as a planned city when the British moved the colonial capital from Kolkata in 1911. Located here are embassies, luxury hotels, government office buildings, and airline offices necessary for a vibrant political capital. According to a 2018 UN report, greater Delhi could be the world's largest metropolitan area by 2028, with a population of 37 million.

language family

Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin, related through descent from a common ancestry - half the world's people speak Indo-European languages (English, Spanish, Hindi, and Bengali)

Which of the following groups was/were behind the formation of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)?

Hindu Nationalists

Maharaja

Historical term for Hindu royalty, usually a king or prince, who ruled specific areas of South Asia before independence, but who was usually subject to overrule by British colonial advisers.

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries

Historically, South Asia is a well-defined cultural region. A thousand years ago, virtually the entire area was united by the Hindu faith. The subsequent arrival of Islam added a new religious element, but it did not undermine the region's cultural unity. British imperialism later brought other cultural features, from the widespread use of English to a passion for cricket. Religious tensions are pronounced over much of South Asia. India has been a secular state since its creation, but since the 1980s, this political tradition has come under pressure from the growth of Hindu nationalism, which promotes Hindu values as the foundation of Indian society. In several high-profile cases, Hindu mobs demolished Muslim mosques that had allegedly been built on the sites of ancient Hindu temples. Since 2000, however, the Hindu nationalist movement has moderated somewhat. Bitter divisions persist, but efforts are being made to promote religious understanding. In the explicitly Muslim country of Pakistan, Islamic fundamentalism has emerged as a highly divisive issue.

Hong Kong and Taiwan Economies

Hong Kong, unlike its neighbors, has been characterized as one of the world's most laissez-faire economic systems (laissez-faire refers to market freedom with little governmental control). Hong Kong traditionally functioned as a trading center, but in the 1960s and 1970s, it became a major producer of textiles, toys, and other consumer goods. By the 1980s, however, such cheap products could no longer be made in such an expensive city. Hong Kong industrialists subsequently began to move their plants to southern China, while Hong Kong itself increasingly specialized in business services, banking, telecommunications, and entertainment. Both Taiwan and Hong Kong have close overseas economic connections, particularly with Chinese-owned firms located in Southeast Asia and North America. Taiwan's high-tech businesses are intertwined with those of Silicon Valley in the United States. Hong Kong's economy is also tightly bound with U.S. firms (as well as those of Canada and Britain), but its closest connections are with the rest of China. Taiwan's high-tech exports surged in 2017 as the global economy kicked into a higher gear, but worries mounted as China began put economic pressure on the island.

By burning fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels recombines the carbon that once existed in plant material with oxygen.

How can carbon dioxide be released into the atmosphere?

Net global forest growth removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus cooling the earth's climate. Just as when earth's climate cooled 50 million years ago, the removal of carbon from the atmosphere through biospheric uptake reduces the global Greenhouse Effect and cools climate.

How can increased carbon dioxide uptake, or sequestration, by global forests change climate?

The Mariana Trench is the deepest ocean trench in the world, at 35,000 feet.

How deep is the Mariana Trench?

They distort the size of countries based on the prevalence of particular phenomena such as HIV. The particular type of distortion is called an "area cartogram."

How do the maps produced by Worldmapper promote alternate views of the world?

Oceans absorb large quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The ability of oceans to remove or sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere has a cooling effect on the atmosphere.

How do the oceans contribute to maintaining a climate that is habitable for humans?

Mars has less gravity which prevents it from holding onto most gases that comprise the atmosphere. The surface gravity of Mars is only 38% of the gravity on Earth. Thus its atmosphere is composed of heavy gases such as carbon dioxide and argon.

How does the atmosphere of Mars differ from that of Earth?

Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.

How does water get from the oceans onto land?

Forests have reduced the greenhouse effect by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

How have vast forests on Earth influenced the greenhouse effect?

Almost all of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans.

How much of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans?

New Zealand's mountains are approximately 5 million years old. Many of the Earth's major mountains chains are relatively young and are a sign of recent tectonic activity along convergent plate boundaries.

How old are New Zealand's mountains?

He devised a grid of intersecting lines to map the stars and then transferred this grid to the globe. Using a grid as a framework for fixing location is a highly effective tool in mapping.

How was Ptolemy's system of mapping inspired by his knowledge of astronomy?

New Zealand was formed when a group of scattered islands were forced together by plate convergence, the collision of the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates. New Zealand was formed when the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates collided around 5 million years ago.

How was the country of New Zealand formed?

The oceans will become more acidic. If carbon dioxide levels double, the pH of the oceans will drop from around 8.2 to 7.9.

How will increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels affect oceans?

Chaebol

Huge Korean industrial conglomerates which moved from manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods to heavy industrial products and then to high-tech equipment.

rapid slow + no growth

If a country has many more young people than old, the graph has a broad base and a narrow tip, thus taking on a pyramidal shape = "" population growth "" or "" growth indicate populations that are top-heavy with a larger # of seniors

Earth would be far too cold for human habitation. The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that warms Earth enough for human habitation.

If the greenhouse effect were to completely disappear, what would happen to Earth?

450 ppm CO2

In 1860, atmospheric CO2 was measured at 280 parts per million (ppm); today it is 410 ppm. -CO2 emissions are forecast to reach "" ppm by 2020. -global temps will rise to 3.6*F (2*C) by 2020 -Without international policies to limit emissions, this temp increase will double by 2100 -Resulting melting of polar ice caps, ice sheets, and mountain glaciers will cause sea-level rise currently estimated to be on the order of 4 ft (1.4m) by century's end. -climate change expected to increase both the frequency + intensity of extreme weather events, such as droughts, typhoons, or blizzards.

Hong Kong

In 1997, "" past from British to Chinese control and was granted a distinctive status as a self-governing " special administrative region." The greater metropolitan area of the Xi Delta-- composed of "", Shenzhen, and Guangzhou (Canton in the West)-- is, by some measures, china's most populous urban area.

Paris Agreement

In 2014, the UN asked all countries to submit their own strategies to limit future GHGs and address the challenges of climate change -national plans, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), became the basis for negotiations at the IPCC Conference of Parties held in Paris, France, in December 2015 -At the meeting, a new international greenhouse gas reduction agreement, "", was approved and now serves as the world's blueprint for addressing the challenges of climate change -unlike Kyoto Protocol, the "" calls for countries to submit new NDCs every 5 years, thus creating a lasting framework for international progress. -US signed this but Donald Trump withdrew in 2017.

Hukou

In China, a record in a government system of household registration that determines where citizens are allowed to live. Poor people moving from rural areas to cities are often unable to obtain one that would officially allow them to do so. They, therefore, live as "undocumented migrants" in their own country and face difficult access to governmental services, including education for their children.

special administrative region

In China, a region of the country that temporarily maintains its own laws and own system of government.

Autonomous Regions in China

In China, province-level regions that have been given a degree of political and cultural autonomy due to the fact that they are inhabited in large part by minority groups. Guangxi Tibet Xinjiang Mongolia Ningxia

35%

In Cochabamba, Bolivia, the privatization of the water system 20 yrs ago resulted in a "" average increase in water costs -response with demonstrations and violence -eventually, water system returned to public control but 40% of the city's pop is still without a reliable water source today

Taroko Gorge

In Taroko National Park is one of Taiwan's top tourist destinations

transform. The San Andreas Fault, for example, is caused by a transform plate boundary. Here, the Pacific Plate is moving north past the North American plate.

In a particular region, one tectonic plate is pushing northward alongside another plate that is pushing southward. What type of plate boundary is this?

spheres of influence

In countries not formally colonized in the 19th and early 20th centuries (particularly China and Iran), areas called "spheres of influence" were gained by particular European countries for trade purposes and more generally for economic exploitation and political manipulation.

shogun

In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.

Haiti

In january 2010, over 230,000 people were killed in a magnitude 7.0 earthquake in "".

Forests and Deforestation

In much of southern China, sweet potatoes, maize, and other crops have been grown on steep and easily eroded hillsides for several hundred years. -After centuries of exploitation, many upland areas have lost so much soil that they cannot easily support forests. - Chinese gov engaged in large-scale reforestation programs, some of which have been successful - large forests confined to China's far north, where a cool climate prevents fast growth, and along the eastern slopes of the Tibetan Plateau, where rugged terrain restricts commercial forestry. -Suffers a shortage of wood resources

Geographies of Language

In northern South Asia, most languages belong to the Indo-European language family, the world's largest. The languages of southern India, on the other hand, belong to the Dravidian language family, which is found only in South Asia. Along the region's mountainous northern rim, a third linguistic family, Tibeto-Burman, dominates. Within these broad divisions are many different languages, each associated with a distinct culture. In many parts of South Asia, several languages are spoken within the same area, and the ability to speak several languages is common everywhere. Each of India's major languages is associated with an Indian state, as the country deliberately structured its political subdivisions along linguistic lines following independence. As a result, the Gujarati language is spoken in Gujarat, Marathi in Maharashtra, Oriya in Odisha, and so on. Two languages, Punjabi and Bengali, extend into Pakistan and Bangladesh, respectively, as the political borders were established on religious rather than linguistic lines. Dialects closely related to Nepali, the national language of Nepal, are also spoken in many of the mountainous areas of northern India. Minor languages abound in most of the more remote areas.

He was able to find a way to represent the spherical shape of the earth on a flat surface. There is no way to maintain the geometry of a sphere while drawing it on a two-dimensional surface. Distortion will always occur.

In what way did Ptolemy's knowledge of geometry contribute to dealing with one of the great challenges of mapmaking?

Cattle species are increasingly raised on grassland pastures created by the cutting down of tropical forests.

Increasing demand for what is contributing to rapid deforestation in the tropics?

South Asia recently surpassed East Asia as the world's most populated region. Which of the following South Asian countries would rank among the world's 10 most populated countries?

India Bangladesh Pakistan

Bollywood

Indian version of Hollywood (film industry), centered in Mumbai (formerly Bombay)

Which provides irrigation waters to Pakistan's deserts?

Indus provides irrigation waters to Pakistan's deserts. The broad band of cultivated land in central and southern Pakistan watered by the Indus is highly fertile and densely populated.

global scale

Interactions occurring at the scale of the world, in a global setting. -example: broader regional picture, examining patterns of trade throughout Southeast Asia

Rio Convention

International efforts to reduce atmospheric emissions began in 1992, shortly after the IPCC's first report, when 167 countries meeting in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, signed the "" to voluntarily limit their GHG emissions -none of the Rio signatories reached its emission reduction targets, result in a formal international agreement came from a 1997 meeting in Kyoto, Japan where 30 Western industrialized countries agreed to cut back their emissions to 1990 levels by 2012.

In South Asia, the two largest religions found are Hindu and Islam. Which of the following is one of the other religions found in the region?

Jainism Buddhism Sikhism Zoroastrianism Not: Confucianism

Korean identity and Language

Korean, like japanese, is usually classified as the only member of its language family. The vast majority of people in both North and South Korea speak Korean and consider themselves members of the Korean Nation. However, strong regional identities persist and can be traced back to the medieval period when the peninsula was divided into three separate kingdoms. In recent decades, the language of North Korea has begun to differentiate from that of the South, largely because the north avoids borrowing words from English and other Global languages. Not all Koreans live in Korea. Several million reside just across the border in North China. Desperately poor North Koreans often sneak across the border to join these Korean speaking Chinese communities. A more recent Korean diaspora (scattering of an ethnic group over a vast geographical area) has established large communities in the United States, canada, australia, new Zealand, philippines, and other countries.

anthropogenic landscape

Landscapes that have been heavily transformed by humans.

cyclones

Large storms, marked by well-defined air circulation around a low-pressure center. Tropical cyclones are typically called hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean and typhoons in the western Pacific.

China largest emitter of CO2

Largest emitter in the world since 2007 -due to explosive economic growth + its reliance on coal to generate most of its electricity -2016 World bank report concluded that the growth rate will decline by 2050 due to impacts on agriculture, health, and income -China's 2015 National Climate Change Assessment, the country's average temps have increased faster than the global average -increased evaporation rates, coupled with melting of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau could intensify local water shortages, while the wet zones of southeastern China could see more storms and flooding -first national plan on climate change in 2007, calling for major gains in energy efficiency as well as a partial transition to renewable energy sources. -2014 plan pledged that carbon emissions would peak around 2030 and then begin to decline - China has invested heavily in renewable energy, installing 32,.5 gigawatts of wind power and 18.3 GW of solar power in 2016 -Coal consumption fell by 3.7% while nuclear power grew by 30%. -Critics believe it mights not prove sustainable -natural gas shortages in 2017 caused significant economic problems -some wind farms built in remote areas have not yet been connected to the energy grid, and Greenpeace estimated that almost 20% of China's wind power was wasted in 2016

Contemporary Geography of Hinduism

Less than 1% of the people of Pakistan are Hindu; and in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, Hinduism is a minority religion. However, in India and Nepal, Hinduism is clearly the majority faith. In most of central India, more than 90% of the population is Hindu. But Hinduism is itself a geographically complicated religion, with different aspects of faith varying across India. Members of some sects claim that their faiths constitute separate religions, generating controversies with other Hindu groups. In 2018, the Indian state of Karnataka granted separate religious status to the Lingayat sect, an anti-caste Hindu offshoot that has roughly 35 million followers and runs more than 3000 monasteries.

Three Gorges Dam

Lies along China's Chiang Jiang (Yangtze) River, is the world's largest hydroelectric power station -China now produces more renewable energy than any other country, although it also leads the world in coal consumption + greenhouse gas emissions

Feng Shui

Literally "wind-water." The Chinese art and science of placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities. Structures and objects are positioned in an effort to channel flows of sheng-chi ("life-breath") in favorable ways.

Steppe

Lush grasslands characterize this bioregion -found poleward of the true deserts where rainfall is commonly between 10 and 15 in (254-381 mm) and more seasonal variability in temps

Milk in the Northwest; Meat in the Northeast

Many South Asians receive inadequate protein, and meat consumption is extremely low. Due primarily to religious restrictions, vegetarianism is widespread in India. In the northwest, milk and other dairy products provides much of the necessary protein. India is the world's largest milk producer, and Pakistan ranks fourth. But dairy consumption is less pronounced in southern South Asia and is relatively rare in the northeast. This difference is partially based on genetics, as many people in the northeast are lactose intolerant and cannot digest milk as adults. In this area, the need for protein is partly made up by consuming meat, eggs, and fish. India, the world's leading producer of milk, is struggling to modernize its dairy production system. This worker is keeping records of freshly collected milk at Patanjali's Cow Dairy farm, located in the state of Uttarakhand.

Climate Change in South Asia

Many areas of South Asia are highly vulnerable to global climate change. Even a minor rise in sea level will inundate large areas of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh. If the most severe sea-level forecasts come to pass, the atoll nation of the Maldives will vanish beneath the waves. The loss of glaciers in the Himalayas would severely imperil the water supplies of northern South Asia. Arid Pakistan is particularly exposed to this threat. One recent study found that the lower-elevation glaciers in this region lost as much as 67% of their volume between 1984 and 2012. Another problem is warming water temperatures in the Arabian Sea, which could intensify tropical storms. In December 2017, a damaging typhoon hit the southwestern Indian state of Kerala, the first such storm to strike the region since 1941. South Asian agriculture is likely to suffer from several problems linked to global climate change. Winter temperature increases, along with decreased rainfall, could threaten the vital wheat crop of Pakistan and northwestern India. In some parts of South Asia, however, climate change could lead to more rainfall due to an intensified summer monsoon. Unfortunately, the new precipitation regime will likely be characterized by more intense cloudbursts coupled with fewer episodes of gentle, prolonged rain.

Which of the following statements regarding the result of the South Asian Partition in 1947 is true?

Millions of people fled their homelands and moved across borders throughout South Asia.

Bollywood and Film Controversies

More recently, India's film industry—the world's largest—has gained a global audience. Foreign observers usually equate Indian cinema with Bollywood, the Hindi-language film business centered in Mumbai (formerly Bombay, hence "Bollywood," a play on "Hollywood"). But movies made in other cities using India's regional languages generate more money overall than those of Bollywood. The Tamil-language films of "Kollywood" and the Telugu-language movies of "Tollywood" have recently become influential both in India and abroad. Bollywood films have been widely viewed in foreign markets for decades. They gained popularity in the former Soviet Union during the Cold War, when Western films were seldom shown. West Africa, Japan, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia have long been important markets. More recently, many Germans have taken to Indian films, inspired in part by the publication of Ishq, a glossy German-language Bollywood magazine. In 2015, a video of German girls doing a dubsmash of Bollywood dialogue became a viral sensation in India. Yet cultural globalization has brought severe tensions to the region. Religious leaders often view Western films and television shows as immoral. Although India is a relatively free country, both the national and the state governments periodically ban films and books. Controversy erupted in 2018, for example, when India banned the film Love, Simon due to its homosexual themes. In Pakistan, fundamentalist religious pressure severely undermined the national film industry, which had been based in the city of Lahore. More recently, Pakistani movies have begun to bounce back, with production moving to more cosmopolitan Karachi. Despite such controversies, the pressures of internationalization are hard to resist. In the tourism-oriented Indian state of Goa, such tensions are on full display. There German and British sun worshipers often wear nothing but skimpy swimwear, whereas Indian women tourists go into the ocean fully clothed. Young Indian men, for their part, often simply walk the beach and gawk at the semi-naked foreigners.

Coastal-inland temperature differences

More solar energy is required to heat water than to heat land, land areas heat and cool faster than bodies of water. Temperature extremes of hot summers and cold winters are found in the continental interiors (Great Plains of North America), while coastal areas experience more moderate winters and cooler summers -occur at smaller scales

1%

More than 70% of Earth's surface area is covered by oceans. -97% of the total global water budget is saltwater -3% freshwater, 70% of it is locked up in polar ice caps and mountain glaciers -Less than "" of world's water in more accessible surface rivers and lakes, 20% in Russia's Lake Baikal

China under communism

More than a century of war, invasion, and near chaos in China ended in 1949, when the communist forces led by Mao Zedong seized power. The new government, inheriting a weak economy, set about nationalizing private firms and building heavy industries. These plans were most successful in Manchuria, where a large amount of heavy industrial equipment had been left by the Japanese. In the 1950s and 1960s, however, China experienced two economic disasters. The first, ironically called the "Great Leap Forward," hinged on the idea that small-scale village workshops could produce the large quantities of iron needed for sustained industrial growth. Communist Party officials forced these inefficient workshops to meet unreasonably high quotas. The result was a horrific famine that may have killed 20 million people. The early 1960s saw a return to more practical policies, but soon a new wave of radicalism swept through China. This "Cultural Revolution" aimed at mobilizing young people to rid the country of traditional social values and replace them with communist ideology. Thousands of experienced industrial managers were expelled from their positions. Many were sent to villages to be "reeducated" through hard physical labor; others were simply killed. The economic consequences again proved devastating.

China's Booming Coastal Region

Most of the benefits from China's economic transformation initially flowed to the coastal region and to Beijing. The southern provinces of Guangdong and Fujian were the first to benefit, profiting from their close connections with the overseas Chinese communities of Southeast Asia and North America. (The vast majority of overseas Chinese emigrants came from Guangdong and Fujian.) Their proximity to Taiwan and especially Hong Kong also proved helpful. By the 1990s, the Yangtze Delta, centered on Shanghai, reemerged as China's economic core. In the early 2000s, China's government encouraged the development of huge industrial, commercial, and residential complexes, hoping to take advantage of the region's vitality. The Suzhou Industrial Park is now a hypermodern city of more than a half million people, and the nearby Pudong industrial development zone boasts a new airport and subway system. In 2017, the Chinese government concluded that Shanghai had grown so large that its population would be capped at 25 million, but few experts believe this plan will work.

converging

Most, but not all, earthquakes take place near plate boundaries. Further most of the strongest and most devastating earthquakes are located near "" subduction zone boundaries. While there is a strong correlation between the distribution of volcanoes, plate boundaries, and earthquakes, in many places in the world, volcanoes are far removed from plate boundaries. Ex: the island volcanoes of Hawaii, which lie on a hotspot in the Earth's crust

Linguistic Dilemmas

Multilingual Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and India are troubled by linguistic conflicts. Such problems are most complex in India, simply because India is so large and has so many different languages. Indian nationalists have long dreamed of a national language that could help unify their country. But such linguistic nationalism has been resisted by others. The obvious choice for a national language is Hindi, and Hindi was indeed declared as such in 1947. Politically elevating Hindi, however, angered many non-Hindi speakers, especially in the Dravidian south. It was eventually decided that both Hindi and English would serve as official languages of India as a whole, but that each Indian state could select its own official language. As a result, 23 separate Indian languages now have official status. The use of Hindi is expanding, especially in northern India, where local languages are closely related to it. Hindi is spreading through education as well as television and movies, which are primarily produced in Hindi. In a poor but modernizing country such as India, where many people experience the wider world largely through moving images, the influence of a national film and television culture can be huge. Despite its spread, Hindi remains foreign to much of India, and protests occasionally erupt over plans to expand its use in non-Hindi-speaking areas. National-level communication is thus conducted mainly in English. Although many Indians want to deemphasize English, others advocate it as a neutral national language. Furthermore, English gives substantial international benefits. English-medium schools abound throughout South Asia, and many children of the elite learn this global language well before they begin school.

Japan

Nearly 20,000 people died in March 2011 from the combo of an earthquake and massive tsunami in coastal "".

mid-ocean ridge

New oceanic crust formed at spreading centers creates topographic features on the ocean floor

Juche Ideology

North Korea communist belief - "self-reliance" -demands absolute loyalty to the country's repressive political leaders

The Maoist Challenge

Not all of South Asia's conflicts are rooted in ethnic or religious differences. Poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation in east-central India, for example, have fueled a revolutionary movement inspired by former Chinese leader Mao Zedong. Mao, unlike most communist leaders, thought that peasant farmers and not just industrial workers could constitute a revolutionary force. In the area impacted by this Maoist movement, fighting is sporadic but persistent. As many as 14,000 people lost their lives in this struggle between 1996 and early 2018. But after peaking in 2010 at 1177, the annual death toll declined to 333 in 2017. Maoism has been an even greater challenge to the government of Nepal. Nepalese Maoists, infuriated by the lack of development in rural areas, emerged as a significant force in the 1990s. By 2005, they controlled over 70% of the country. At the same time, Nepal's urban population turned against the country's monarchy, launching massive protests. In 2008, the king stepped down and Nepal became a republic, with the leader of the former Maoist rebels stepping in as prime minister. The end of the monarchy has not brought stability to Nepal. Several governments have been formed and then disbanded since 2008. Although now part of the government, the former Maoist rebels continue to feud with other political parties, even those of Marxist orientation. Much of this tension stems from a federalist plan to divide Nepal into ethnically based states, which is strongly supported by some but opposed by others. The indigenous people of Nepal's southern lowlands are particularly distressed by the migration of settlers from the more densely populated hill country and are therefore pushing for local autonomy.

size

Of Earth's spatial relationships, which characteristic is preserved in an equivalent map projection?

Hindi

Official language of India

Houtouwan

On Shengshan Island off China's east coast, this village was once home to more than 2,000 people. -Almost abondened in the 1990s, as residents sought better lives on the mainland. Tourists visit the island's ruins today

South Asian Poverty

One of the clearest measures of human well-being is nutrition; and by this measure, South Asia ranks very low. No other region has so many chronically undernourished people. According to a 2015 report, 39% of India's children suffer from stunted growth due mainly to poor diets. More than half of the people of India live on less than $3.10 a day, and Bangladesh is poorer still. Sanitation is another major problem in the region. As of 2015, an estimated 70% of rural Indians had no access to toilets or even latrines and thus relieve themselves in open fields, a practice that spreads disease. Despite such deep and widespread poverty, South Asia's living standards have improved greatly in recent years. In Bangladesh, the number of people living in extreme poverty dropped from over 40% in 1991 to 14% by 2018. India has seen a similar decline in dire poverty, and its small elite population has done very well. Unfortunately, India generating a mass middle class has been more difficult; according to a recent study, well-off Indians now have 10 times more money than they had in 1980, but people in the middle of the income distribution have not quite doubled their assets. But if the Indian economy continues its brisk pace of expansion, its middle class will expand. In 2017, it grew by almost 8%, the third highest rate in the world. Across South Asia, moreover, major campaigns are under way to improve nutrition, education, and sanitation. The "Clean India Mission," for example, spent $29 billion to build more than 46 million latrines by 2017. It has promised to build another 64 million by 2019, and to effectively end the practice of open defecation.

HIV/AIDS

One of the most persistent pandemics of our time is ""/""—the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the infectious agent that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Gloablization

One salient feature of "" today is the high volume of human movement both within and between regions. Increased movement poses significant health risks because people who relocate can carry a disease to the new area, accidentally facilitate the movement of disease carriers from their place of origin to a new location, or become exposed to diseases at their destination. Therefore, areas experiencing high population influx are at greater risk of potential disease outbreaks. You may have heard the slogans "global is local" or "local is global." In the case of health threats, both slogans are becoming increasingly true. Every global threat can be traced back to a location that has been connected to other parts of the world through ever-increasing networks, which can facilitate the spread of local outbreaks to vast geographic areas.

CHINA INDIA

One third of the world's 7.5 billion people live in 2 countries--"" and "". The next largest countries are the U.S., Indonesia, and Brazil.

What is the term for the increased precipitation that results from uplifting and cooling of moist air over mountains?

Orographic rainfall is caused by the uplifting and cooling of moist monsoon winds over South Asia's mountains.

diffusion

Over the last few decades, innovations in transportation and communications have made it possible for the exchange of people, objects, and ideas across the world more than ever before. The spread and movement of people, objects, ideas, and other aspects of life, such as diseases, takes place through the process of "".

Pakistan

Pakistan maintained a more productive economy due to a strong agricultural sector and a large textile industry, based on its huge cotton crop. Pakistan's economy, however, is less dynamic than India's; and, as a result, it has lagged behind, burdened by high levels of defense spending, political instability, and ethnic unrest. A woefully inadequate power supply results in long brownouts that often force factories to shut down. In addition, a small but powerful landlord class controls much of its best agricultural lands yet pays virtually no taxes. Recent reform efforts, however, have boosted Pakistan's economy, which is now growing at a respectable pace. Beijing is currently investing $60 billion in the country through its China-Pakistan Economic Corridor project, focusing on ports, roads, railroads, and gas pipelines. Much of this investment targets Pakistan's impoverished Balochistan province. Baloch activists, however, claim that few of the benefits have gone to locals; and, as a result, Pakistan's military must guard area construction projects from Balochi insurgents.

Karachi and Islamabad

Pakistan's largest urban area and commercial core, Karachi is one of the world's fastest-growing cities. Its metropolitan population, already over 20 million, is expanding at about 5% per year. Karachi served as Pakistan's capital until 1963, when the new city of Islamabad was created in the northeast. Despite this loss of capital status, Karachi is still Pakistan's most cosmopolitan and economically vibrant city. Karachi suffers, however, from political and ethnic tensions that have periodically turned parts of the city into armed camps. In the early decades of Pakistan's independence, Karachi's main conflict was between the Sindis, the region's native inhabitants, and the Muhajirs, Muslim refugees from India who settled in the city after Pakistan's separation from India in 1947. More recently, clashes between Sunni and Shiite Muslims have intensified, as have those between Pashtun migrants from northwestern Pakistan and other residents. Although its rate of violence declined by 45% between 2016 and 2017, Karachi is still Pakistan's most violent city. The national capital makes a statement through its name—Islamabad—about Pakistan's religious foundation. Located close to the contested region of Kashmir, it also makes a geopolitical statement. Such a city is termed a forward capital, one that signals—both symbolically and geographically—a country's intentions. By building its new capital in the north, Pakistan sent a message that it would not abandon its claims to the portion of Kashmir controlled by India. To avoid congestion, planners designed Islamabad around self-sufficient sectors, each with its own government buildings, residences, and shops.

divergent plate boundary

Plates can slowly spread away (spreading centers) from each other, allowing upwelling magma to form new features that are added to the existing crust. This process is considered constructional because new crust is created. A typical feature that results from this construction is a ridge that forms in the ocean. -New crust is created where plates are moving in opposite directions.

subtropical jet stream

Powerful atmospheric rivers of eastward-moving air that affect storms and pressure systems in both the Northern and the Southern hemispheres. -These jets are products of Earth's rotation and global temperature differences. -are usually higher and somewhat weaker than the polar jet streams.

British East India Company

Private trade organization with its own army that acted as an arm of Britain in monopolizing trade in South Asia until 1857, when it was abolished and replaced by full governmental control.

Robinson Projection

Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.

rust belt

Regions of heavy industry that experienced marked economic decline after their factories ceased to be competitive.

Kashmir

Relations between India and Pakistan were hostile from the start, and the situation in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir has kept the conflict burning. During British rule, Kashmir was a large princely state with a primarily Muslim core joined to a Hindu district in the south (Jammu) and a Tibetan Buddhist district in the northeast (Ladakh). Kashmir was ruled by a Hindu maharaja, a local king subject to British advisors. During partition, Kashmir came under severe pressure from both India and Pakistan. After troops linked to Pakistan gained control of western Kashmir, the maharaja decided to join India. But neither Pakistan nor India would accept the other's control over any portion of Kashmir, and they have fought several wars over the issue. Although the Indo-Pakistani boundary has remained fixed, fighting in Kashmir has continued, reaching a peak in the 1990s. Many Kashmiris would like to join their homeland to Pakistan, others prefer that it remain a part of India, but the majority would rather see it become independent. Indian nationalists are determined to keep Kashmir, while militants from Pakistan continue to cross the border to fight the Indian army. The conflict intensified in 2017, when Indian security forces cracked down hard on massive protests and killed more than 200 suspected militants. All told, the Kashmir conflict has claimed over 40,000 lives and displaced one out of every six inhabitants of the state. The lush valley of Kashmir was once one of India's main tourist destinations, but today it is known mainly as a place of conflict.

Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

Relatively small districts in China that were fully opened to global capitalism after China began to reform its economy in the 1980s.

Agricultural Regions and Activities: Crop Zones

Rice is the main crop and foodstuff in the lower Ganges Valley, along India's coastal lowlands, in the delta lands of Bangladesh, along Pakistan's lower Indus Valley, and in Sri Lanka. This distribution reflects the large volume of irrigation water needed to grow the crop. The amount of rice grown in South Asia is impressive: India ranks behind only China in world rice production, and Bangladesh is the fourth largest producer. Wheat is the principal crop in the northern Indus Valley and in the western half of India's Ganges Valley. South Asia's "breadbasket" includes the northwestern Indian states of Haryana and Punjab and adjacent areas in Pakistan. Here the so-called Green Revolution has been particularly successful in increasing grain yields. In less fertile areas of central India, millet and sorghum are the main crops, along with root crops such as manioc. Wheat and rice are the preferred staples throughout South Asia, but poorer people must often subsist on rougher crops.

Rotorua is a volcanic landscape. Rotorua is situated on a volcanic plateau that covers much of Central North Island.

Rotorua is what type of landscape?

longitude (meridians)

Runs north and south, measures east and west of the Prime Meridian located at 0 degrees "" at the Royal Naval Observatory in Greenwich, England

Echo sounder. You may know echo sounding as sonar, in which sound pulses are transmitted into water and depth is determined by the time interval between when the pulse is emitted and when it is recorded.

Seafloor depth was first determined by remote sensing technology, ""

Sustainable Development Goals

Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N. in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030.

Japan religion

Shinto and Buddhism

Population and Settlement: The Demographic Dilemma

South Asia has recently surpassed East Asia to become the world's most populous region, and India will probably overtake China to become the world's most populous country in 2022. South Asia fertility levels have dropped markedly in recent years, but population growth continues. And although the region has made remarkable agricultural gains since the 1960s, there is still widespread concern about its ability to feed its expanding population. India's total fertility rate (TFR) has dropped rapidly, from 6 in the 1950s to the current rate of 2.3. In western and southern India, fertility rates are now generally at or below replacement level. In much of northern India, however, birth rates remain high; the average woman in the poor state of Bihar gives birth to 3.3 children. A distinct cultural preference for male children is found in most of South Asia, a tradition that further complicates family planning. Pakistan's TFR has fallen rapidly in recent years, but at 3.1 it is still well above replacement level. As a result, by 2050 Pakistan's population will probably top 250 million, a worryingly high number considering the country's arid environment, underdeveloped economy, and political instability. Bangladesh has been much more successful than Pakistan in reducing its birth rate. As recently as 1975, its TFR was 6.3, but it has now dropped to 2.1. The success of family planning can be partly attributed to strong government support, advertised through radio, billboards, and even postage stamps.

Defining South Asia

South Asia is easily defined in terms of physical geography. Most of the region forms the Indian subcontinent, separated from the rest of Asia by formidable mountain ranges. Located here are India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, as well as the mountainous states of Nepal and Bhutan. The Indian Ocean island countries of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, and the Indian territories of Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, are also part of South Asia. This region is the second most populated in the world, primarily because of India's more than 1.2 billion residents. Bordering India on the west and east are Pakistan and Bangladesh, two large countries with predominantly Muslim populations. The two Himalayan countries, Nepal and Bhutan, along with the island nations of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, round out the region. India is by far the region's largest country, both in size and in population. Covering more than 1 million square miles (2,590,000 square km), India is the world's seventh largest country in area and, with more that 1.3 billion inhabitants, second only to China in population. Pakistan and Bangladesh are the next most populous countries, with more than 197 and 164 million inhabitants, respectively; compact Bangladesh is also one of the most densely populated parts of the world. Bangladesh shares a short border with Myanmar (Burma), but it is otherwise bordered entirely by India. South Asia is historically united by deep cultural commonalities. Religious ideas associated with Hinduism and Buddhism once dominated the region, but Islam has also played a major role for the past millennia, and South Asia has a larger Muslim population than any other world region. Religious tensions have influenced geopolitical conflicts, some spanning decades. Since independence from Britain in 1947, mostly Hindu India and mostly Muslim Pakistan have fought several wars and remain locked in a bitter dispute over the territory of Kashmir. Other forms of religious and ethnic tension are found elsewhere in the region. Paralleling these geopolitical tensions are demographic and economic concerns. Although fertility levels have dropped dramatically in recent years, they remain elevated in some parts of the region, particularly north-central India and Pakistan. As a result, some experts worry about how South Asia will sustain its population. Agricultural production has kept pace with population growth, but many South Asian environments are experiencing pronounced stress. Poverty compounds such problems. Along with Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia is the poorest part of the world. We first turn to the region's physical and environmental geography to understand these challenges.

Migration and the Settlement Landscape

South Asia is one of the least urbanized world regions, with around one-third of its people living in cities. Most South Asians reside in compact rural villages, but increased mechanization of agriculture, along with the expansion of large farms at the expense of subsistence cultivation, pushes as many people to the region's rapidly growing urban areas as are drawn by employment opportunities in the city. The most densely settled areas in South Asia are those with fertile soils and dependable water supplies. The highest rural population densities are found in the core area of the Ganges and Indus river valleys and on India's coastal plains. Settlement is less dense on the Deccan Plateau and is relatively sparse in the highlands of the far north and the arid lands of the northwest. Many South Asians have migrated in recent years from poor rural districts to wealthier urban areas. Migrants are often attracted to huge cities such as Mumbai (Bombay) in India and Karachi in Pakistan. Although some experts believe that such cities are growing too rapidly, leading to sprawling, unmanageable slums, others argue that the growth of megacities is economically beneficial. In Bangladesh, a pilot program helped some 140,000 villagers, mostly men, move to city of Dhaka in 2017 alone. As researchers discovered, not only did such migrants make far more money in the city than they could at home, but back in the villages, agricultural wages jumped significantly. Migration in South Asia is sometimes linked to conflicts. When people move from more densely to less densely populated rural areas, local residents often object. Movement from Bangladesh to northeastern India has generated particularly severe ethnic tensions. Elsewhere, migrants have been forced out of their homelands by war; a large number of both Hindus and Muslims from Kashmir, for example, have sought security away from their battle-scarred homeland. According to a 2018 UN report, Pakistan has the world's largest refugee population, at 1.45 million. Most of these people fled from conflicts in neighboring Afghanistan, but many been displaced by Pakistan's own insurgencies.

Himalayas

South Asia is separated from the rest of the Eurasian continent by a series of sweeping mountain ranges, including the "".

Responses to the Climate Change

South Asia ranks low in per capita carbon output, trailed only by Sub-Saharan Africa, but its emissions are rapidly increasing. India is now the world's third largest carbon emitter, following China and the United States. Rapid industrialization, coupled with its reliance on coal for much of its electricity, means that India's carbon dioxide output will continue to increase for some time. But Indian leaders, like those of other South Asian countries, are concerned about climate change and are willing to reduce carbon emissions after achieving higher levels of economic development. They also insist that the greatest responsibility for action lies with the world's wealthy, industrialized countries. India signed the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change, pledging that it would derive 40% of its power from renewables by 2030.

International Geopolitics

South Asia's major international geopolitical problem is the continuing cold war between India and Pakistan. The stakes are extremely high, as both India and Pakistan have around 100 nuclear weapons. The leaders of both countries, however, have worked to reduce tensions. After a series of military clashes along their border in Kashmir, India and Pakistan agreed to a new 15-year cease-fire in 2018. In the past, however, cease-fire violations have been relatively common on both sides.

Mountains of the North

South Asia's northern rim is dominated by the great Himalayan range, forming the northern borders of India, Nepal, and Bhutan. More than two dozen peaks exceed 25,000 feet (7600 meters), including the world's highest mountain, Everest, on the Nepal-China (Tibet) border. To the east are the lower Arakan Yoma Mountains, forming the border between India and Myanmar and separating South Asia from Southeast Asia. These mountain ranges are a result of the dramatic collision of northward-moving peninsular India with the Asian landmass. The entire region is geologically active, putting northern South Asia in serious earthquake danger. Nepal's April 2015 earthquake took more than 9000 lives and resulted in economic losses roughly equal to 25% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). It also caused a series of avalanches on Mount Everest that killed at least 19 climbers. Although most of South Asia's northern mountains are too rugged and high to support dense human settlement, major population clusters are found in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal, situated at 4400 feet (1300 meters), and the Valley, or Vale, of Kashmir in northern India, at 5200 feet (1600 meters).

hallyu

South Korea's popular culture industry which continues to thrive, as Korean music, movies, and television shows have become popular around the world; a phenomenon also known as "Korean wave."

Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands

South of the mountain rim lie large lowlands created by three major river systems, which have deposited sediments to build huge alluvial plains of fertile and easily farmed soils. These densely settled lowlands constitute the core population areas of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. The Indus River, which flows from the Himalayas through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea, provides much-needed irrigation for Pakistan's southern deserts. More famous, however, is the Ganges, which flows southeasterly before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges provides the fertile alluvial soil that has made northern India one of the world's most densely settled areas. Given the central role of this river throughout Indian history, it is understandable why Hindus consider the Ganges sacred. Finally, the Brahmaputra River, which rises on the Tibetan Plateau, joins the Ganges in central Bangladesh before spreading out over the world's largest river delta.

Fujianese (Hokkienese/ Min)

Spoken in Fujisan

Cantonese (Yue)

Spoken in Guangdong

Shanghainese (Wu)

Spoken in and around Shanghai

bustees

Sprawling squatter settlements in Kolkata and other Indian cities that appear in and around urban areas, providing temporary shelter for many urban migrants.

Sri Lanka and the Maldives

Sri Lanka's economy is by several measures the most highly developed in South Asia, with exports concentrated in textiles and agricultural products such as rubber and tea. By global standards, however, Sri Lanka is still a poor country, its progress hampered by ethnic strife and political struggles. But Sri Lanka does enjoy high levels of education, abundant natural resources, and tremendous tourist potential. The end of its civil war in 2009 has boosted growth in recent years, as have investments from China. China's development of a major port facility prompted India to invest in a major airport. Local critics, however, are concerned that Sri Lanka is falling deeply in debt to India and especially to China. The Maldives is the most prosperous South Asian country based on per capita economic output; but its total economy, like its population, is extremely small. Most of its revenues come from fishing and international tourism. Money from the tourist economy, however, goes to a small segment of the population, and tourism is vulnerable to sea-level rise and political tensions. In 2018, India, China, and several other countries issued tourist warnings about the Maldives when a political struggle intensified between the country's current and former presidents, who happen to be estranged half-brothers.

geothermal

Subsurface heat that is tapped for electricity production by drilling wells to release the intense heat deep within the Earth, felt at the surface in geysers, hot springs, and volcanoes.

Christianity in South Asia is represented by a number of Christian sects, including which of the following?

Syrian Christian Church Roman Catholic Christians Baptist Christians

in convection cells

Tectonic plate theory is built on the notion that a significant heat exchange occurs deep within Earth due to the cooling of the inner core, circulating molten material through the mantle. Where is the process responsible for this heat exchange located?

Equator and Prime Meridian

The "" divides the globe into northern and southern hemispheres, whereas "" divides the world into eastern and western hemispheres

66.5

The Arctic and Antarctic circles, at "" degrees north and south latitude respectively, mathematically define the polar regions

The first "opium war"

The British demanded trade privileges in selected Chinese ports. -As European businesses penetrated China and weakened local economic interests, anti-Manchu rebellions broke out. -At first, these uprisings were crushed--but not before causing tremendous destruction -European power continued to advance. -In 1858, Russia annexed the northernmost reaches of Manchuria, and by 1900 China has been divided into separate spheres of influence, with different colonial powers exerting political and economic authority.

The Regional Divide

The Chinese economic surge also resulted in growing social and regional differentiation. In other words, certain groups of people—and certain areas of the country—prospered, while others experienced much less development. Despite its socialist government, Beijing encouraged the formation of an economic elite, having concluded that only wealthy individuals can transform the economy. The least fortunate Chinese citizens were sometimes left with little work, and many millions had to move from rural villages to seek employment in the booming coastal cities. China now has a more unequal distribution of wealth than its officially capitalist neighbors—Japan, South Korea. According to some statistical measures, income disparities are greater in China than in the United States.

is appropriate for mapping the geographic distributions on the continents

The Goode's Interrupted Equal Area Homolosine projection __________.

Loess Plateau

The Huang He's sediment load comes from the eroding soils of the "", located to the west of the North China Plain. Loess is a fine, windblown material that was deposited on this upland area during the last ice age. -Loess deposits accumulated to depths of up to several hundred ft. - Loess forms fertile soil but washes away easily when exposed to running water. -Cultivation requires plowing, which leads to soil erosion. -As the region's population gradually increased, woodland and grassland diminished, leading to ever-greater rates of soil loss. -Terrace construction + tree planting have proved crucial in preserving the region's farmlands

Although some global leaders do have political concerns about the protocol's demands, those that oppose it do ultimately agree there is a need to control greenhouse gas emissions.

The Kyoto Protocol attempts to control greenhouse gas emissions as a response to global warming concerns. What is NOT one of the concerns that some global leaders have over this aspect of the protocol? The protocol does not hold certain large developing countries to reductions. The protocol will constrain the economic futures of developing countries. The protocol will increase the cost of living in developed countries. The protocol is opposed because not all countries agree that controlling emissions will have an effect. The protocol will slow economic development in developed countries.

According to your textbook, which of the following South Asian countries is the most prosperous in the region?

The Maldives has the most prosperous economy based on fishing and international tourism revenues. This prosperity must be put into context by highlighting the country's very small population and economy.

Mughal Empire

The Muslim-dominated state that covered most of South Asia from the early 16th to late 17th centuries. The last vestiges of the Mughal dynasty were dissolved by the British following the rebellion of 1857.

is appropriate for mapping the distribution of phenomena found on both land and sea

The Robinson projection __________.

Salinization

The accumulation of salts in the upper layers of soil, often causing a reduction in crop yields, resulting from irrigation with water of high natural salt content and/or irrigation of soils that contain a high level of mineral salts.

Proven reserve

The amount of a non-renewable energy source (oil, coal, and gas) still in the ground that is feasible to exploit under current market conditions.

net migration rate

The amount of immigration and emigration is measured by "" -positive figure means that a country's population is growing because of migration, whereas a negative # means more people are leaving

sediment load

The amount of sand, silt, and clay carried by a river.

biodiversity

The array of species, both flora and fauna, found in an ecosystem or bioregion.

Pakistan's Complex Geopolitics

The conflict between India and Pakistan became more complex after the attacks of September 11, 2001. Although Pakistan had supported Afghanistan's Taliban regime, it soon agreed to help the United States in its struggle against the Taliban in exchange for military and economic aid. This decision came with large risks, as the Taliban was supported by many of the Pashtun people of northwestern Pakistan. Before long, an Islamist-inspired insurgency broke out over much of the region. Militants launched numerous attacks on U.S. forces in Afghanistan and gained control over large parts of northwestern Pakistan. In 2016, a major military operation brought these areas back under the control of Pakistan, but rebel activity persists. The United States has responded by using drone aircraft to attack insurgent leaders, resulting in many civilian casualties and generating strong anti-American sentiment throughout the country. Despite such tensions, the United States continues to count Pakistan as a "Major Non-NATO Ally." It is uncertain, however, if this relationship is sustainable. In early 2018, President Trump accused Pakistan of engaging in "lies and deceit," and shortly afterward the U.S. government lobbied a major international financial organization to list Pakistan as a country not doing enough to combat terrorism. But later in the same year, Pakistan and Afghanistan agreed to enhance joint efforts to fight terrorist organizations.

rift valleys

The deep depression formed where tectonic plates diverge. An example is the Red Sea between northern Africa and Saudi Arabia; movement of the African and Arabian plates away from one another created this body of water. -East Africa's Great Rift Valley

South Asia's Monsoon Climates

The dominant climatic factor for most of South Asia is the monsoon, the seasonal change of wind direction that corresponds to wet and dry periods. During the winter, a large high-pressure system forms over the cold Asian landmass. Cool winds flow outward from this high-pressure center across South Asia, generating a dry season that extends from November until February. As these winds diminish, a hot, dry season sets in, extending from March through May. Eventually, the buildup of heat over South Asia and Southwest Asia produces a large low-pressure cell. By early June, this low-pressure center is strong enough to cause a shift in wind direction, bringing in moist air from the Indian Ocean. This event signals the onset of the warm and rainy season of the southwest monsoon that lasts from June through October. Orographic rainfall is caused by the uplifting and cooling of moist monsoon winds over the Western Ghats and the Himalayan foothills. As a result, some areas receive more than 200 inches (508 cm) of rain during the four-month wet season. Cherrapunji, in northeastern India, is one of the world's wettest places, with rainfall averaging 450 inches (1130 cm). On the Deccan Plateau, however, rainfall is dramatically reduced by a strong rain shadow effect. As winds move downslope, the air becomes warmer, and dry conditions usually prevail.

convection cell

The driving force behind the theory of plate tectonics is the "" resulting from the heat differences within Earth's mantle. -circulate slowly, producing surface movement in the crustal tectonic plates. New plate material reaches the surface in the mid-oceanic ridges and then moves away slowly from these divergent boundaries. As the plate material cools it tends to sink, creating subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries.

China Proper

The eastern half of the country of China where the Han Chinese form the dominant ethnic group. The vast majority of China's population is located in China. -Heart of China

The South Asian Diaspora

The expansion of South Asian culture abroad has been accompanied by the spread of South Asians themselves. Migration from South Asia during the time of the British Empire led to the establishment of large communities in such distant places as eastern Africa, Fiji, and the southern Caribbean. Subsequent migration has been aimed more at the developed world; several million people of South Asian origin now live in Britain, and a similar number are found in North America. Many present-day migrants to the United States are doctors, software engineers, and members of other professions, making Indian Americans the country's wealthiest and most highly educated ethnic group. As South Asian people have spread around the world, so has South Asian food. More than 15,000 South Asian eateries are now found in the United Kingdom, and London has more Indian restaurants than either Mumbai or Delhi. Chicken tikka masala has become so popular that it is widely considered Britain's "new national dish." Tellingly, while chicken tikka masala is classified as Indian food, it was probably invented in Britain by either a Bangladeshi or a Pakistani chef.

Languages of the South

The four main Dravidian languages are confined to southern India and northern Sri Lanka. As in the north, each language is closely associated with one or more Indian states: Kannada in Karnataka, Malayalam in Kerala, Telugu in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, and Tamil in Tamil Nadu. Tamil is often considered the most important member of the family because it has the longest history and the largest literature. Tamil poetry dates back to the 1st century ce, making it one of the world's oldest written languages. Sri Lanka's majority population, the Sinhalese, speak an Indo-European language. Apparently, the Sinhalese migrated from northern South Asia several thousand years ago. These same people also migrated to the Maldives, where the national language, Dhivehi, is essentially a Sinhalese dialect. The drier north and east of Sri Lanka, on the other hand, were settled mainly by Tamils from southern India. Some Tamils later moved to the central highlands, where they were employed as tea-pickers on British-owned estates.

Independence and Partition

The framework of British India began to unravel in the early 20th century, as South Asians increasingly demanded independence. The British, however, were determined to stay; and by the 1920s, South Asia was caught up in massive political protests. The leaders of the rising nationalist movement faced a dilemma in imagining independence. Many leaders, including Mohandas Gandhi, favored a unified state that would include all British mainland territories. Most Muslim leaders, however, argued for dividing British South Asia into a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan. In several places, however, Muslims and Hindus were settled in roughly equal numbers. Another problem was the clear Muslim majorities on opposite sides of the subcontinent, in present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh. When the British finally withdrew in 1947, South Asia was indeed divided into India and Pakistan. Partition was a horrific event. Not only were some 14 million people displaced, but also roughly 1 million were killed. Hindus and Sikhs fled from Pakistan, to be replaced by Muslims fleeing India. The Pakistan that emerged from partition was for several decades a clumsy two-part country, with its western section in the Indus Valley and its eastern portion in the Ganges Delta. The Bengalis occupying the poorer eastern section complained that they were treated as second-class citizens. In 1971, they launched a rebellion and, with the help of India, quickly prevailed. Bangladesh then emerged as a new country. This second partition did not solve Pakistan's problems, however, as the country remained politically unstable and prone to military rule. Pakistan retained the British policy of allowing almost full autonomy to the Pashtun tribes living along its border with Afghanistan in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), a relatively lawless area marked by clan fighting. This area would later lend much support to Afghanistan's Taliban regime and to Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda organization.

fault

The grinding of these plates along a "" triggers devastating earthquakes, like those along California's San Andreas Fault

Indian Diaspora

The historical and contemporary movement of people from India to other countries in search of better opportunities. This process has led to large Indian populations in South Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific islands, along with Western Europe and North America.

Amazon Basin

The home of the world's largest tropical rainforests, runs along the the largest river in the world on the continent of South America. Land drained by the Amazon River.

orographic effect

The influence of mountains on weather and climate, usually referring to the increase of precipitation on the windward side of mountains, and a drier zone (or rain shadow) on the leeward or downwind side of the mountain. -an areas of rugged topography can "wring" moisture out of clouds when moist air masses cool as they forced up and over mountain ranges

Interior and Northern China

The interior and northern provinces, in contrast, have seen less economic growth than the rest of the country. Manchuria remains reasonably well-off due to its fertile soil and early industrialization, but has not participated much in the recent boom. Many of the state-owned heavy industries of the Manchurian rust belt, or zone of decaying factories, are relatively inefficient, leading to slower economic growth. Most of the interior provinces lagged well behind the coast in the boom period of the 1980s and 1990s. To counter such regional differences, China began building roads and railway lines and other huge projects through its so-called Great Western Development Strategy. From 2008 to 2014, the interior provinces grew more rapidly than China's coastal regions, reducing both economic disparities and the flow of migrants. In 2016, several of China's fastest growing economies were located deep in the interior, with impoverished Guizhou in the south-center posting a 10.5% growth figure and Chongqing leading the pack at 10.7%.

watersheds

The land area that supplies water to a river system. an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.

Indian Subcontinent

The large Eurasian peninsula that extends south of the Himalayan Mountains and that encompasses most of South Asia.

The Precarious Situation of Bangladesh

The link between population pressure and environmental degradation is nowhere clearer than in Bangladesh, where the search for fertile land has driven people into hazardous areas, putting millions at risk from seasonal flooding and from the powerful tropical cyclones that form over the Bay of Bengal. With continual population growth, people have transformed swamps into highly productive rice fields. For millennia, drenching monsoon rains have eroded and transported huge quantities of sediment from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal, gradually building this low-lying, fertile delta environment. Deforestation of the Ganges and Brahmaputra headwaters magnifies the problem. Forest cover slows runoff to allow rainfall to soak into the ground and replenish groundwater supplies. Thus, deforestation in river headwaters increases flooding in the wet season, as well as lowers water level during the dry season, when groundwater supplements river flow. Although periodic floods are natural, often beneficial events that enlarge deltas by depositing fertile river-borne sediment, flooding is a serious problem for local residents. In an average year, around 18% of Bangladesh floods, killing several thousand people and destroying many homes. A particularly intense flood, like that of September 1998, can inundate as much as two-thirds of the country. Bangladesh's water problems are further magnified by the fact that many aquifers are contaminated with arsenic from natural sources, threatening the health of as many as 80 million people.

The Green Revolution

The main reason South Asian agriculture has kept up with population growth is the Green Revolution, which originated during the 1960s in agricultural research stations established by international development agencies. By the 1970s, efforts to breed high-yield varieties of rice and wheat had reached initial goals, transforming South Asia from a region of chronic food deficiency to one of self-sufficiency. India more than doubled its annual grain production between 1970 and the mid-1990s. Although the Green Revolution was an agricultural success, many experts highlight its ecological and social costs. Serious environmental problems result from the chemical dependency of the new crop strains. These crops typically need large quantities of industrial fertilizer, which is both expensive and polluting, as well as frequent pesticide applications because they lack natural resistance to plant diseases and insects. Social problems have also followed the Green Revolution. In many areas, only the more prosperous farmers can afford the new seed strains, irrigation equipment, farm machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides. Poorer farmers have often been forced to serve as wage laborers for their more successful neighbors or to migrate to crowded cities. To purchase the necessary inputs, moreover, most farmers have had to borrow large sums of money. As fluctuating crop prices often prevent them from repaying their debts, many farmers feel trapped. Approximately 12,000 Indian farmers kill themselves every year, representing one of the largest waves of suicides in world history. The Green Revolution has fed South Asia's expanding population, but whether it can continue to do so remains unclear. One alternative is to expand water delivery systems (through either canals or wells), as many fields are not irrigated. Irrigation, however, brings its own problems. In much of Pakistan and northwestern India, where irrigation has been practiced for generations, soil salinization, or the buildup of salt in fields, is a major problem. In addition, groundwater is being depleted, especially in Punjab, India's breadbasket. On the other hand, optimists point out that India's agricultural production continues to grow and that famines, once common, are now a thing of the past.

The Indo-European North

The most widely spoken language of South Asia is Hindi. With more than 500 million native speakers, Hindi is by some measurements the world's second most widely spoken language. It plays a prominent role in present-day India, both because so many people speak it and because it is the main language of the Ganges Valley. Hindi is an official language in 10 Indian states and is widely studied throughout the country. Bengali, the official language of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, is spoken by roughly 200 million people. It also has an extensive literature, as West Bengal has long been one of South Asia's leading literary and intellectual centers. Independence split the Punjabi-speaking zone in the west between Pakistan and the Indian state of Punjab. While almost 100 million people speak Punjabi, this language does not have the significance of Bengali. Punjabi did not become the national language of Pakistan, even though it is the day-to-day language of almost half of the country's population. Instead, that distinction was given to Urdu. Urdu, like Hindi, originated on the plains of northern India, with Hindi becoming the language of the Hindu majority and Urdu that of the Muslim minority. Hindi and Urdu are thus written differently—Hindi in the Devanagari script (derived from Sanskrit) and Urdu in a modified Arabic script. Although Urdu borrows many words from Persian, its basic grammar and vocabulary are almost identical to those of Hindi. With independence in 1947, millions of Urdu-speaking Muslims from the Ganges Valley fled to Pakistan. Because Urdu had a higher status than Pakistan's native tongues, it was established as the new country's official language. Although only about 8% of the people of Pakistan learn Urdu as their first language, more than 90% are able to speak and understand it.

greenhouse effect

The natural process of lower atmosphere heating that results from the trapping of incoming and reradiated solar energy by water moisture, clouds, and other atmospheric gases. -Without this process, Earth's climate would average about 60 degrees (33 degrees C) colder, resulting in conditions much like those on Mars.

Arrival of Islam

The next major challenge to Hindu society—Islam—came from the outside. Turkic-speaking Muslims began to enter the region from Central Asia around 1000; and by the 1300s, most of South Asia lay under Muslim power, although Hindu kingdoms persisted in southern India. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Mughal (or Mogul) Empire, the most powerful of the Muslim states, dominated much of the region from its power center in the Indus-Ganges Basin. At first, Muslims formed a small ruling elite, but over time increasing numbers of Hindus converted to the new faith, particularly in the northwest and northeast where the areas now known as Pakistan and Bangladesh became predominantly Muslim.

Siberia

The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia. Number 4

replacement rate

The number of births needed to maintain the population at its current number -takes 2 children per woman with a fraction more to compensate for infant and child mortality to maintain a stable population

latitude

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.

Confucianism

The philosophical system developed in China by Confucius (Kung Fu Zi) in the 6th century BCE that stresses the creation of a proper social order. Confucius was born in 551 BCE, a period of political instability. His goal was to create a philosophy that could generate social stability. While confucianism is sometimes considered a religion, confucius himself was more interested in how to lead a correct life and organize a proper Society. He's stressed obedience to authority, but he thought that those in power must act in a caring manner. The philosophy also emphasizes education. The most basic level of traditional Confucian moral order is the family unit, considered the bedrock of society. The significance of Confucianism in East Asian development has long been debated. In the early 1900s, many observers believed that Confucian respect for tradition and authority was responsible for the economically backward position of China and Korea. But because east Asia has since enjoyed the world's fastest rates of economic growth, this no longer holds true, and newer arguments that Confucianism's respect for education and social stability gave East Asia an advantage.

shogunate

The political order of Japan before 1868, in which power was held by the military leader known as the shogun, rather than by the emperor, whose authority was merely symbolic.

continental crust

The portion of the earth's crust that primarily contains granite, is less dense than oceanic crust, and is 20-50 km thick. A solid, thin outermost layer of Earth. The relatively thick part of the earth's crust that forms the large landmasses. It is generally older and more complex than the oceanic crust.

South Korea Economy

The postwar rise of South Korea was even more remarkable than that of Japan. During Japanese occupation, Korean industrial development was concentrated in the resource-rich north, while the south remained a densely populated, poor, agrarian region. In the 1960s, the South Korean government began a program of export-led economic growth. It guided the economy with a heavy hand and denied basic political freedom to the Korean people. By the 1970s, such policies had proved economically successful, and huge Korean industrial conglomerates, known as chaebol, moved from exporting inexpensive consumer goods to heavy industrial products and then to high-tech equipment . As South Korea's middle class expanded, pressure for political reform increased, and in the 1980s, the country made the transition from authoritarian to democratic rule. South Korean firms were initially dependent on the United States and Japan for technology, but by the 1990s, that was no longer true. South Korea invested heavily in education, serving it well in the global high-tech economy. Such firms as Samsung have emerged as leaders in consumer tech, vying with such U.S. companies as Apple and Google. South Korean corporation are becoming increasingly multinational, building factories in both low-wage and high-wage countries. The South Korean government has signed free-trade agreements with a number of countries and seeks to create a major financial center in Seoul. South Korea's political and social development has not been as smooth as its economic progress. Issues of economic globalization have provoked serious political tensions. For example, a 2011 free-trade agreement between South Korea and the United States resulted in heated protests in Seoul. Another concern is the power of the chaebols, which many South Koreans regard as excessive. Anti-chaebol sentiment surged in 2014 when the daughter of the chairman of Korean Air caused an international flight delay over the way that a bag of nuts had been served. South Korea recovered more rapidly than in most other industrialized countries from the global recession of 2008, with its economy expanding at around 3% a year. South Korean economists and business leaders, however, regard such growth as sluggish, and some worry that their country could follow Japan into long-term stagnation. South Korea faces some of the same challenges that suppress economic growth in Japan, including an aging population and restricted opportunities for professional women. Young South Koreans feel increasingly stressed out by their hyper-competitive educational system, which demands extremely long hours of study from an early age. Such hard work was formerly rewarded with stable employment and rising wages, but many worry that such benefits can no longer be maintained.

pollution exporting

The process of exporting industrial pollution and other waste material to other countries. Pollution exporting can be direct, as when waste is simply shipped abroad for disposal, or indirect, as when highly polluting factories are constructed abroad. -Japan's high cost of production and strict environmental laws have led to many Japanese companies to relocate their dirtiest factories to other areas, especially China and Southeast Asia.

linguistic nationalism

The promotion of one language over others that is, in turn, linked to shared notions of political identity. In India, some nationalists promote Hindi as the unifying language of the country, yet this is resisted by many non-Hindi-speaking peoples.

Atheism and Agnosticism

The rejection of belief in a god or gods; the existence of god or gods is unknown or unknowable - Materialism -"I'm spiritual, not religious" -communism + liberalism

monsoon

The seasonal pattern of changes in winds, heat, and moisture in South Asia and other regions of the world that is a product of larger meteorological forces of land and water heating, the resultant pressure gradients, and jet-stream dynamics. The monsoon produces distinct wet and dry seasons.

Japan

The second largest country, with 127 million people

urban primacy

The situation found in a country in which a disproportionately large city, such as London, Seoul, or Bangkok, dominates the urban system and is the center of economic, political, and cultural life. -South Korea

Dalits

The so-called untouchable population of India; people often considered socially polluting because of their historical connections with occupations classified as unclean, such as leatherworking and latrine-cleaning.

desertification

The spread of desert conditions into semiarid areas owing to improper management of the land.

Demography demographers

The study of populations, referred to as "", forms an important basis for understanding world regional geography. Researchers who study "", called "", seek to describe population structure and population change.

Contemporary Geography of Sikhism

The tension between Hinduism and Islam in northern South Asia gave rise to a new religion, Sikhism, which originated in the 1400s in the Punjab near the modern boundary between India and Pakistan. The new faith combined elements of both Islam and Hinduism. Many orthodox Muslims viewed Sikhism as unacceptable because it incorporated elements of their own religion in a manner contrary to accepted beliefs. Periodic persecution led the Sikhs to adopt a militantly defensive stance. Even today, many Sikh men work as soldiers and bodyguards, both in India and abroad. At present, the Indian state of Punjab is approximately 60% Sikh. Small but often influential groups of Sikhs are scattered across the rest of India. Devout Sikh men are immediately visible because they do not cut their hair or beards, but instead wrap their hair in turbans and sometimes tie their beards close to their faces.

"describing the Earth"

The term geography has its roots in what Greek word?

The British Conquest

The unsettled conditions of the 1700s provided an opening for European imperialism. The British and French, having largely displaced the Dutch and Portuguese, competed for trading posts. Before the Industrial Revolution, Indian cotton textiles were the finest in the world, and European merchants needed large quantities for their global trading networks. After Britain's victory over France in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), the French retained only a few minor coastal cities. Elsewhere, the British East India Company, the private organization that acted as an arm of the British government, began to carve out its own empire. British control over South Asia was essentially complete by the 1840s, but valuable local allies were allowed to maintain power, provided that they did not threaten British interests. The territories of these indigenous (or "princely") states were gradually reduced, while British advisors increasingly dictated their policies. The continual expansion of British power led to a rebellion in 1856 across much of South Asia. When this uprising (sometimes called the Sepoy Mutiny) was finally crushed, a new political order was implemented. South Asia was now under the authority of the British government, with the British monarch as its head of state. The British Empire enjoyed direct control over the region's most productive and densely populated areas, and ruled indirectly in more remote areas, with native rulers retaining their thrones. British cultural features spread widely across most of the region, including a passion for such sports as cricket and soccer. British officials, concerned about threats to their immensely profitable Indian colony, particularly from the Russians advancing across Central Asia, attempted to secure their boundaries. In some cases, this merely required making alliances with local rulers. In such a manner, Nepal and Bhutan retained their independence. In the extreme northeast, the British Empire took over some small states and tribal territories that had largely been outside of the South Asian cultural sphere.

climate control

The use of public relations techniques to create favorable public opinion toward an interest group, industry, or corporation.

Maoism

The version of Marxism advocated by the Chinese revolutionary and political leader Mao Zedong in which the peasantry is regarded as the main revolutionary class. In east-central India, a Maoist insurgency has been fighting against the government for decades.

India's Growth Centers

The west-central states of Gujarat and Maharashtra are noted for their industrial and financial power as well as agricultural productivity. Gujarat was one of the first parts of South Asia to industrialize, and its textile mills are still among the region's most productive. Gujaratis are well known as merchants and overseas traders and are heavily represented in the Indian diaspora, the migration of Indians to foreign countries. Unfortunately, Gujarat also has some of the worst Hindu-Muslim relations in India and lags behind southern India in terms of social development. Maharashtra is usually viewed as India's economic pacesetter, as huge Mumbai has long been India's financial center and media capital. Major industrial zones are located around Mumbai and the state's other cities. In recent years, Maharashtra's economy has grown more quickly than those of most other Indian states; production per capita is roughly 50% greater than that of India as a whole. In the northwestern states of Punjab and Haryana, showcases of the Green Revolution, economic output per capita is also relatively high. Their economies depend largely on agriculture, but food processing and other industries are showing strong growth. On Haryana's eastern border lies the National Capital Territory of Delhi, where much of India's political power and wealth is concentrated. India's fast-growing high-technology sector lies farther to the south, especially in Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore) and Hyderabad. The Indian government selected the upland Bengaluru area for technological investments in the 1950s. In the 1980s and 1990s, a quickly growing computer software and hardware industry emerged, earning Bengaluru the label "Silicon Plateau". By 2000, many U.S. software, accounting, and data-processing jobs were being outsourced (transferred) to Bengaluru and other Indian cities. Hyderabad has gained fame for its technical education, with some 500 institutes in the city offering information technology (IT) training to more than 100,000 students. The southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala have also seen rapid growth in recent years, due in part to booming IT industries. India has proved especially competitive in software because software development does not require a sophisticated infrastructure—computer code can be exported by wireless telecommunication systems instead of modern roads or port facilities. The government now stresses Internet connectivity to provide services and enhance electronics manufacturing. India currently boasts more than 900 million wireless connections thanks to heavy investment in mobile phone services.

In India, roughly how many metropolitan areas have more than 1 million inhabitants?

There are actually more than 50 metropolitan areas in India that have more than 1 million inhabitants.

Himalayas

These mountains separate India from China and are the tallest in the world.

Indian Ocean

This area possessed the biggest network of sea-based trade in the postclassical period prior to the rise of Atlantic-based trade.

Mediterranean Sea

This body of Water separates Europe and Africa

Atlantic Ocean

This body of water contributed to Britain, the United States, France, and eventually Germany becoming industrialized

Black Sea

This body of water is North of present-day Turkey. http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3529/3278977531_f628aa09e2.jpg

Red Sea

This body of water separates the Arabian Peninsula from Africa.

The term geography

This discipline is central to all cultures and civilizations as humans explore their world, seeking natural resources, commercial trade, military advantage, and scientific knowledge about diverse environments.

Hindu Civilization

This early Ganges Valley civilization gave birth to Hinduism, a complex faith that lacks a single system of belief. Certain deities are recognized, however, by all believers, as is the notion that these various gods are all expressions of a single divine essence. Hindus also share a common set of epic stories, usually written in Sanskrit, the sacred language of their religion. Hinduism is noted for its mystical tendencies, which have long inspired many to seek an ascetic lifestyle, renouncing property and sometimes all regular human relations. One of its hallmarks is a belief in the transmigration of souls from being to being through reincarnation. Hinduism is also associated with India's caste system, the division of society into hereditary groups that are ranked as ritually superior or inferior to one another.

Ural Mountains

This north-south range separates Siberia from the rest of Russia. It is commonly considered the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia.

Southern Ocean

This ocean, often not labeled on maps, surrounds Antarctica and extends northward toward Australia

East asia

This region includes China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.

nonrenewable energy

Those energy sources such as oil and coal with finite reserves. -90% of the world is powered on this energy -Coal, oil, natural gas, or fossil fuels, are considered "dirty" due to carbon content -natural gas emits 60% less CO2 than coal per unit of energy produced -fossil fuels major sources of air pollutants causing acid rain and urban smog -major fuels, oil and coal, make up 33 and 30 % of fuel usage -natural gas - 24% and nuclear at 4% -natural gas must be supercooled and compressed into a liquid for sea transport

Contemporary Geography of Islam

Though a minority religion for South Asia as a whole, Islam is still widespread, counting more than 500 million followers. Bangladesh and especially Pakistan are overwhelmingly Muslim. India's Muslim community, constituting only some 15% of the country's population, is still roughly 175 million strong. It is also growing faster than India's Hindu population, due to its somewhat higher fertility rate. Muslims live in almost every part of India but are concentrated in four main areas: in most large cities; in Kashmir, particularly in the densely populated Valley of Kashmir; in the central Ganges Plain, where Muslims constitute 15 to 20% of the population; and in the southwestern state of Kerala, which is approximately 25% Muslim. Interestingly, Kerala was one of the few parts of India that never experienced prolonged Muslim rule. Islam in Kerala was historically connected to trade across the Arabian Sea. Kerala's Malabar Coast supplied spices and other luxury products to Southwest Asia, encouraging many Arab traders to settle there; and gradually, many native residents converted to the new religion. The same trade routes brought Islam to Sri Lanka, which is approximately 9% Muslim, and to the Maldives, which is almost entirely Muslim. In predominantly Muslim Pakistan, rising Islamic fundamentalism has led to severe conflicts. Radical fundamentalist leaders want to make Pakistan a fully religious state, a plan rejected by most of the country's citizens. The government has attempted to intercede between the two groups, but it is often viewed as biased toward the Islamists. Anti Blasphemy laws, for example, have been used to persecute members of Pakistan's small Hindu and Christian communities as well as liberal Muslims. Similar conflicts have also occurred in Bangladesh, where radical fundamentalists have attacked and killed a number of secular and liberal Muslim bloggers. Discrimination and violence against Muslims has become a major problem in South Asia's non-Muslim countries. In 2018, deadly anti-Muslim rioting broke out in Sri Lanka, triggered by a road-rage incident. In India, the horrific rape and murder of an eight-year-old girl in the same year was widely interpreted as part of an attempt to force a Muslim community out of a primarily Hindu area. Radical Hindu vigilantes periodically attack Muslims suspected of having butchered cows, a sacred animal to Hinduism. Bangladesh has had to cope with a large influx of Muslim Rohingya refugees violently forced out of neighboring Myanmar by Buddhist extremists, which has placed a large burden on the country.

Which of the following statements apply/applies to Goa, India?

Tourists come from Europe. Tourists often wear thong bikini bottoms.

Korea's Postwar Division

Toward the end of World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed to divide Korea, with Soviet forces occupying the area north of the 38th parallel and U.S. troops occupying the south. Two separate governments soon emerged. In 1950, the North invaded the South, seeking to reunify the country. The United States, backed by the United Nations, supported South Korea, while China aided North Korea. The war ended in a stalemate, and the peninsula remains divided—its two governments still technically at war. After the war, the south emerged as a wealthy trading nation that eventually turned to democracy while the fortunes of the north declined and its government grew increasingly repressive. By the late 1990s, South Korea's government came to favor a softer approach to North Korea. South Korean firms invested substantial funds in joint economic endeavors, and South Koreans were allowed to cross the border for closely monitored visits. Yet North Korea remained hostile, resulting in the periodic shutdown of North-South relations.

Tsunamis often accompany Earth's most powerful earthquakes.

Tsunamis, which are massive sea waves, are the result of _________.

4000

UNICEF reports that nearly "" children die each day from unsafe water and lack of basic sanitation facilities.

megacities

Urban conglomerations of more than 10 million people.

Which of the following is the term that describes the ancient fourfold social hierarchy of the Hindu world, which has persisted today as India's caste system?

Varna refers to the ancient fourfold social hierarchy of the Hindu world, which distinguishes priests, warriors, merchants, farmers, and craftsmen in declining order of ritual purity.

6-10

Virtually all Japanese study English for "" to "" years.

divergent

Volcanic activity is common in Iceland because of its location on the "" plate boundary bisecting the Atlantic Ocean. This eruption took place on the Holuhraun Fissure near the Bardarbunga Volcano.

earthquakes

Volcanoes usually provide an array of warnings before eruption, hence less death than that from "". In 20th century, 75,000 people were killed by volcanic eruptions while 1.5 million died from "".

1. local building hazards 2.population density 3. housing traditions 4. effectiveness of search, rescue, and relief organizations

Vulnerability to geologic hazards differs considerably around the world, depending on what four things?

water stress

Water planners use the concept of ________ to map where water problems exist and also to predict where future problems will occur.

2.5%. Of the Earth's water, 2.5% is classified as freshwater, either in liquid or solid form.

What % of the Earth's water is freshwater?

Although Earth is the water planet, only 3% is freshwater. However, most freshwater is locked up in polar ice caps and mountain glaciers or exists as groundwater. This leaves less than 1% of the world's water in more accessible surface rivers and lakes.

What % of the world's water is found in more accessible forms, such as in rivers and lakes?

forces at subduction zones

What accounts for most tectonic plate motion?

Earth's natural world has become a distinctly human, globalized one. As a result, it is questionable whether natural vegetation bioregions truly exist anymore.

What are novel ecosystems?

Maps always have implicit social and political agendas. Because all maps contain distortion, they are constructed for specific purposes, thus allowing for social and political agendas to have influence.

What best describes the design of maps?

the collision of India with Asia

What caused the formation of the Himalayas?

It was imperialist and racist because Europe was portrayed as larger and more prominent, while the developing countries of the tropics and southern hemisphere were generally portrayed as smaller than their true physical size, and thereby less important. Peters was highly critical of the Mercator Projection, which distorts the size of mapped areas, making those located in the high latitudes seem to be vastly larger than their actual dimensions would dictate.

What criticism did Arno Peters have of the Mercator map projection?

He attempted to show the true relative sizes of countries. Size and shape of objects on a map cannot both be maintained when mapping very large areas like the world. Peters felt that countries should be represented according to their actual size.

What did the Peters attempt to achieve with his map projection?

There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors. Heezen and Tharp revealed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge through their early work. As they continued to map, they discovered a continuous series of ridges stretching over 60,000 km throughout the world's ocean basins.

What did the maps of the ocean floor produced by Bruce Heezen and Marie Tharp reveal about seafloor topography?

-unavoidable and that it can be managed at both the national and the international levels to reduce economic inequalities and protect the natural environment -stress the need for strong yet efficient national govs, supported by international institutions aka UN World Bank IMF, and globalized networks of nongovernmental environmental, labor, and human rights groups -

What do advocates of a middle-ground position argue about economic globalization?

-support free trade and other aspects of economic globalization -it's a logical and inevitable expression of contemporary international capitalism that benefits all nations and all peoples -enhances competition -increases the flow of capital -employment opportunities to poor areas -encourages the spread of beneficial new technologies and ideas

What do advocates of globalization say?

The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

What does the hydrologic cycle describe?

hot spots

What features at the surface provide evidence of plumes?

Methane. Ruminant animals generate an estimated 100 million tons of methane each year.

What greenhouse gas is released into the atmosphere as a result of raising domestic livestock such as cattle?

Reefs will degrade over time, ultimately resulting in large-scale mortality. The acidification of the oceans prevents corals from absorbing the calcium carbonate needed to produce the skeletons that comprise the reef.

What impact will increased carbon dioxide absorption by the oceans have on coral reefs?

a zone of upwelling material originating at the outer core-mantle boundary

What is a plume?

Bioregions are groupings of flora and fauna in a large ecological region. Biomes are closely connected with climate regions because climatic conditions influence the distribution of vegetation and animals.

What is an assemblage of local plants and animals that is closely connected with a climate region?

a cycle of moving material formed by the rise of less-dense material and the sinking of denser material

What is convection?

180 degrees

What is the highest value a line of longitude will have?

Imago Mundi of 6th century BC from Babylonia

What is the oldest known map?

Burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide is produced and released to the atmosphere when carbon-rich fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas are burned.

What is the primary cause of the nearly 20% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels since the 1960s?

Very few plate boundaries follow the edges of continents.

What is the relationship between continent edges and plate boundaries?

In general, warmer materials are less dense, and colder materials are denser.

What is the relationship between temperature and density?

It is the historically agreed-upon starting point for longitude.

What is the significance of Greenwich, England, in the context of latitude and longitude?

Prime Meridian

What is the starting location (0 degree location) used for lines of longitude

Coal. When burned, coal releases more carbon dioxide than any other fossil fuel.

What non-renewable resource, when burned, is the leading cause of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

the single ocean that existed after the Pangaean supercontinent formed

What was Panthalassa?

a piece of the Panthalassa Ocean that existed after the Pangaean supercontinent formed

What was the Tethys Sea?

It was embraced by the international press and many organizations but rejected by cartographers as being full of errors. Some members of the cartographic community were overtly hostile toward the Peters Projection and Peters fueled that hostility by his criticisms of the cartographic profession.

What was the initial reaction to the unveiling of the Peters map projection?

He was a scholar who worked at the Library of Alexandria in what is now Egypt. The Ancient Library of Alexandria was one of the largest libraries and centers for scholarship in the ancient world.

What was the occupation of Claudius Ptolemy?

Laurasia and Gondwanaland

What were the names of the two smaller supercontinents that formed when Pangaea broke apart?

The global temperature would be minus 19 degrees Celsius. Without the Greenhouse Effect, the planet's temperature would plummet to -19 degrees Celsius (-2.2 degrees Fahrenheit).

What would earth's temperature be without the Greenhouse Effect?

The atmosphere would contain less water.

What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land?

The oceans would become smaller.

What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow were reduced (for example, by the growth of ice sheets during an ice age)?

"one country, two systems"

When Britain returned Hong Kong to China in the 1980s, this was the name of the model under which China promised that Hong Kong would retain its capitalist economic system and its partially democratic political system for 50 years. Civil liberties not enjoyed in China itself were to remain protected in Hong Kong.

South Asia Before and After Independence

When Europeans first arrived in the 1500s, most of northern South Asia was ruled by the Muslim Mughal Empire, while southern India remained under the control of the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagara. European merchants—eager to obtain spices, textiles, and other products—established coastal trading posts. The Portuguese carved out an enclave in Goa, while the Dutch gained control over much of Sri Lanka, but neither was a significant threat to the Mughals. In the early 1700s, however, the Mughal Empire weakened rapidly, with competing states emerging in its former territories.

China Toward a Post-communist Economy

When Mao Zedong, who had been revered as an almost superhuman being, died in 1976, China faced a crucial turning point. Its economy was nearly stagnant and its people desperately poor, while the economy of Taiwan, its rival, was booming. This led to a political struggle between dedicated communists and pragmatists hoping for change. The pragmatists emerged victorious, and by the late 1970s it was clear that China would embark on a path of export-oriented and market-based development. China did not, however, transform itself into a fully capitalist country. The state continued to run most heavy industries, and the Communist Party held on to political power. Instead of suddenly abandoning the communist model, as the former Soviet Union did, China opened cracks in which capitalist businesses could take root and thrive. An important early industrial reform involved opening Special Economic Zones (SEZs), in which foreign investment was welcome and state interference was minimal. The Shenzhen SEZ, adjacent to Hong Kong, proved particularly successful. Additional SEZs were soon opened, mostly in the coastal region. The basic strategy was to attract foreign investment that could generate exports, producing income to supply China with capital to build its infrastructure (roads, electrical and water systems, telephone exchanges, and the like). China has more recently used the SEZ model to bring economic development to the interior, declaring the entire city of Kashgar in western Xinjiang an SEZ in 2010. China enacted other market-oriented reforms in the 1980s and 1990s. From the early 1990s until around 2010, the Chinese economy grew at roughly 10% a year, perhaps the fastest rate of expansion the world has ever seen. Seeking to strengthen its connections with the global economic system, in 2001 China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), a body designed to facilitate free trade and provide ground rules for international economic exchange. Despite China's reliance on trade, it weathered the global economic crisis of 2008-2009 relatively well. But its pace of economic growth eased off, averaging around 7% a year from 2011 to 2017. China's leaders have responded by trying to increase domestic consumption and by engaging in a massive drive against corruption. Another strategy is the creation of Free Trade Zones, which are similar to the SEZs but characterized by more extensive deregulation and global access. Some evidence suggests that such policies have been successful. China is now developing a strong consumer-led economy, increasingly purchasing goods from across the world. In early 2018, it posted its fastest economic growth rate since 2011. Another response to China's slowdown is business expansion abroad and foreign investments. Infrastructure investment is often favored because it facilitates both exports and imports. Prominent here is the so-called New Silk Road project, part of China's "One Belt, One Road" initiative. The "road" part of this project is actually maritime, based on port development and transportation linkages across the Indian Ocean. China is also planning ambitious investments in Latin American roads and railroads. Such projects, however, face local political and environmental opposition, and if China's economic growth slips, it is uncertain whether adequate funds will be available.

Oceanic-continental plate convergence

When an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate, the oceanic plate, being denser, subducts to form volcanic mountains.

Bangladesh

When it gained independence in 1971, Bangladesh was one of the world's poorest countries. Environmental degradation and colonialism contributed to Bangladesh's poverty, as did the partition of British India in 1947. Most of prepartition Bengal's businesses were located in the west, which went to India. Slow economic growth and a rising population in the first several decades after independence kept Bangladesh extremely poor. Economic conditions have, however, improved markedly over the past several decades, especially among the country's poorest communities. Bangladesh is now the world's second largest exporter of apparel, trailing only China. Its garment industry has blossomed in part because its wage rate is extremely low, but wages are gradually rising. Nongovernmental organizations have played a major role in bringing the benefits of development to the poor. Low-interest credit provided by the internationally acclaimed Grameen Bank, for example, has allowed many rural Bangladeshi women to establish small-scale enterprises. Political tensions and environmental degradation, however, cloud the country's economic future.

lingua franca

When people from different cultural groups cannot communicate directly in their native languages, they often employ a third language to serve as a common tongue, a ""

Continental-continental plate convergence

When two continental plates converge, neither of them subducts as they have a density that is much lower than the mantle, resulting in the formation of a collisional mountain chain.

Oceanic-oceanic plate convergence

When two oceanic plates converge, the denser of the two subducts into the mantle. The subduction results in the partial melting of lithospheric rock above the area of subduction, leading to the formation of volcanoes.

Canada and Alaska, near arctic locations

Where is a tundra located?

as ice at Earth's surface

Where is most of Earth's freshwater found?

Dams and reservoirs

Whereas Bangladesh and eastern India often suffer from excess water, Pakistan and much of northwestern and central India more often experience a lack of water. In many areas, farmers have traditionally stored runoff water from the monsoon rains in small reservoirs for use during the dry months. As these storage facilities have proved inadequate to meet the demands of a growing population, villagers have turned to deep wells and powerful pumps to provide groundwater for their crops. Water tables are falling in many areas as a result, requiring ever deeper wells and electricity expenditures. The governments of India and Pakistan have been building large dams both to generate electricity and supply additional water. These dams are controversial, mostly because they displace hundreds of thousands of rural residents. The Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River in the state of Gujarat has been particularly contentious. India's government has recently increased the height of the Sardar Sarovar Dam from its original 260 feet (80 meters) to 535 feet (163 meters), enabling the irrigation of additional 6900 square miles (18,000 square kilometers) in drought-prone western Gujarat. In 2018, India's National Green Tribunal petitioned the government to allow more water to flow out of the dam and into the river rather than into irrigation canals, arguing that the lower course of the Narmada has been reduced to a small stream.

Germany leads the way with more than 20% of its power coming from renewables, primarily through extensive wind and solar power stations

Which large industrial country leads the way in renewable energy use?

Troposphere. The troposphere extends from Earth's surface to an altitude of approximately seven miles.

Which layer of the atmosphere has the greatest mass and contains nearly all of the Earth's water vapor?

interrupted projection

Which map projection is torn, or cut, in order to reduce shape distortion in specific parts of the map?

the Pacific Ocean

Which ocean is Earth's largest?

the Himalayan Mountains Convergent plates are forced together. The collision has also resulted in the formation of other mountain ranges (Cascades in Oregon, Andes of South America). Because of the continued convergence of the tectonic plates that created the Himalayas, these mountains continue to increase in height.

Which of the following features have been formed by the collision of convergent tectonic plates?

The greenhouse effect is about both the trapping of incoming solar radiation and the absorption and re-radiation of outgoing solar radiation, which both contribute to the increased warming of Earth.

Which of the following is the best description for the greenhouse effect?

China has most recently overtaken the United States as emitter of the largest amount of greenhouse gases per year.

Which of the following is the country that emits the most greenhouse gases?

Rift valleys are the result of divergent plate boundaries. An example is the Red Sea between northern Africa and Saudi Arabia.

Which of the following is the result of a divergent plate boundary?

Temperate forests are composed of either softwood conifer or hardwood deciduous trees; they are in high demand by timber interests and are often clear cut for the efficiency of harvesting and to facilitate replanting of nursery species. These forests, however, also store vast amounts of CO2, much of which is released back into the atmosphere during cutting and milling.

Which of the following is/are true regarding temperate forests in North America?

general-purpose with a balanced view of oceans and landmasses, and uninterrupted perspective

Which of the following map projection qualities would be most appropriate for mapping the global distribution of air temperature?

compromise projection

Which of the following projections is used for general-purpose world maps because it communicates a balanced representation of the world?

Northern Africa stands out as the region of highest water stress; hydrologists predict that three- quarters of Africa's population will experience water shortages by 2025.

Which of the following regions stands out as an area of high stress?

A landmass will be the same size on the map as on the globe, but its shape will be distorted.

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to occur in an equivalent projection?

Maps of the world and continents are impacted by distortion more than maps of local areas.

Which of the following statements about map projections is true?

Most tectonic plates contain both oceanic and continental lithosphere.

Which of the following statements about tectonic plates is true?

When circles are projected onto such a map, their shape will be maintained but they will vary in size.

Which of the following statements best characterizes a map projection that maintains angular relations on a map?

Aspect is the location of the center of a map projection.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the aspect of a map?

diffuse

Which of the following terms best characterizes upwelling in the asthenosphere?

deciduous. The temperate deciduous forest region is known for its colorful fall display before trees shed their leaves for winter.

Which of the following terms refers to trees that drop their leaves during winter?

Gondwanaland

Which supercontinent contained Africa and South America?

size and shape

Which two key properties of Earth's spatial relationships are considered when creating a map projection?

-labor + environmental groups + social justice movements - not a "natural" process -the product of an explicit economic policy promoted by free-trade advocates, capitalist countries, financial interests, international investors, and multinational firms that maximize profits by moving capital + seeking low-wage labor

Who are the opponents of globalization and what do they believe?

Japan and South Korea

Who are the world leaders in environmentally responsible tech?

Anaximander (610-546 BC)

Who created the first map of the world, which was circular in form? - It showed the known lands of the world grouped around the Aegean Sea at the center and they are all surrounded by the ocean

To replicate future carbon dioxide levels and measure the changes in coral reef productivity, mortality and health. Reefs are susceptible to changes in ocean conditions, including carbon dioxide levels.

Why are scientists doing research in an underwater lab in the Great Barrier Reef?

There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced. As with many research endeavors, often it is not possible to collect data for all locations. Thus, researchers have to estimate, or interpolate, what is going on between data points by using their understanding of the phenomenon and the locations for which they have data.

Why did Heezen and Tharp have to do "inspired guessing" when creating their maps of the ocean floor?

Globalization, the greater interconnectedness of societies around the world, has allowed diseases to spread rapidly. Globalization's link to disease spreading is not new. One historical example is the mass deaths experienced by indigenous populations of the Americas, partly because the arrival of Europeans resulted in indigenous Americans' exposure to diseases to which they had no immunity. Globalization, however, is more rapid and intense now, reaching far corners of the world and involving all aspects of life.

Why did millions of Native Americans die in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? How did once-localized diseases such as swine flu and HIV/AIDS spread all over the world?

The Aral Sea has lost 90% of its water because the rivers that feed the Aral Sea have been diverted for cotton production over the past 40 years. The Aral Sea is shrinking primarily because the water from two rivers is being diverted for agricultural production.

Why has the Aral Sea lost 90% of its water over the last 40 years?

In cycles of tens or often hundreds of thousands of years, the earth's tilt and its orbit around the sun gradually change. These natural changes have contributed to dramatic shifts in earth's climate. With each cycle, the patterns of solar radiation hitting the earth change.

Why has the earth experienced natural climate changes?

Lake Chad is one-tenth of its former size today because of drought and overuse. Lake Chad is located in the northern Sahel region, which is a semi-arid area. Drought and overuse have caused Lake Chad to shrink to one-tenth of its former size.

Why is Lake Chad one-tenth of its former size?

Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases temporarily trap heat energy in the earth's atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm and habitable. Carbon dioxide together with other greenhouse gases acts as a blanket around the earth, temporarily preventing long-wave energy release back into space.

Why is carbon dioxide so important?

Ptolemy's zero line of longitude was different—farther east—than the zero line of longitude used by GPS. The position of the 0° line of longitude passing through Greenwich, England, was not fixed until 1884. Previously, and certainly during the time of Ptolemy, maps produced in various parts of the world had widely varying zero longitude lines.

Why was the longitudinal position of Magna Portus (modern-day Bosham) on Ptolemy's map quite different than what was determined using GPS?

The Postwar Division of China

World War II brought tremendous destruction and loss of life to China. After Japan invaded China proper in 1937, competing Chinese communist and nationalist forces agreed to cooperate, but once Japan was defeated, China's civil war began in earnest. The communists proved victorious in 1949, forcing the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan. A dormant state of war between China and Taiwan persisted for decades after 1949. The Beijing government still claims Taiwan as an integral part of China and vows that it will eventually reclaim it. Nationalists in Taiwan long insisted that they represented the true government of a temporarily divided country. By the end of the 20th century, however, almost all Taiwanese had given up on the idea of taking over China itself, and many began to call openly for Taiwan's formal independence. The ideal of Chinese unity continues to be influential both in China and abroad. In the 1950s and 1960s, the United States recognized Taiwan as the only legitimate government of China, but its policy changed after U.S. leaders decided that it would be more useful to recognize mainland China. Soon, China entered the United Nations, and Taiwan found itself diplomatically isolated. Taiwan continues to be recognized, however, as the legitimate government of China by a few small countries, most of which receive Taiwanese economic aid in return. Taiwan's geopolitical status is controversial even within Taiwan. When a nationalist was elected president of Taiwan in 2000, China threatened to invade if the island declared formal independence. Tensions later subsided as economic ties between Taiwan and mainland China boomed, but Beijing's growing military reach is seen as a major threat. In 2016, Tsai Ing-wen, a critic of mainland China, was elected president. Although Tsai does not advocate formal independence, she does not believe that Taiwan and China form a single nation. As a result, China has pressured international organizations to reject Taiwan as a separate member. In early 2018, Beijing threatened to penalize foreign companies operating in China that list Taiwan as a country on their websites.

Yangtze River

World's third largest (by volume), emerges from the Tibetan highlands onto the rolling lands of the Sichuan Basin, passes through a magnificent canyon in the Three Gorges area, and then meanders across the lowlands of central China before entering the sea in a large delta near Shanghai. -main transportation corridor into the interior of China for millenia and has been famous in Chinese lit for its beauty and power

China

Yearly CO2 emissions continue to grow as hundreds of new coal-fired power plants come online from this country. -In contrast, emissions in the US have stabilized recently because more power plants have switched from coal to natural gas as the price of that cleaner energy source has become increasingly competitive -The flat line of Russia's emissions after the collapse of the Soviet Union is somewhat of a mystery and may be a reporting problem

Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

a belt of low pressure which circles the Earth generally near the equator where the trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres come together, results from strong solar radiation in that equatorial zone

Labrador Sea

a body of water that is located off the eastern coast of Labrador and Newfoundland

Baffin Bay

a body of water that is located off the northeastern coast of Baffin Island

Gulf of Alaska

a body of water that is located off the southern coast of Alaska

Arabian Sea

a body of water that lies between Arabia and India; the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean

functional region

a certain activity (or cluster of activities) takes place - North America's Rust Belt is such a region because it encompasses a triangle from Milwaukee to Cincinnati to Syracuse, where manufacturing dominated through the 1960s and then experiences steady decline as factories shut down and people left. -geographers designate "" to show changing regional associations

primate city

a city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy, often the capital, three or four times larger than the country's next largest city eg. Seoul, Lagos, London, Manila, and Buenos Aires

place

a geographic concept, not just the characteristics of a location, encompasses the meaning that people give to such areas, in the sense of "" -can tell us how humans interact with nature and how they interact among themselves; where there are tensions and where there is peace

UN Peacekeepers

a group of armed soldiers sent to a hostile area to promote peace -impartiality -consent of parties -non-use of force except in self defense (not an enforcement tool) - legitimacy and credibility

Congo Basin

a large flat area along the congo river in central africa

nation

a large group of people with shared sociocultural traits, such as language, religion, and shared identity

North China Plain

a large, flat area of fertile soil crossed by the Huang He (Yellow River) -cold and dry in winter but hot and humid in the summer - precipitation is somewhat low and unpredictable -threatened by desertification (the spread of desert conditions in semiarid lands) -seasonal water shortages are becoming severe through much of the plain as withdrawals for irrigation and industry increase -historically suffered from droughts and floods

Core-Periphery Model

a model where developed countries and regions constituted the global economic core, centered for the most part in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas most of the areas in the Southern Hemisphere made up a less developed periphery

Atlas Mountains

a mountain range in northern Africa between the Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert

Kurdish people

a nation w/out a state -cultural group lack political voice and representation due to the way political borders have been drawn -divided by political borders among Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran

Mercator Projection

a projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder in such a way that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator, used especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps.

Baltic Sea

a sea in northern Europe

ethnicity

a social group with a common or distinctive culture, religion, language, or history

urban primacy

a state in which a disproportionately large city dominates the urban system and is the center of economic, political, and cultural life

What was Pangaea?

a supercontinent that began to break apart about 200 million years ago

Global Positioning System (GPS)

absolute location on Earth is determined through satellites, using time signals sent from a location to a satellite and back to a "" receiver to calculate precise coordinates of latitude and longitude. first used by the U.S. military in the 1960s and then made available to the public in the 20th century Compared to a complicated method of celestial navigation based on one's location relative to the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

accounts for the value of goods that can be purchased w/ the equivalent of one international dollar in a particular country -An international $ has the same "" over all GNI and is set at a designated U.S. dollar value -"" was created to adjust comparisons between countries because for ex: an income of $5,000 in India can purchase more basic goods than the same amount of money in the U.S.

alluvial plain

an area of fertile soil left by river floods

Caribbean Sea

an arm of the Atlantic Ocean between North and South America

North Sea

an arm of the North Atlantic between the British Isles and Scandinavia

transform fault

an earthquake fault where the ground on each side of the fault moves in opposite directions because of tectonic forces

World Trade Organization (WTO)

an institution that deals with the global rules of trade among nations works to trade barriers between countries to enhance economic globalization tries to mediate between countries and trading blocs engaged in trade disputes

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation makes short-term loans to countries in financial difficulty--those having trouble, for example making interest payments on loans that they had previously taken.

insurgency

an organized rebellion aimed at overthrowing a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict

Plate boundary convergence and the process of subduction

are responsible for the formation of the Andes Mountains−a linear mountain range that parallels the western coast of South America.

Sea of Japan

body of water separating Japan from the Koreas & China

What are the two terms for squatter settlements of temporary, and often illegal, housing found in the cities of India?

bustees and hutments Bustees is the term for sprawling squatter settlements and hutments are squatter settlements built on busy sidewalks.

Oblique Aspect

centered somewhere between a pole and the equator

Polar Aspect

centers the map projection at a pole

Megacities

cities with more than 10 million people -currently are 33 "" which are in the developing world will be 10 more in 2030

cultural landscape

common tool for the analysis of place which is the tangible, material expression of human settlement, past and present. -visually reflects the most basic human needs-- shelter, food, and work (or keep them apart) because it is a marker of cultural values, attitudes, history, and symbols - as cultures vary greatly around the world so do ""

Human Geography

concentrates on the spatial analysis of economic, social, and cultural systems

tropical rainforest

consists of a rich ecosystem of plants and animals adapted to differing levels of sunlight through multiple layers of vegetation -adapted to heavy rainfall throughout the year

Which of the following best describe(s) the Green Revolution in South Asia?

crops lacking natural resistance to diseases and insects use of large quantities of industrial fertilizers high-yield crop strains of wheat and rice

gender roles

cultural guidelines that define appropriate behavior within a specific context -guide many social behaviors with a group, such as child rearing, education, marriage, and even recreational activities

formal region

defined by some long-term aspect of physical form, such as climate type or mountain range - Rocky Mountains or the Amazon Basin -cultural features like a dominance of language or religion

sovereignty

defined geopolitically as the ability (or inability) of a gov to control activities within its borders

territory

delimited area over which a state exercises control and which is recognized by other states -a sovereign state must have this that is recognized by other states

digital globalization

describes the accelerated movement of data to facilitate daily demands for info, searches, financial transactions, communication, and video

diversity

differences in culture (language, religion, architecture, foods, and other attributes of daily life), economies, and politics from place to place

map projections

different ways to project a spherical image onto a flat surface

Subfamilies

divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent

International Date Line

each new solar day begins, lies along much of 180 degrees longitude, deviating where necessary to ensure that small Pacific island nations remain on the same calendar day

Neoliberalism

economic restructuring emphasizing privatization, foreign investment, and free trade

tropical savanna

ecosystem is less dense, adapted to less rain falling in only part of the year -vegetation is often sparse, widely spaced trees in a grassland

remote sensing

electromagnetic images taken from aircraft or satellites -gathers electromagnetic data that must be processed and interpreted by computer software to produce images of Earth's surface -has many applications including the loss of rainforests, tracking the biological health of crops and woodlands, and even measuring the growth of cities -central to national defense, such as monitoring the movements of troops or the building of missile sites in hostile countries - ex: Landsat satellite program-launched by U.S. in 1972 = collects data through near-infrared wavelengths, reflected or emitted from Earth, once data are processed by computers, they display a range of images

space

geographers are also interested in spatial analysis and the concept of "" -it represents a more abstract, quantitative, and model-driven approach to understanding how objects and practices are connected to and impact each other.

spatial science

geography is charged with the study of Earth's surface -distinguishes one piece of the world from another

autonomous areas

groups of people residing within many nation-states who seek autonomy (independence) from the central gov and argue for the right to govern themselves by creating "" -simple decentralization of power from central gov to smaller gov units

climate change

human activities connected to energy and land use changes have caused "" worldwide -resulting from warmer temperatures, melting ice caps, desertification, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events -what will happen: rainfall patterns may change so agricultural production in traditional breadbasket areas such as the U.S. Midwest and the Eurasian plains will be threatened; low-lying coastal settlements in places like Florida and bangladesh will be flooded as sea levels rise; increased heat waves will cause higher human death tolls in the world's cities; + freshwater will become increasingly scarce. ocean warming and acidification are also impacting global fisheries and coral reefs

human trafficking

illegal trade of humans for the purpose of forced labor, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation that is often integrated into these illegal networks.

economic migrant

immigrants seeking job opportunities top 6 destination countries which account for 40% of the world's immigrants: U.S., Russia, Germany, Saudi Arabia, UK, and UAE

religion

important in defining cultural identity

51%

in 2015, an opinion poll found that a narrow majority "" of the Japanese public had come to support increased immigration. -Robotization= preferred alt. -designed to help the elderly

subducting plate

in a convergent boundary, this is the land that bends to go under an overriding plate. occurs when an oceanic plate slides underneath another plate

insolation

incoming short-wave solar energy passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by Earth's land and water surfaces. As these surfaces warm, they reradiate heat back into the lower atmosphere as infrared, long-wave energy. the reradiating energy, in turn, is absorbed by water vapor and other atmospheric gases such as CO2, creating the envelope of warmth that makes life possible on our planet.

globalization

increasing interconnectedness of people and places -once-distant regions and cultures are now increasingly linked through commerce, communications, and travel. -the most fundamental reorganization of the world's socioeconomic structure since the Industrial Revolution -aggravating worldwide environmental problems such as climate change, air pollution, water pollution, and deforestation

Culture

learned, not innate, behavior shared by a group of people, empowering them with what is commonly called a "way of life." -dynamic and ever changing, not static -a process not a condition

extreme poverty

living on less than $1.90 a day

poverty

living on less than $3.10 per day

Kilauea Volcano

located on the Island of Hawaii, is the most active volcano on Earth -despite being protected within the bounds of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, areas beyond the park feel the destructive force of this dynamic natural feature, with towns on the island overrun by lava flows in 2018.

map scale

mathematical ratio between the map and the surface area being mapped -Represented in three ways - Verbal - Graphic - Representative fraction

refugees

migrants fleeing a well-founded fear of war, persecution, famine, and environmental destruction causing "" to flee to safe havens elsewhere

Remittances

monies sent by individuals working abroad to families in the origin country

"under age five" mortality

number of children under the age of five who die per 1000 persons under the age of 5

Pacific Ocean

ocean is on the West Coast of the United States

Brazilian Highlands

old eroded mountains in southeast; the climate varies from northern rainforest to drier highlands

Gulabi Gang

organization whose members wear pink saris and carry bamboo sticks for self-protection

Islam

origins spread on the Arabian Peninsula east to Indonesia and the Philippines -1.8 billion members -split into Shi'a 11% , majority in Iran and southern Iraq and Sunni, majority in Arab-speaking lands of North Africa to Indonesia

state

political entity that has a gov and a clearly delimited territory that is maintained and controlled

jet streams

powerful atmospheric rivers of eastward-moving air that drive storms and pressure systems in both the Northern and the Southern hemispheres, at the global level, polar and subtropical -they are products of Earth's rotation and global temp differences. -The two polar "" (N and S) are the strongest and the most variable, flowing 23,000-39,000 ft (7-12 km) above Earth's surface at speeds reaching 200 miles per hour (322 km/h). -usually higher + somewhat weaker -while the northern "" has a major effect on the weather of North America, Eurasia, and Europe, steering storms across the continents, the southern "" circles the globe in the sparsely populated areas near Antarctica. -Soo, 2 Polar and Subtropical found in each hemisphere N+S -In circling E, they often change position as they steer storms and air masses. -the subtropical high-pressure cells are large areas of subsiding air that energize the midlatitude westerly wings and the tropical trade winds.

The importance of submarine warfare during World War II. Just like military strategy on land, underwater military strategy relies on detailed maps.

prompted the first widespread mapping of the ocean floor

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

provides the annual growth rate for a country or region as a % -subtract the # of deaths from the # of births in a given year

gender inequality

refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. typically are socially constructed gender differences such as access to education, differences in pay, or political participation

Epidemic

refers to unusually high levels of a disease in a particular area A higher-than-usual incidence of disease in one community or region

Tibetan Plateau

region of China called the "Roof of the World", is very rocky, is surrounded by mountain ranges, and is located in the Himalayan Mt. Range

carbon

renewable energy sources such as hydroelectricity, geothermal power, tidal currents, and biofuels which use the "" in plants for power source

Manchus

ruled the entire Chinese Empire from 1644 to 1912. -Until the 1800s, they prevented the Han from settling in central and northern Manchuria. Soon outnumbered when the Han were allowed to move in

Latitude (parallels)

run east-west around the globe and are used to locate places north and south of the equator

Sea of Okhotsk

sea between the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Hokkaido, and Siberia

informal economy

self-employed low-wage work that is usually unregulated, such as street vending and artisan manufacturing -many live in self-built housing

Arctic Ocean

smallest and coldest ocean

Gender

sociocultural construct, linked to the values and traditions of specific cultural groups that differentiate the characteristics of the 2 biological sexes, male and female.

Yellow River (Huang He)

sometimes called the "cradle of Chinese civilization" -owing to its historical importance -due to the increasing extraction of water for agriculture and industry, the river now often runs dry in its lower reaches.

Koppen System

standard scheme named after the Austrian geographer who devised the plan in the early 20th century, to describe the world's diverse climates. -Combo of upper and lowercase letters describe the general climate type, along w/ precipitation and temp characteristics -A climates are tropical, the B climates are dry, the C climates are generally moderate and are found in the middle latitudes, and the D climates are associated with continental and high-latitude locations.

plate tectonics

starting point for understanding geologic processes -theory states that Earth's outer layer, lithosphere, consists of large plates that move very slowly across its surface. -Driving the movement of these plates is a heat exchange deep within Earth - includes the processes of the upwelling of magma, lithospheric plate movements, seafloor spreading, and lithospheric subduction. On top of the plates, sit continents and ocean basins (not identical to underlying plates but different margins and boundaries.)

slab pull

tectonic process associated with convection currents in Earth's mantle that occurs as the weight of the subducting plate pulls the trailing lithosphere into a subduction zone. a mechanism that contributes to plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and "pulls" the trailing lithosphere along. the pulling of a tectonic plate as its edge subducts deep into the mantle

Which of the following is one of South Asia's four physical subregions?

the Southern Islands Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands Peninsular India mountains of the North NOT: Thar Desert

Topography

the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area. -weather and climate affected -an area's surface characteristics in 2 ways: -Cooler temps found at higher elevations -precipitation patterns are strongly influenced by ""

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

the average number of live births a woman has in her lifetime; good indicator of a country's potential for growth

population density

the average number of people per square kilometer

cultural syncretism

the blending of forces to form a new, synergistic (cooperative) form of culture

gross national income (GNI) per capita

the figure that results from dividing a country's GNI by the total population -comparison of large and small economies regardless of population size

-thematic/ systematic geography -regional geography

the focus on a specific topic or theme as opposed to analysis of a specific place or a region, a theme approach is termed "" and the regional approach called ""

Pandemic

the global, higher-than-usual occurrence of a disease An exceedingly high incidence of disease that occurs over larger areas or most world regions

Andes Mountains

the largest mountain range in the world; home of the Chavin and Inca civilizations.

aspect

the location of the projection's center -depends largely on geographic location + orientation of the area mapped -optimal when the projection center coincides w/ the center of the area - three common of a map projection: polar, equatorial, oblique

Industrialization

the organization of society for the purposes of manufacturing

oceanic crust

the portion of Earth's crust that is usually below the oceans and not associated with continental areas, thinner and higher in density that continental crust and basaltic rather than granitic in composition. Thinner, more dense, younger crust making ocean floor.

ridge push (buoyant magma)

the process in which new material at a ridge or rift pushes older material aside, moving the tectonic plates away from the ridge. a mechanism that may contribute to plate motion; it involves the oceanic lithosphere sliding down the oceanic ridge under the pull of gravity. when the force of gravity moves a plate downward and away from a ridge

Decolonization

the process of a colony gaining or regaining control over its own territory and establishing a separate, independent gov

Glocalization (globalization with locale)

the process of modifying an introduced product or service to accommodate local tastes or cultural practices - McDonald's in Japan may serve shrimp burgers along with Big Macs

Mercator Projection

the projection choice of maps used for oceanic exploration weak for accurately depicting high-latitude areas by glancing at Greenlandic and Russian landmasses several professional cartographic societies tried unsuccessfully in 1989 to ban this projection for world maps because of its spatial distortions

nationalism

the reaction against culture imperialism, the process of protecting and defending a cultural system against diluting or undesirable cultural expressions, while at the same time actively promoting a national and local cultural values. -takes form of explicit legislation or official censorship that outlaws unwanted cultural traits - sociopolitical expression of identity and allegiance to the shared values and goals of the nation-state

Contagious Diffusion

the spread of disease by person-to-person contact over connected land areas -occurs when a disease spreads by human contact over contiguous or continuous space. The continuity of space is necessary for this type of diffusion to occur.

relocation diffusion

the spread of disease through population movement from one place to another -occurs when people relocating from one place to another for any reason, such as work or tourism, carry a disease to a new location. The two locations need not be spatially continuous for "" to happen, but human mobility is necessary.

demographic transition

the way populations typically transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates over time

Sahara Desert

the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa

China

the world's most populous country with more than 1.4 billion people dominates East Asia

tribal

traditional social order based on self-governing village communities

Devolution

transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states -outright political separation and full gov autonomy

Geographic Information System (GIS)

vast amounts of computerized data from sources such as maps, aerial photos, remote sensing, and census data are brought together -a computer system for producing a series of overlay maps showing spatial patterns and relationships -dates back to the 1960s -central role in city planning, environmental science, public health, and real-estate development

Terrorism

violence directed at non-military targets

cultural assimilation

when immigrants move from one country to another, adopting language, customs, or norms of the host society by the newcomer. Takes time and is often completed over generations

solar radiation

"" at a given location occurs seasonally (with summer marking the season of peak insolation for each hemisphere), and insolation strikes the surface at a true right angle only in the tropics. -more intense and effective at heating land and water at low latitudes than at higher latitudes. -result- warmer tropical climates compared to the middle and high latitudes. Heat also accumulates on a larger scale in these equatorial regions. -heat energy then distributed away from the tropics through global pressure and wind systems, ocean currents, subtropical typhoons or hurricanes, and even midlatitude storms

one billion

"" people lack access to safe and reliable water sources

China

""'s northernmost tip lies as far north as central Quebec, while its southernmost point is at the same latitude as Mexico City. - the climate of southern "" is thus roughly comparable to that of South Florida, while northern "" climate is like that of south-central Canada.

social and regional differentiation

"Social differentiation" refers to a process by which certain classes of people grow richer when others grow poorer; "regional differentiation" refers to a process by which places grow more prosperous while others become less prosperous.

Sanskrit

(Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism)

Robinson projection

- compromise pseudocylindrical projection -developed by cartographer Arthur Robinson in 1963 -general use map - used when the interruptions of Goode's projection are inappropriate and when area equal is not as important as a balanced view of both oceans + landmasses -appropriate for mapping the distribution of phenomenon like temp, relevant on both land + sea

Japan's Physical Environment

- has a mostly temperate climate with pronounced seasonality, much like of eastern US - extends over a wide range of latitude -Extreme south, in southern Kyushu and the Ryukyu Archipelago = subtropical -Northern Hokkaido is almost subarctic -Areas facing the Sea of Japan receive much more winter snow than those facing the Pacific Ocean - A series of steep mountain ranges separate its Pacific coast from the Sea of Japan - world's most rugged countries, with mountainous terrain (heavily forested) covering some 85% of its territory -owes lush forests to mild and rainy climate, its long history of conservation and its import of timber and wood pulp from other parts of the world -small alluvial plains line parts of the coastline and are interspersed among its mountains, cleared for intensive agriculture -largest lowland = Kanto Plain, north of Tokyo, but even it is only some 80 miles wide and 100 miles long. Other basins include Kansai, located around Osaka, and the Mobim centered on Nagoya.

Dry north China

- the climate is colder and drier -summer rainfall is generally abundant -other seasons tend to be dry

Arno Peters

-"" pointed out that the famous Mercator map was distorting the size of countries in an attempt to retain their shape -As a result Europe looks far more prominent, whereas the developing countries are being downplayed -On the Mercator, Greenland looks to be the same exact size as Africa but Africa is actually 14 times bigger. -"" condemned Mercator map as imperialist and racist, he was not a cartographer -Taking account of the relative size of each country, he came up with a new formula for representing the globe on a map called "" projection -"" claimed his map showed the true size of countries reducing the size of Europe while expanding the size of Africa, and elongating South America -It was championed by Oxfam, the United Nations and the Catholic Church sold more than 80 million copies across the world -It was actually flawed, he made some basic miscalculations which meant that countries like Chad and Nigeria were twice their actual lands

Korean Settlement

-25 million in North -51 million in South -Alluvial plains and basins of the west and south -Highland spine, extends from far north to northeastern South Korea= sparsely settled -South -rice -North- corn + upland crops that do not require irrigation

new zealand mountains

-According to Malory Legend "" are made of the petrified bodies of 4 gods who got stranded there on a canoeing trip to earth. -As they were attempting to return to the heavens a big storm blew up and capsized the canoe. -They climbed on board and waited for someone to rescue them but no one came. -As time passed they slowly turned to stone. -What was to become NZ was once a group of scattered islands. -The collision of the Pacific and Australian plates forced these islands together creating the familiar outline of NZ that we know today. Along the collisions zone the land was buckled and a line of mountains rose up.

Globalization and South Asia's Economic Future

-After independence, India's economic policy was based on widespread private ownership combined with government control of planning, resource allocation, and heavy industries. -High trade barriers also protected the economy from global competition. This mixed socialist-capitalist system encouraged industrial development and allowed India to become nearly self-sufficient. By the 1980s, however, problems with this model were becoming apparent. Slow economic growth meant that the percentage of Indians living in poverty remained almost constant. In response to these difficulties, India's government began to open its economy in 1991 by eliminating many regulations, reducing tariffs, and allowing partial foreign ownership of local businesses. In recent years, India has renewed its commitment to opening its economy to global forces. Other South Asian countries followed a somewhat similar path. Pakistan, for example, began to privatize many of its state-owned industries in 1994. India's globalizing economy has brought substantial benefits, but also problems. Enhanced international connections highlight India's need to improve its infrastructure; but it is not clear how the country will pay for the necessary investments in roads, railroads, and facilities for electricity generation and transmission. The gradual internationalization and deregulation of India's economy has also led to substantial opposition. Cheap manufactured goods from China are seen as an especially serious threat. Moreover, hundreds of millions of Indian peasants and slum dwellers have seen few benefits from their country's rapid economic growth. Although India gets most of the media attention, other South Asian countries have also experienced significant economic globalization in recent years. Besides exporting huge quantities of textiles and other consumer goods, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka send large numbers of their citizens to work abroad, particularly in the Persian Gulf countries. Out of a total population of 21 million, roughly 1.5 million Sri Lankans work abroad. By some measurements, Nepal is the world's most remittance-dependent country, deriving 31% of its GDP from this source.

subduction zone

-Along convergent boundaries, one plate sinks below another, creating a "" - deep trenches characterize these zones where the ocean floor has been pulled downward by sinking plates - "" exist off the west coast of South America, off the northwest coast of North America. offshore to eastern Japan, and near the Philippines, where the Mariana Trench is the world's lowest point at 35,000 ft. (10,700 m) below the ocean's surface -locations of Earth's most powerful earthquakes ex: 8.2 earthquake that killed hundreds around Mexico City in 2017 + magnitude 9.0 earthquake that devastated coastal Japan in 2011. -home to many volcanoes, including those that surround the Pacific Ocean in the "Ring of Fire"

Sri Lanka social welfare

-Average life expectancy of 77 years and nearly universal literacy -The Sri Lankan government achieved these results through universal primary education and inexpensive medical clinics. -In recent years, however, Sri Lanka's lead has decreased; in 1973, the average Sri Lankan lived 18 years longer than the average Bangladeshi, but by 2018 that lead had been cut to 5 years.

convergent plate boundary

-Boundaries outlining plates that move toward one another, as opposed to divergent plate boundaries that surround plates that move apart Characterized by collision zones, where continental and oceanic lithospheric plates collide - a destructional process. At these boundaries, denser oceanic crust sinks beneath lighter continental crust, forming a subduction zone. Deep oceanic trenches coincide with these subduction zones. -plates collide rather than subduct, towering mountains are formed: Himalayas. -Where plates diverge, magma from Earth's interior often flows to the surface to create mountain ranges and active volcanoes, like Iceland, along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Shangai

-China cities beginning change as Europeans gained power in the region in the 1800's. Several port cities were taken over by European interests, which proceeded to build western-style building and modern business districts. By far the most important of these semicolonial cities was "", near the mouth of the Yangtze River, the main gateway to interior China. Although, "" declined after the communist party came to power in 1949, it has experienced a major revival. By the 1990s, migrants were pouring into "", building cranes crowded its skyline. Official statistics now put the population of the metropolitan area at 24 million.

Beijing

-China's capital during the Manchu (1644-1912), a status it regained in 1949. Under communist rule, "" was radically transformed; old buildings were razed, and broad avenues plowed through old neighborhoods. Crowded residential districts gave way to large blocks of apartment buildings and massive government offices. Some historically significant buildings were saved; those of the Forbidden City, for example, where the Manchu rulers once lived, survive as a complex of museums.

Parsis

-Concentrated in Mumbai, form a tiny but influential religious group. Followers of Zoroastrianism, the ancient faith of Iran, "" refugees fled to India in the 7th century. The "" prospered under British rule, forming some of India's first modern industrial companies, such as the Tata Group. Intermarriage and low fertility, however, now threaten the survival of this small community.

adiabatic lapse rate

-Cooler air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air, resulting in condensation and precipitation. -The rate an air mass cools or warms with changes in elevation, which is usually around 5.5*F per 1000 feet (1*C per 100 meters). Contrast with environmental lapse rate. -The rising mass cools (and warms upon descending) faster than the surrounding nonmoving air mass, which the change in temp w/ elevation is measured by environmental lapse rate.

International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

-Created by the UN in 1988 -international scientists is charged with providing the world w/ periodic Assessment Reports (ARs) of climate change science. -First report, AR1, came out in 1990; AR5, published in late 2014, included a strongly worded statement that failure to reduce atmosphere emissions could threaten society w/ food shortages, refugee crises, the flooding of major cities and entire island chains, mass extinctions of plants and animals, and a climate so drastically altered it might become dangerous for people to work or play outside during the hottest times of the year.

Sexual Violence and rape in north-central India

-Each year, India counts some 25,000 incidents of rape, yet activists estimate that up to 95% of rapes go unreported. -Women from low-caste backgrounds are the most common victims, but all social groups are vulnerable. -In 2018, in response to several horrific cases of rape and murder, India moved to increase penalties and fast-track legal action against alleged rapists. -In the same year, the government of the state of Uttar Pradesh, noted for high rates of sexual violence, began testing panic buttons on mobile phones that could immediately alert the local police, family members, and community safety volunteers.

Closing and opening of Japan

-Early 1600s, J had reunited by the armies of the Tokugawa shogunate (a shogun was the military leader who was the true power behind the throne). - At this time, J isolated itself from the rest of the world -Until the 1850s, J traded with China mostly through the Ryukyu Islanders and with Russia through Ainu go-betweens. -The only westerners allowed to trade in Japan were the Dutch, and their activities were strictly limited. -Closed to foreign commerce and influence until U.S. gunboats sailed into Tokyo Bay in 1853 to demand trade access. -Aware that China was losing power, Japanese leaders set about modernizing their economic, administrative, and military systems. -Accelerated when the Tokugawa shogunate was toppled in 1868 by the Meiji Restoration (so called because it nominally restored the emperor to power).

large cells of high pressure

-Farther south, over the subtropical zones, subsidence (sinking) of warm air moving in from the equatorial regions causes the great desert areas at these latitudes - "" expand and shift during the warm summer months, producing the warm, rainless summers of Mediterranean climate areas in Europe, California, and parts of western South America. -In low latitudes, summer heating of the oceans also spawns the strong tropical storms known as typhoons or cyclones in Asia and as hurricanes in North America and the Caribbean.

1. contagious 2. relocation

-Greater connectivity brought about by globalization has facilitated a more rapid spread of diseases and health threats. -Better air, road, and other transportation networks mean that people can transport contagious diseases or disease carriers as they move from place to place. -In the past, infections would be contained within contiguous areas because only "" diffusion, resulting from human contact occurred in a relatively confined area. -Now, diseases can spread to unconnected lands through "" diffusion as people move from an area where a disease has broken out to other areas where there had been no outbreak.

ethnic religion

-Identified closely with a specific ethnic, tribal, and national group -matter of birth - strong territorial and cultural ties -Shinto, Hinduism, Sikhism and Judaism -Tribal religions

Qing Dynasty

-In 1644, the Manchus toppled the Ming Dynasty and replaced it with the Qing (or Ch'ing) Dynasty. -The Manchus retained the Chinese bureaucracy and made few institutional changes -Strategy: adapt themselves to Chinese culture + preserving their own identity as an elite military group. -Functioned well until the mid-19th century, when the Chinese Empire began to crumble at the hands of European and later Japanese power.

Which of the following statements regarding South Asia is true?

-In South Asia, rich cultural diversity has often translated into political conflicts. -Continuing population growth in this already densely populated region demands attention. -Climate change poses particular problems for South Asia. -Geopolitical tensions in South Asia are particularly severe.

Mandarin Chinese

-In northern, central, and southwestern China -from Manchuria, through the middle and upper Yangtze River Valley to the valleys of Yunnan in the far south -Putonghua (common language)

Kerala, India social development

-In southwestern India, extremely crowded and long had difficulty feeding its people. -Its per capita economic output is only a little above average for India. -Almost all of its residents are literate; average life expectancy is 75 years; and several diseases, such as malaria, have been eliminated. -High social position of women in the state.

India's sex ratio

-India alone has an excess of some 37 million men. -In the middle and lower Ganges Valley, the number of Indian girls born per 1000 boys dropped from an extremely low figure of 906 in 2012-2014 to under 900 by 2016; in parts of northern India, the number is as low as 824. -In 2015, Punjab launched a program in which officials greet the parents of newborn girls in the most male-dominated districts and provide them with valuable gifts.

Japan's Revival

-Japan lost its colonial empire in 1945, its territory reduced to the four main islands plus the Ryukyu Archipelago. In general, the Japanese government accepted this loss of land, but a conflict over the four southernmost islands of the Kuril chain, taken by the Soviet Union in 1945, remains to this day. -Japan's military power was limited by the constitution imposed on it by the United States, forcing Japan to rely in part on the U.S. military for defense. Many Japanese citizens, however, believe that their country should defend itself. In early 2018, Japan initiated a major upgrade of its naval and air forces, and even began discussing the construction of aircraft carriers. -Tensions between China and Japan have grown over the Senkaku Islands northeast of Taiwan (Diaoyu Islands by China). Japan controls these small, uninhabited islands, but China claims them as well as the surrounding waters—which may contain substantial oil resources. Anti-Japanese feelings in China are occasionally reinforced by Japanese prime ministers visiting Yasukuni Shrine, which houses the remains of several war criminals from World War II.

The Japanese Empire

-Japan's new rulers concluded that only way to meet the European challenge was to expand their own territory. -J took over Hokkaido and began to move farther north -In 1895, it tested its newly modernized army against China, winning a quick victory that gave Japan control of Taiwan. -Tensions then mounted with Russia as the two countries competed for power in Manchuria and Korea. -The Japanese defeated the Russians in 1905, giving Japan considerable influence in northern China. -With no strong rival in the area, Japan annexed Korea in 1910. -The 1930s brought a global depression, reducing world trade and putting resource-dependent Japan in a bind. -Its leaders sought a military solution, conquering Manchuria in 1931. -Six years later, Japanese armies occupied the North China Plain and the coastal cities of southern China, infuriating the United States. -When the United States cut off the export of scrap iron, Japan suffered a resource crunch. -In 1941, the country's leaders decided to destroy the U.S. Pacific fleet in order to clear the way for the conquest of resource-rich Southeast Asia.

Living standards and social conditions in Japan

-Japanese living standards remain somewhat lower than those of the US. -Housing, food, transportation, and services are particularly expensive. -Unemployment remains low, health care is provided by the government, and crime is rare. -By such social measures as literacy, infant mortality, and average life expectancy, Japan ranks among the world's top countries. Critics contend, however, that it suffers from a certain degree of hidden poverty, outside of public view.

What statements regarding the Kashmir Valley are true?

-Kashmir was once South Asia's premier tourist destination but is now battle-scarred. -Some Muslim militants want Kashmir to become an independent country of its own. -Pakistan and India periodically war with each other over control of Jammu and Kashmir. -Primarily Muslim Kashmir is flanked by mainly Hindu Jammu in the south and Tibetan Buddhist Ladakh in the northeast.

Seoul

-Largest city in South Korea that has a population of more than 10 million people. -40% of pop.

Rebellion in 1911 toppled the Manchus and destroyed the empire

-Local military leaders ("warlords") grabbed power for themselves -By the 1920s, it appeared that China might be completely torn apart -Tibetans had gained autonomy; xinjiang was under Russian influence; and the China proper, Europeans and local warlords vied with the weak Chinese Republic for power.

Women in Japanese Society

-Mothers are expected to devote themselves to their families and to their children's education. Japanese businessmen often work or socialize with coworkers until late every evening and thus contribute little to child care. -An estimated 70% of Japanese women leave the workforce for at least a decade after having a child. -One response to the limitations faced by Japanese women is a declining marriage rate. -In 2017, the Japan Times reported that 60% of unmarried Japanese women say they feel too tired and stressed out to pursue romantic relationships. The same article noted that 60% of single Japanese men also say they have no interest in marriage.

monsoon winds

-Near Earth's surface, these are continent-scale winds that flow from high to low pressure areas in places such as Asia and North America; summer "" bring rainfall to the dry areas of interior India and the Southwest United States. -Nearer Earth's surface are continent-scale winds that flow from high- to low- pressure areas -Asia + North America -summer "" bring welcome rainfall to the dry areas of interior South Asia and the South-West U.S. -As the interior of South Asia warms during the northern hemisphere summer, heating creates thermal lows that drive moist air toward the Himalaya Mountains from the Indian Ocean. Leads to massive seasonal rainfall across India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal that causes widespread flooding in built-up areas.

Social Development

-Pakistan tends to underperform, particularly in regard to education. -Most Pakistani students drop out of school by age nine, and only 3% of its public-school students complete the 12th grade. -A major reform drive initiated in 2016 in Pakistan's Punjab province has shown some promising results. -In 1973, the average life expectancy in Bangladesh was 47 years, compared to 50 in India and 54 in Pakistan; by 2018, Bangladesh had reached 72 years, well ahead of India's 69 years and Pakistan's 68 years. In India, people in the more economically developed western and southern parts of the country are healthier, live longer, and are better educated, on average, than people in poorer north-central zone. Bihar, with a female literacy rate of only 53%, is at the bottom of most social-development rankings, while Kerala, Punjab, and Maharashtra are near the top. Several oddities stand out when we compare India's map of economic development with its map of social well-being. Parts of the impoverished northeast, for example, show high literacy rates, largely because of the educational efforts of Christian missionaries.

Taoism/Daoism

-Rooted in nature worship. -Stresses spiritual harmony. -indirectly associated with feng shui (Chinese and Korean practice of designing buildings in accordance with the spiritual powers that supposedly flow through the local topography)

Japan's CO2 emissions

-Spiked upward in 2011 after its nuclear reactors were shut down following the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami and the subsequent Fukushima power plant disaster. -by 2016, several nuclear facilities had reopened, but public resistance led the government to promise that it would generate no more than 15% of its electricity from nuclear plants.

Taiwan Strait

-Strait between Taiwan and China -only 200 ft. or 60 meters deep

Japan's economy and society

-The 1950s, however, saw the beginnings of the Japanese "economic miracle." -With its empire gone, Japan was forced to export manufactured products. Beginning with inexpensive consumer goods, Japanese industry moved to more sophisticated products, including automobiles, cameras, electronics, machine tools, and computer equipment. By the 1980s, Japan was the leader in many segments of the global economy. The early 1990s saw the collapse of Japan's inflated real estate market, leading to a banking crisis. At the same time, many Japanese companies relocated factories to Southeast Asia and China. As a result, Japan's economy stagnated. Japan's government has repeatedly tried to revive growth through massive state spending, leading to huge deficits. But despite such problems, Japan remains a core country of the global economic system, leading the world in a range of high-tech fields, including robotics, optics, and machine tools for the semiconductor industry. By 2017, moreover, steady growth seemed to have resumed, leading to hope for an economic recovery.

The modern era

-The Chinese declined rapidly in the 1800s, failed to keep pace with the technological progress of Europe -The Europeans were distressed by the amount of silver needed to obtain Chinese silk, tea, and other products -The British began to trade in opium, which Chinese authorities rightfully viewed as a threat. -When the imperial government tried to suppress the opium trade in the 1840s, Britain attacked and quickly prevailed.

Claudius Ptolemy

-The Great Leap Forward came at the turn of the 15th century with a translation of Latin of a rediscovered classical world called simply The Geography -Author, Greek scholar, "" , the father of geography working in the great library of Alexandria in Egypt in the 2nd century he built a vast knowledge of the world. Bosham, tiny village of the Sussex coast once a bustling port on the edge of the Roman Empire called Magnus portus. - "" managed to plot it position in his geo 2,000 years ago. Someone do observations + "" do the geometry and math to work out correct latitude and longitude. - ""'s system of mapping was inspired by his knowledge of astronomy. He devised a grid of intersecting lines to map the position of the stars and then transferred web like grid to the globe. He used astronomy, geometry, and math to plot the positions of 8000 places in the known world. Sitting in Alexandria marking Magnus Portus' Bosham thousand of miles away Tackling a challenge, finding a way to represent the spherical shape of the earth on a flat surface He perfected working compromise we use today; projection. Draw a grid on a piece of paper no need to be same shape as the grid on the sphere

Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

-The gasses that create an envelope around the earth trapping the warmth from incoming and outgoing solar radiation. -These include such natural constituents as water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3). -Although the composition of these natural GHGs has varied somewhat over long periods of geologic time, it has been relatively stable since the last ice age ended 20,000 years ago.

India's Less Developed Areas

-The most basic economic division is that between the more prosperous south and west and the poorer districts in the north and east. In some respects, however, India's biggest divide is between its rural and urban areas, as the countryside lags behind the cities. A recent survey found that roughly half of rural Indian households own little or no land, relying on poorly paid casual labor to survive. India's least developed area has long been Bihar, a state of 109 million people located in the lower Ganges Valley. Bihar's per capita level of economic production is less than one-third that of India as a whole. Neighboring Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state, is also extremely poor. Both states are also noted for their socially conservative outlooks and caste tensions. Other north-central states, including Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha, also lag behind India as a whole. In recent years, however, economic growth has picked up in most of these states, leading to renewed hope for genuine development. High levels of corruption have hindered development across most of South Asia, but the problem is especially severe in the poorer states of north-central India. A massive grassroots anticorruption campaign, however, has become increasingly influential. India is also battling corruption by deploying a massive database of all of its residents called Aardhaar, which uses biometric information and assigns a unique identification number to each person. A major controversy erupted in 2018, however, when a private firm gained access to Aardhaar data for its own purposes. India quickly added new levels of security, promising to protect the identities of the 1.19 billion citizens who have signed up with the system.

Japan Settlement

-Tokyo is the world's largest metropolitan area until at least 2030 -mountainous terrain + lightly populated uplands agriculture share in the limited lowlands with cities and suburbs -^ In the core, from Tokyo south and west through Nagoya and Osaka to the northern coast of Kyushu -rice = along the Sea of Japan in central and northern Honshu -Veggies in lowland basin + tiny patches within urban neighborhoods -Valleys of central + northern Honshu = temperate-climate fruit -Citrus= milder southwestern districts -potatoes and cooler climate crops thrive in Hokkaido and northern Honshu

Tsunami

-Very large sea waves induced by underwater earthquakes. -both its long coastline and its position near the intersection of 3 tectonic plates make Japan vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions -2011 Tohoku earthquake (over 40 m high) and tsunami in northeastern Japan destroyed many towns and killed over 15,000 people -^ severely damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, which released significant amounts of radiation and forced the evacuation of over 200,000 area residents

Yellowstone

-World's first national park founded in 1872, lies on one of the world's biggest volcanoes. -Tourists flock to see the park's magnificent geothermal features seldom realize that beneath them lies a massive volcano. -If it were to interrupt again, it would devastate the western half of the US and Canada. -Last eruption- 70,000 yrs ago

Hikikomori

-Young men who opt out of social and economic interactions and essentially live on the Internet, refusing to leave their homes. -A 2016 survey found that more than half a million people between 15 and 39 years of age lead such reclusive lives. -More than half a million young Japanese, mostly male, live socially reclusive lives, rarely leaving their homes and essentially living online. -The expanding number social groups that avoid work and social responsibility has become a major cause for concern in Japan. The plight of such young men is often dramatized in Japanese-style manga illustrations.

Taiwan's Physical Environment

-a small, mountainous, and mostly forested country -an island about the size of Maryland, sits at the edge of the continental landmass -Taiwan Strait is to the west -to the east, ocean depths of many thousands of feet lie 10-20 miles (15-30 km) offshore -Central and eastern "" are rugged and dominated by heavily forested mountains, while the west is dominated by a narrow but fertile alluvial plain -Bisected by the Tropic of Cancer, "" has mild winters, but it is often hit by typhoons

South Korea's birth rate

-among the lowest -the pop. will drop to 10 million by 2136. -gov interested in increasing the native birth rate -A detailed 2015 report proposes official matchmaking services, state subsidies for fertility treatments, and reserving units in public housing for young families

Universalizing Religion

-attempt to appeal to all peoples, regardless of location or culture -a proselytizing/ missionary program that seeks new converts throughout the world - Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

Compromise projections

-attempt to provide a visual balance of size + shape + angles -do not preserve any single property -attempt to preserve the size + visual appearance of landmasses on Earth's surface while balancing the distortions of size + shape -used for general purpose world maps -used to communicate a balanced rep of the globe

Shinto

-bound to the idea of Japanese nationality -Began as the worship of nature spirits, but was gradually refined into a set of beliefs about the harmony of nature and its connections with human existence. -a place- and nature-centered religion. -Certain mountains, particularly, Mount Fuji, are considered sacred.

Christianity

-broadly divided into Roman and Protestant versions -2.2 billion adherents -found in Europe, Africa, Latin America, and North America

solar energy

-cause temperature differences between warmer and colder regions -drives important climate controls such as global pressure systems, winds, and ocean currents

Hinduism

-closely related to India -1 billion members -third largest religion -polytheistic, worship many deities -caste system, segregated based on ancestry and occupation

Choropleth Map

-color shades represent different data values, with darker shades generally showing larger average values -per capita income and population density are shown in these maps with data divided into categories and the mapped by spatial units such as countries, provinces, counties, or neighborhoods

Korea Peninsula

-cut off from northeast China by rugged mountains and sizable rivers. - The far north, which just touches Russia's far east, has a climate similar to that of Maine, whereas the southern tip is more like the Carolinas -mountainous land with scattered alluvial basins -lowlands of the southern part is more extensive than of the North, giving South an agricultural advantage. -North has abundant natural resources, the uplands are heavily deforested, whereas the South has seen extensive reforestation since the end of World War II

Anthropogenic

-derived from human activities -natural greenhouse effect has been magnified by this (human generated GHGs) which then trap increasing amounts of Earth's long-wave reradiation and thus warm the atmosphere and change our planet's climates -widespread consumption of fossil fuels associated with global industrialization has resulted in a huge increase in atmospheric CO2 and CH4

continental climate

-describes inland climates with hot summers and cold winters -The interior portions of North America, Europe, and Asia have continental climates.

geopolitics

-describes the close link between geography and politics -focus on the interactivity between political power and territory at all scales from local to global

Northeast China (Manchuria, by English speakers)

-dominated by a broad, fertile lowland sandwiched between mountains and uplands stretching along China's borders with North Korea, Russia, and Mongolia. -Winters here can be brutally cold, but summers are usually warm and moist. -Uplands are home to some of China's best-preserved forests and wildlife refuges

Colonialism

-formal establishment of rule over a foreign population

Climograph

-graphic representations of monthly average temps and precipitation -average annual temperature and precipitation data by month and season -2 lines for temp data are presented: the upper line plots average high temps for each month, while the lower line shows average low temps -contain bar graphs depicting average monthly precipitation

China resources

-growing wealth > increase in consumption of meat- imported feed grain -five times more pork per person than in the 1970s -loss of farmland to residential, commercial, and industrial development, requiring more food from abroad -food imports increased from $6 million in 2005 to $300 million in 2015.

Taiwan settlement

-has > 23 million -highest population density in East Asia -mountains cover most of the central and eastern parts -concentrated in the narrow lowland belt in the north and west, large cities and numerous factories are scattered amid lush farmlands

Gender Relations and the Status of Women

-have a very low social position. -traditionally leave their own families shortly after puberty to join those of their husbands. As outsiders, often in distant villages, young brides have little freedom and few opportunities. -In Pakistan, Bangladesh, and such northern Indian states as Rajasthan, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh, female literacy lags well behind male literacy. -Among the poor, elderly people subsist largely on what their sons provide, with most elder care provided by daughters-in-law. -Girls, however, are seen as economic liabilities, marrying out of their families at an early age and requiring a substantial dowry. -Dowry demands have increased in some areas, and murders of young brides sometimes occur after their families failed to deliver an adequate supply of goods. But it is also important to remember that the social bias against women is much less evident in southern South Asia, especially Kerala and Sri Lanka, than in the north, particularly India's Ganges Valley.

Main components of the Paris Agreement

-inclusive, international agreement signed by 195 countries covering the economic spectrum from most to least developed economies -signatories are committed to reducing their emissions as presented in their 2015 NDCs. Additionally, each country must assess + revise their NDC every 5 years w/ the goal of further reducing GHG emissions. - Countries commit to the goal of 0 net emissions as soon as possible. Strategy combines emission reductions w/ carbon offsets, such as planting more trees to store carbon. An important part of this commitment is flexibility in achieving 0 net emissions so that developing countries, like India and Brazil, can move at their own pace toward this goal. One concern is transparency---how to monitor efforts and hold countries accountable for their commitments -developed countries will contribute to a fund of $100 billion by 2020 to assist poorer countries in mitigating and adapting to climate change. Low-lying island nations endangered by sea-level rise are possible candidates for this aid.

Humid south China

-large valleys -moderate-elevation plateaus - coastal areas tend to be rugged and support limited agriculture

Tokyo's climate

-like of Washington, DC, -receives significantly more rain

environmental lapse rate

-lower atmosphere is heated by solar energy reradiated from Earth's surface, air temps are warmer closer to the surface and become cooler with altitude The decline in temperature as one ascends higher in the atmosphere. On average, the temperature declines 3.5°F for every 1000 feet ascended, or (6.5°C for every 1000 meters).

planar projection

-map projection class has longitude lines appearing as lines radiating from a central point and latitude lines appearing as concentric circles or ovals -meridians typically appear as lines radiating from a central point - parallels appear as concentric circles or ovals

conic projection

-map projection class has longitude lines appearing as straight lines that diverge away from the North or South Pole and latitude lines appearing as arcs -meridians appear as straight lines that diverge away from the N or S pole as are almost always centered over the poles -parralels appear as arcs

cylindrical projection

-map projection class has longitude lines appearing as straight, equally spaced parallel lines and latitude lines appearing as parallel lines that intersect the meridians at right angles -meridians appear as straight, equally spaced parallel lines -parallels appear as parallel lines that intersect the meridians at right angles

pseudocylindrical/oval projection

-map projection class has longitude lines that curve in and converge, or nearly converge, at the poles and latitude lines appearing as parallel lines --parallels shown parallel to each other -meridians curve in and converge at poles

Earthquakes

-most common in Japan -more destructive in China due to lax construction standards -almost 70,000 people died in the 2008 Sichuan "" in central China, which left over 4 million people homeless -a smaller one in the same area in 2017, damaged more than 10,000 homes

South Korea resources

-obtains food and forestry from abroad -In 2008, global grain prices jumped, companies began to negotiate long-term leases for vast tracts of farmland in poor tropical countries -firms invest heavily in natural resource extraction in other parts of the world, in Central Asia and Africa -nationalists are distressed that the country even imports most of its national side dish (kimchi) from China

Buddhism

-originated as a reform movement within Hinduism 2500 yrs ago -350 to 900 million people -widespread in Asia, from Sri Lanka > Thailand and from Mongolia > Vietnam -2 branches: -Theravada = Southeast Asia + Sri Lanka -Mahayana = Tibet + East Asia

Judaism

-parent religion of Christianity -closely related to Islam -14 million members -Traditional + Modern

Secularism

-people consider themselves non religious or outright atheistic -about 1 billion members -western Europe

high- and low-pressure cells

-physical factors of the uneven heating of Earth due to latitudinal differences and the arrangement of oceans and continents. These pressure cells drive the world's wind patterns, and create the world's wind belts produce a regular pattern of "". -the interaction over the North Pacific, produces storms that are carried by winds onto the North American continent -Similar processes in the North Atlantic produce winter and summer weather for Europe.

Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Projection

-planar projection centered on the N or S pole -has shapes that are considerably distorted away from the center of the map - equivalent -suitable for mapping only one hemisphere at a time -developed by Johann Lambert in 1772

Equivalent or equal area map projections

-preserve relative size of areas they depict - preserve area relations - area of a landmass on a globe and landmass on an equal area projection, area relationship will appear similar - used to study + compare the distribution of demographic characteristics or physical data

Conformal map projections

-preserve shape and angles (angular relations) -distort area or size -used for mapping land parcels, navigation charts, and topographic maps -ex: Mercator

Volcanoes

-provide some benefits - soils are rich in nutrients, providing excellent sites for agriculture, and geothermal heat (can be used for heating buildings and for generating electricity) -local economies benefit from tourists attracted to scenic "" landscapes such as Hawaii, Japan, and Yellowstone National Park.

Goode's Interrupted Homosline projection

-pseudocylindrical equal area map -oceans are "torn" or interrupted to reduce shape distortion in the high latitudes -developed by cartographer John Paul Goode in 1923 -interrupting oceans, able to reduce shape distortion along continental coastlines, even in high latitudes -commonly used when studying geographic distributions on the continents -used for global scale thematic maps such as natural resource distribution

Southern + Central China

-rice -crowds into the broad lowlands= famous for fertile soil and intesive agriculture -planting+ harvesting year-round -summer rice alternates with winter barley or veggies and two rice crops in many areas, as well as one winter crop, are grown -produces tropical and subtropical crops, moderate slopes produce sweet potatoes, corn, and other upland crops -Plateau zone of Yunnan, tea, coffee, rubber, and other tropical plantation crops are cultivated

Japan resources

-self-sufficient in rice -imports meat and the feed used in its domestic livestock industry from the US, Brazil, Canada, and Australia (supply soybeans and wheat) -highest rate of fish consumption -fishing fleets scour the world's oceans to meet demand -imports of wood resources even though has cedar and cypress -buys lumber and pulp (paper making) from North America and Southeast Asia

Azimuthal Projection

-show true directions from one central point to all other points -may also be equivalent, conformal, or equidistant

The hypersaline Dead Sea

-sits in the Great Rift Valley between Jordan, Israel, and the West Bank. -as it shrinks, the retreating saltwater reveals lake beds covered in salt, leaving white crusts along the shores of this ever-smaller body of water.

plate boundaries

-the edges of tectonic plates. -Most earthquakes and volcanoes and their associated hazards are found along these "". Some of these plates are converging upon each other, while others pull part and still others grind past one another.

Macau

-the last colonial territory in East Asia, was regained by China in 1999, becoming the country's second special administrative region. -This small former Portuguese enclave, located across the estuary from Hong Kong, has functioned largely as a gambling haven. The largest betting center in the world, "" derives 40% of its gross domestic product from gambling. -When China began to crack down on corruption in 2015, "" experienced a sharp recession. New casinos continue to be constructed, however, as many hope that the construction of a bridge linking "" to the mainland will boost the local economy.

South-North Water Transfer Project

-to solve lack of water in China, this is a huge diversion system -will eventually channel some 44.8 billion cubic m of freshwater annually from the Yangtze River to the Yellow river. -Diversion canals linking the 2 rivers are being constructed both in the headwaters area on the Tibetan Plateau and on the North China Plain.

China's Industrialization

-urban environmental problems worsen -the burning of high-sulfur coal causes serious air pollution, so does automobiles - cites shrouded in smog, especially in winter when the air often becomes stagnant - 2016 study found that air pollution led to 1.6 million deaths in China in 2013 alone -Pollutants not only reach Japan and the Koreas, but also the U.S. West Coast -water pollution causes some 60,000 deaths/yr -national action plan in 2013 placed a cap on coal use and prohibited new coal-burning facilities -the concentration of potentially deadly micro-particulate pollutants in Beijing fell by more than 25% from 2012 to 2016 -In 2017, coal-based heating systems in Hebei province schools were shut down before cleaner, gas-based systems could be installed

Northern China

-wheat, millet, and sorghum are common crops -pop. distribution is more variable -anthropogenic landscape= North China Plain -cultivated or occupied by houses, factories, and other structures of human society -Manchuria, lightly populated as recently as the mid-1800s -^ population is > 100 million -Loess Plateau crowded too

Huang He River (Yellow River)

-worst floods in northern China caused by the "" -cuts across the North China Plain -As a result of upstream erosion, the "" carries a huge sediment load (amount of suspended clay, silt, and sand in the water), making it the muddiest major river in the world -When the river enters the low-lying plain, its velocity slows, and its sediments begin to settle and accumulate in the riverbed. -Gradually raises the level of the river above that of the surrounding lands, and the river must eventually break free of its course to find a new route to the sea -the river has changed course 26 times.

China pop. policies

1.4 billion people, densely populated -In 1979, constituted a "one-child policy" -successfully reduced China's fertility rate, stands at 1.8. -In 2012, working-age pop. started to decline, relaxed the policy in 2013. -2015, two-child policy

Hui

10 million Chinese-speaking Muslims -concentrated in Gansu and Ningxia in the northeast and in Yunnan Province in the south

People's Republic of China France Russia UK US

193 members of UN Who are the 5 permanent members?

Christianity in East Asia

30% in South Korea -30-40% in China

Poverty is extreme and widespread in Pakistan, partly because of the country's dense population. How many of the country's children are malnourished?

48% of the country's children are estimated to be malnourished to some degree.

79-92

90% of China's people then lived in the country, Japan was 50% urbanized -Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea are between ""% ""% urban -China live in the cities increase from 26% in 1990.

Han Chinese

93% of pop. in China

Urdu

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s.

Sikhism

A South Asian religion, concentrated in the Indian state of Punjab, that shows some similarities with both Islam and Hinduism.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

forward capital

A capital city deliberately positioned near a contested territory, signifying the state's interest and presence in this zone of conflict.

Brazil

A combo of growing oil production, deforestation in the Amazon rainforest, and growing economic prosperity has caused "" to become the world's 11th largest emitter of GHGs

Hinduism

A complicated faith that incorporates diverse forms of worship and lacks any standard system of beliefs. Certain deities are recognized by all believers, as is the notion that these various gods are all manifestations of a single divine entity. All Hindus, moreover, share a set of epic stories, usually written in the sacred language of Sanskrit. One of its hallmarks is a belief in the transmigration of souls from being to being through reincarnation, wherein one's actions in the physical world influences the course of these future lives.

Hindu nationalism

A contemporary "fundamentalist" religious and political movement that promotes Hindu values as the essential and exclusive fabric of Indian society. As a political movement, it generally has less tolerance of India's large Muslim minority than other political movements.

More Developed Country (MDC)

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.

Less Developed Country (LDC)

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development

Kalahari Desert

A desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana

rain shadow

A drier area of precipitation, usually on the leeward or downwind side of a mountain range, that receives less rain and snowfall than the windward or upwind side. -Caused by the warming of air as it descends down a mountain range; this warming increases the ability of an air mass to hold moisture. -common in mountainous regions of western North America, Andean South America, and many parts of S + Central Asia

rain shadow effect

A drier area of precipitation, usually on the leeward or downwind side of a mountain range, that receives less rain and snowfall than the windward or upwind side. A rain shadow is caused by the warming of air as it descends down a mountain range; this warming increases the ability of an air mass to hold moisture.

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Loess

A fine, wind-deposited sediment that makes fertile soil but is very vulnerable to water erosion.

Geography

A foundational discipline, inspired and informed by the long-standing human curiosity about our surroundings and how we are connected to the world. -The study of Earth's varied and changing landscapes and environments. -This study can be done conceptually in many different ways, by physical or human "" and either topically or regionally ---- or by using a combo of all.

Gobi Desert

A high desert in China and Mongolia.

Gulf of Mexico

A large gulf off the southeastern coast of North America

Hudson bay

A large inland sea to the north of the province of Ontario

Caspian Sea

A large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River, world's largest inland body of water located between Europe and Asia

Megalopolis

A large urban region formed as multiple cities grow and merge with one another. The term is often applied to the string of cities in eastern North America that includes Washington, DC; Baltimore; Philadelphia; New York City; and Boston. -Japan

Rocky Mountains

A major mountain system of the United states and Canada, extending 3,000 miles from Alaska south to New Mexico

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country. It's a common measure of the size of a country's economy.

graticule

A name given to the system of lines used to locate points on Earth's surface another name for a globe.

hydraulic fracturing (fracking)

A process for extracting oil from shale rock that involves injecting a fluid mixture into the ground that breaks apart (or fractures) the rock layer, thus making it easier to pump out the oil.

Equatorial Aspect

A projection whose central point/line is located at the equator.