Geo test 1

What is the name of the preexisting rock through which intrusive igneous bodies intrude?

country rock

What lies underneath volcanic features at Earth's surface?

magma chambers and volcanic conduits

Which kind of mineral tenacity refers to a mineral being deformed by being hammered without breaking?

malleable

In which layer of the Earth does the convection necessary for plate motion occur?

mantle

Peridotite is the main constituent of which part of the Earth?

upper mantle

Where do ultramafic rocks form?

upper mantle

James Ussher

used the Bible to calculate the Earth's age (6000 yrs) Protestant archbishop of Armagh and Primate of all ireland between 1625 and 1656

Outer shell electrons are also known as ________ electrons.

valence

metallic bond

valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so all atoms share available valence electrons, creating an electron "sea".

how do minerals form

(1) Chemical reactions (2) Crystallization (ice)

Which of the following can be a product of a composite volcano eruption? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

-volcanic bombs -andesitic lava -gases -ash -cinders

The figure below shows the latitude and longitude time-series for a GPS site located in Genova, Italy (a photo of the site is also below). The latitudinal component of site motion is 15.887 mm/yr and the longitudinal component of motion is 20.872 mm/yr.

10 cm/yr to the north

The figure below shows the latitude and longitude time-series for a GPS site located near North Little Rock, Arkansas (a photo of the site is also below). The latitudinal component of site motion is -0.989 mm/yr and the longitudinal component of motion is -13.607 mm/yr.

13.64 mm/yr to the southwest

An isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons. What is the atomic mass of this isotope?

18

In the mid-twentieth century and corroborated ever since, researchers dredging the seafloor could not find any materials older than ________.

180 million years

Using Lo'ihi Seamount as the current location of the Hawaiian hotspot, what was the rate and direction of Pacific Plate motion relative to the Hawaiian hotspot from 0.8 Myr to today?

28 cm/yr to the north-northwest

What has been the average rate and direction of sea-floor spreading in cm/yr west of the Juan de Fuca Ridge between points A and B and east of the Juan de Fuca Ridge between points B and C? (Note that the distance between A and B is about 250 km, while the distance between B and C is about 240 km)

3 cm/yr

Based on the map, what was the average speed and direction of North American Plate motion at Yellowstone, relative to the hotspot, since 13.8 Myr?

4.3 cm/yr to the southwest

GPS station HNLC on Oahu has the following component velocities relative to the NNR reference frame: moving north at 3.46 cm/yr and moving west at 6.28 cm/yr. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the current speed of the Pacific Plate at Oahu, relative to the NNR reference frame. What is your calculated velocity in cm/yr?

7.17 cm/yr

The Octet Rule suggests, atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by ________ valence electrons.

8 valence electrons

Gold has a specific gravity of almost 20. A 5-gallon bucket of water weighs 40 pounds. How much would a 5-gallon bucket of gold weigh?

800 pounds

What was the rate (in cm/yr) and direction of Pacific Plate motion relative to the Hawaiian hotspot from 5.1 Myr to 0.8 Myr?

9cm/yr to the northeast

Which of the following pieces of evidence for a past volcanic eruption are present at Yellowstone National Park?

A caldera rim Lava flows Pyroclastic material

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

peridotite

A coarse-grained ultramafic rock.

Distinguish among a conduit, a vent, and a crater.

A conduit is the circular path through which magma ascends to the vent, which is the surface opening of the conduit. A crater is a funnel-shaped depression around the vent.

How are a continental volcanic arc and a volcanic island arc different from each other?

A continental volcanic arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate.

Which of the following choices best explains the difference between a crater and a caldera?

A crater is a small, funnel-shaped depression; a caldera is a large depression that has a diameter of over 1 km.

inner core

A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth solid inner layer of the core

What is the difference between a dike and a sill?

A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers.

Granodiorite

A light-colored, coarse-grained intermediate igneous rock that is similar to granite in containing abundant quartz, but whose predominant feldspar is plagioclase, not orthoclase; the intrusive equivalent of dacite

Which of the following objects has a size similar to that of lapilli?

A marble (15 mm)

atmosphere

A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon.

nebular theory

A model for the origin of the solar system that supposes a rotating nebula of dust and gases that contracted to form the Sun and planets.

Uniformitarianism

A principle that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes

lithosphere

A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust. solid and rigid 100 km thick

What characteristic of a slab of oceanic lithosphere leads to the formation of deep-ocean trenches instead of shallow trenches?

A subducting oceanic plate forming a deep-ocean trench is older and denser than a subducting plate forming a shallow trench.

pumice

A type of igneous rock that contains air bubbles felsic

metamorphic rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

sedimentary rock

A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together

granite

A usually light-colored rock that is found in continental crust intrusive

Are volcanoes fed by highly viscous magma a greater threat to life and property than volcanoes supplied with very fluid magma?`

A volcano fed by highly viscous magma is a greater threat to life and property because it is more explosive and, thus, is more difficult or impossible to predict.

How does the viscosity of the magma fed to volcanoes affect nearby life and property?

A volcano that expels highly viscous magma is a greater threat to life and property because it is more explosive and thus is more difficult or impossible to predict.

How do the crystallization and settling of the earliest formed minerals affect the composition of the remaining magma?

After the earliest formed minerals have settled, the resulting magma will be more felsic than the original magma.

Which of the following are examples of modern-day island arcs?

Aleutian Islands Mariana Islands

hydrosphere

All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans

Yellowstone is best described as which of the following?

An active volcano that has erupted in the last 1 million years

How does an atom become a positive or a negative ion?

An atom becomes a positive ion by losing an electron; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron.

What is an ion?

An atom that has more or fewer electrons than most other atoms of that same element.

What is a mantle plume?

An upwelling of hot material from the Earth's interior that is cylindrical in shape

Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs?

Andes and Cascades Submit

When the continents were assembled and mountain ranges were matched up, mountains in Scandinavia and the British Isles matched up perfectly with which North American mountain range?

Appalachian Mountains

Which of the following is consistent with the plate tectonic theory?

As a plate subducts into the asthenosphere, it pulls the trailing plate along.

When Eyjafjallajökull erupted in March 2010, ash plumes drifted southeast over Europe and, as a result, the controlled airspaces over many European countries were closed to air traffic, stranding thousands of people worldwide. Why would flying a commercial jet through a cloud of volcanic ash be dangerous?

Ash impairs visibility, clogs engines, and abrades engine parts.

An important consequence of Pangaea's breakup was the creation of which new ocean basin?

Atlantic

Arrange the points A, B, and C in the following diagram from most mafic to most felsic. Notice that points A and C reside in the magma melt, while point B resides in formed igneous rocks. Rank from most mafic to most felsic.

B A C

What is a magma chamber called after the conduit has solidified and been exposed by erosion?

Batholith

Why does partial melting result in a magma having a composition different from the rock from which it was derived?

Because different minerals melt at different temperatures, minerals that melt at lower temperatures will melt from the rock first, creating a magma formed from the minerals that melted first. Submit

When considering evidence of glaciation on the southern continents, why did Wegener reject the explanation that the entire planet had experienced a period of extreme cooling?

Because geologic evidence supported the existence of tropical swamps in the Northern Hemisphere at the same time as the glaciers existing in the Southern continents Submit

How are island arc and continental arc magmas similar?

Both are formed near subduction zones.

What differentiates cleavage from fracture?

Cleavage is the tendency of minerals to break along planes of weak bonding providing flat surfaces. Fracture describes the breaking of minerals that do not have characteristic planes of weakness.

diorite

Coarse-grained igneous rock of intermediate composition. Intrusive Up to half of the rock is plagioclase feldspar and the rest is ferromagnesian minerals. phaneritic texture

Which mineral property is the least useful for identifying minerals, and why?

Color is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found in several different colors due to impurities in the mineral.

How are continental rift magmas and continental arc magmas different?

Continental arc magmas are more viscous than continental rift magmas.

Which of the following was a stage in the formation of Yellowstone caldera?

Crust bows upward above a magma chamber.

B The photos below show both intrusions and the layered sandstones that they intrude. Igneous rocks are outlined in red, while the orientation of sandstone layers is traced with smaller yellow lines. drag items to their bins

Cut across sedimentary layers, dike, nearly vertical orientation

Which of the following choices classifies the three listed rocks by composition and texture?

Diorite is intermediate with a phaneritic texture rhyolite is felsic with an aphanitic texture basalt porphyry is mafic with a porphyritic texture.

What two pieces of information would researchers need to have in order to calculate the rate of plate motion for seafloor spreading?

Distance from the spreading center and age of seafloor at that distance

In general, why does Earth's crust sit on top of the mantle?

Earth's crust is less dense than the mantle.

Where are tectonic plates located?

Earth's surface

Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is most accurate?

Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries.

What is the difference between extrusive igneous rocks and intrusive igneous rocks?

Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify on the Earth's surface, whereas intrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify beneath the Earth's surface.

What was the rate of cooling for an extrusive igneous rock and why?

Fast because it was erupted from a volcano

Basaltic composition

Fast lava flow, flows in sheets, 90% of lava on Earth.

explain the rock cycle

First igneous rocks are formed, either from eruptions or from magma. Next sedimentary rocks form when the igneous rocks go through weathering and erosion. Heat or pressure can form these sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks.

Which of the following can be used to measure the rate of plate motion? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

GPS satellites the ages of the seafloor at different location

Which of the following features at Yellowstone National Park is evidence for a magma chamber beneath the park?

Geysers and hot springs (steam) Rising (or bowing upward) ground near Yellowstone RiverWelded tuff

Which supercontinent contained Africa and South America?

Gondwanaland

What are the economic uses of three common nonsilicate minerals?

Halite is used for common salt, gypsum is used in plaster, and graphite is used as pencil lead.

Which of the following is an example of modern-day mantle plume volcanism?

Hawaiian Islands

How are felsic magmas formed?

Heat from the mantle melts part of the lower crust.

Andesite Porphyry

Intermediate, Porphyritic

Which bond would you expect to find in halite (NaCl)?

Ionic bonds

What is the difference between an atom and an ion?

Ions are charged atoms; in other words, atoms that give up or gain one or more electrons in their shell.

Which materials in Hawaii's lava help to keep it fluid for longer at the surface (as opposed to cooling and solidifying quickly), thus allowing extensive lava flows to develop?

Iron and magnesium

What were the names of the two smaller super continents that formed when Pangaea broke apart?

Laurasia and Gondwanaland

Aside from color, how are light silicates and dark silicates different, and why?

Light silicates have a lower specific gravity because they lack iron and magnesium; dark silicates have a higher specific gravity because they have high iron and magnesium content.

Which of the following scenarios best describes how the Hawaiian Islands formed in the Pacific Ocean?

Magma generated from a hot spot burned through the overlying plate to create volcanoes.

In the whole-mantle convection model, what feature balances the deeply descending lithosphere by transporting hot material toward the surface?

Mantle plumes

Which of Hawaii's five volcanoes are still considered to be active?

Mauna Loa Kilauea

Which of the following statements explains why the presence of Mesosaurus in both South America and Africa supports the continental drift hypothesis?

Mesosaurus was a freshwater aquatic reptile with fossil remains in both South America and Africa. Submit

Volcanic ash is best described as which of the following?

Microscopic pieces of rock ejected by a volcano

How do rocks differ from minerals?

Minerals aggregate to form rocks, but rocks do not aggregate to form minerals. Submit

Which ions—positive ions or negative ions—tend to be larger and why?

Negative ions because they have more electrons Submit

Do fracture zones near transform boundaries play a role in plate motion?

No, fracture zones play no role in plate motion.

Which of the following substances is not a volatile found in magma?

O2

Contrast pahoehoe and aa lava flows.

Pahoehoe flows exhibit smooth surfaces, are hotter, and are more fluid than aa flows, which exhibit jagged surfaces with sharp edges.

________ occurs when magnetic minerals in lavas align their magnetic fields with magnetic north, preserving a record of that pole's location at that moment in time.

Preserved magnetism

How do mafic volcanic rocks get to Earth's surface?

Pressure from overlying crust forces mantle magmas through cracks to Earth's surface. These magmas erupt out of volcanoes, cool, and solidify into rock. Submit

Which of the below statements accurately describes the components of an atom?

Protons, which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge, occupy the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

Choose the correct description of viscosity. Under what conditions does magma have high viscosity?

Resistance to flow. Magma has a higher viscosity if it has a lower temperature, is rich in silica, and contains very few dissolved gases.

Which statement correctly describes rock-forming minerals and economic minerals?

Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are abundant in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are less abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products.

Before the 1960s, how did geologists view the ocean basins and continents of the Earth?

Scientists believed that all ocean basins and landmasses were permanently fixed in their positions.

What is scoria, and how does it differ from pumice?

Scoria is a vesicular ejecta that is produced from mafic magma. Although pumice is also vesicular, it differs from scoria in that pumice is felsic.

rhyolitic composition

Silica-rich lava Slow lava flow 1% of lava on Earth

What is the geologic definition of texture?

Size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains in the sample

Which of the following statements about mineral formation is true?

Some minerals can form from water-dwelling organisms.

Which two continents did Wegener cite as having the best evidence of a close coastline fit?

South America and Africa

Which of the following statements most correctly states the Steno's Law?

Steno's law explains that angles between equivalent crystals faces of the same mineral are consistent regardless of sample size, the size of crystal faces, or where the crystals were collected.

Why is decompression melting common at mid-ocean ridges but not at subduction zones?

Tectonic plates are moving apart at mid-ocean ridges, resulting in a lowering of pressure beneath the ridge. Tectonic plates are moving together at subduction zones, resulting in an increase of pressure under new mountains.

What is the tenacity of a mineral, and how can it be described?

Tenacity is the mineral's resistance to breaking, bending, or otherwise deforming. A mineral's tenacity can be described as brittle, elastic, malleable, or sectile.

Why is water a necessary component of the melting process in subduction zones?

The addition of water lowers the melting temperature of rock.

A mineral's streak is _________.

The color of a mineral in powdered form

What is the relationship between the crust and lithosphere?

The crust is part of the lithosphere.

________ states that the angles between equivalent faces of crystals of the same mineral are always the same.

The law of constancy of interfacial angles

What is the best interpretation for how the porphyritic texture of these rocks formed?

The magma cooled slowly at first, forming large crystals, and then quickly, forming small crystals from the remaining magma.

In an aqueous solution that has not reached the saturation point, why won't the ions bond to create mineral crystals?

The motion of the dissolved ions keeps them from joining.

Why does oceanic lithosphere subduct under continental lithosphere, whereas continental lithosphere does not subduct under oceanic lithosphere?

The oceanic lithosphere is thinner and denser than the continental lithosphere, which is thicker and less dense.

How old are the oldest sediments that have been recovered by deep-sea drilling? Are they younger or older than the oldest continental rocks?

The oldest ocean sediments are 180 million years old and are younger than the oldest continental rocks on Earth.

What is the average rate of seafloor spreading occurring in the Atlantic Ocean and occurring in the Pacific Ocean?

The rate of seafloor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is 2 centimeters per year, whereas the rate of seafloor spreading at the East Pacific Rise is 15 centimeters per year.

Which of the following pieces of evidence supports the plate tectonic theory?

The stripe patterns of high- and low-intensity magnetism are the same on both sides of an oceanic ridge.

Samples from the seafloor around the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise show that both areas have been creating new oceanic lithosphere in the last five million years. Samples from the East Pacific Rise show the five-million-year-old seafloor is three times as wide as similarly aged material from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. What does this say about the rate of seafloor spreading in the East Pacific?

The seafloor at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is growing more slowly than the East Pacific Rise.

Which of the following is true based off your observation of intrusive igneous rocks on Earth's surface?

These rocks have been exposed by uplift and erosion.

What role do transform boundaries play?

Transform boundaries connect other segments of plate boundaries.

What is the relationship between transform boundaries and mid-ocean ridges?

Transform boundaries connect segments of mid-ocean ridges.

Why are volcanoes NOT found at transform boundaries?

Transform boundaries do not cause changes to the pressure, temperature, or composition of the mantle.

How can the orientation of transform faults provide information about the direction of plate motion?

Transform faults are parallel to the direction of plate motion.

What is the particular significance of valence electrons?

Valence electrons form chemical bonds between atoms by being transferred or shared.

What is the relationship between continent edges and plate boundaries?

Very few plate boundaries follow the edges of continents.

Why are volcanic rocks often exposed at Earth's surface as hills, ridges, and mountains surrounded by areas of lower elevation?

Volcanic rocks are often more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock.

Why are the mid-ocean ridges higher in elevation than the surrounding ocean floor?

Warmer material near the ridge is less dense, so it is more buoyant on the mantle.

Where does the water involved in melting at subduction zones come from?

Water contained within minerals in the subducting plate is released during metamorphism. Submit

What role does water play in generating magma?

Water lowers the melting temperature of the rock, allowing it to melt.

Which feature of Wegener's idea of continental drift contributed to its rejection by the scientific community?

Wegener proposed that gravitational forces from the Sun and Moon could move continents.

Oceanic-continental plate convergence

When an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate, the oceanic plate, being denser, subducts to form volcanic mountains.

Continental-continental plate convergence

When two continental plates converge, neither of them subducts as they have a density that is much lower than the mantle, resulting in the formation of a collisional mountain chain.

Oceanic-oceanic plate convergence

When two oceanic plates converge, the denser of the two subducts into the mantle. The subduction results in the partial melting of lithospheric rock above the area of subduction, leading to the formation of volcanoes.

What is a mantle plume?

a circular column of magma that rises from deep within Earth

How does the composition of a typical lava dome differ from that of a typical fissure eruption?

a lava dome's flow is silica-rich and has a high viscosity, whereas a fissure eruption is basaltic and has a low viscosity.

Which of the following often forms after continental rifting?

a new ocean basin

what was the tethy's sea

a piece of the Panthalassa Ocean that existed after the Pangaean supercontinent formed

Please select the proper description of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.

a pyramidal shape with four triangular faces, an oxygen ion at each vertex, and a silicon ion at the center of the pyramid

What is a volcanic arc?

a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

Which of the following is a basic structural component of the most common mineral group?

a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

rock

a solid mass of minerals or mineral like matter that occurs naturally

What was Pangaea?

a supercontinent that began to break apart about 200 million years ago

igneous rock

a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface

transition zone

a zone marked by a sharp increase in density below the asthenosphere

lower mantle

a zone of strong, very hot rocks subjected to gradual flow below the transition zone

In general, when will melted rock in the mantle rise?

almost always

Where is the youngest ocean floor found?

along the crest of mid-ocean ridges

pluton

an intrusive igneous structure that results from the cooling and hardening of magma beneath the surface of Earth stock, dike

The East African rift is a divergent plate boundary that is splitting the continent of Africa into two pieces. What will eventually form around this divergent boundary?

an ocean

What are the six major igneous rock textures?

aphanitic, phaneritic, porphyritic, vesicular, glassy, and pyroclastic

mantle

approximately 2900 kilometers thick and composed of peridotite

How can a magma body change its composition? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

assimilation magma mixing crystal settling magmatic differentiation

A(n) ________ is the fundamental particle of matter, and any further breakdown of this would result in loss of the properties that are unique to its element.

atom

What kind(s) of lava generate a cinder cone?

basalt

Catastrophism

belief that Earth's landscapes were shaped by great catastrophes Earth is only a few thousands years old and shaped by unknowable causes that no longer operate

What are the two most common carbonate minerals?

calcite and dolomite

What three factors do volcanologists monitor in order to determine whether magma is migrating toward the Earth's surface?

changes in the patterns of earthquakes caused by the movement of magma, inflation of the volcano, and the gases released from the volcano

The measurement defined by the distance in degrees from north is the

compass bearing

core

composed mostly of iron and nickel alloy

When contrasting lava from composite volcanoes to lava from shield volcanoes,

composite volcanoes most often produce silica-rich lavas with high viscosities, whereas shield volcanoes produce basaltic lavas with low viscosities.

All types of volcanic cones share which feature?

conduit

Which of the following is the volcanic feature in which magma rises through before it is released at the surface?

conduit

Australia is composed of relatively old and thick

continental crust

Name the early-twentieth-century hypothesis that was at first rejected by geologists and the more comprehensive theory that later replaced it.

continental drift hypothesis; theory of plate tectonics.

Which material is least dense?

continental lithosphere

A trench indicates the location of a

convergent boundaries

Subduction occurs neither at transform boundaries nor at

convergent boundaries

The lithosphere is destroyed at

convergent boundaries

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building?

convergent boundaries

Select three ways how minerals can form.

crystallization of molten rock matter precipitation of mineral matter precipitation of mineral matter

Which two processes commonly generate magma?

decompression melting and wet melting (the addition of volatiles)

tsunamis

destructive sea wave triggered by powerful explosions or landslides into large bodies of water.

Which type of plate boundary generates the greatest quantity of magma?

divergent

In general, where do earthquakes AND volcanic eruptions occur?

divergent and convergent boundaries

A mid-ocean ridge occurs at a

divergent boundary

New lithosphere is created at

divergent plate boundaries

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

divergent, convergent, transform

Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side-by-side at __________ boundaries.

divergent/convergent/transform

crust

earth's thin, rocky outer skin, divided into the continental and oceanic crust

Atoms bond through the sharing or transfer of ________.

electrons

________ are groups of the same kinds of atoms that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means.

elements

Consider a melt that has cooled to a temperature such that olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar have crystallized. Which elements will be enriched in the melt, and which will be depleted in the melt?

enriched: potassium, silicon, sodium depleted: magnesium, iron, calcium - this is because only minerals that have crystallized can be depleted

Which of the following is not one of the three primary ways minerals can form?

erosion

earth's heat engines

external and internal

All minerals have cleavage. true or false

false

Mt. St. Helens was mostly effusive lava flows, while Kilauea is mostly explosive volcanism.

false

Polymorphs are minerals that have identical mineral structures but differing chemical compositions.

false

Subduction zones will only develop between a continental plate and an oceanic plate.

false

James Hutton

father of modern geology; uniformitarianism

The earthquakes that occur in Southern California generally occur along a

fault

obsidian

felsic A usually black or banded, hard volcanic glass that displays shiny, curved surfaces when fractured and is formed by rapid cooling of lava

ryholite

felsic, aphanitic or vesicular extrusive equivelent of granite, light gray or pink aphanitic texture

Which of the choices below lists the four basic compositional groups of igneous rocks in order from highest silica content to lowest silica content?

felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic

lahar

fluid mudflow of volcanic debris.

________ are small vents that emit volcanic gases.

fumaroles

Based on the definition of a mineral, which of the choices below includes minerals only?

gold and ice

________ is defined as a mineral's resistance to scratching.

hardness

block lava

has a rough surface composed of smooth-sided fragments. It is formed by viscous lava cooling quickly.

aa flow

has a rough, broken surface. It is caused by rapidly moving basalt that cools quickly.

pahoehoe lava

has a smooth, billowy surface. It is caused by slowly moving basalt that is still hot.

composite cones

has most violent eruptions, andesitic

The volcanoes in the Ring of Fire are generally described as

having violent eruptions, as most of these volcanoes are composite cones which eject andesitic lava.

Old Faithful Geyser at Yellowstone National Park in the United States acquires its energy from a

hot spot

Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean?

hot spots

pyroclastic flow

hot, fast-moving body of expanding gas and ash that hugs the flanks of the volcano.

Only eight elements make up the vast majority of rock-forming minerals. Which of the following elements is not one of the eight?

hydrogen and sulfur

Crystallization of molten rock will produce ________.

igneous rock

three rock groups

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

hybrid bond

incomplete transfer of electrons that results in atoms partially transferring and partially sharing electrons.

Will density increase or decrease with the crystallization of a magma?

increase

Which of the following would decrease the viscosity of magma?

increase in temperature

Which of the following could cause rock to melt?

increase in temperature, change in composition, and decrease in pressure

A(n) ________ is a silicate structure where no silica tetrahedra share any oxygen ions.

independent

A plate moves 2 km over a million years. A quarter of the way through this million-year timespan (at 250,000 years), the velocity was 5 mm/year. What is the instantaneous velocity at 250,000 years and the finite velocity for the entire million-year timespan?

instantaneous: 5 mm/year, finite: 2 mm/year

A lava tube forms because the lava in the ________ part of the flow remains fluid, while the exposed surface ________ and hardens

interior; cools off

The partial melting of mafic rocks would produce what composition of magma?

intermediate

Andestic Composition

intermediate lava flow

The granitic igneous rocks that make up the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California and Nevada are ________.

intrusive

vector

is a quantity that has two attributes: a direction and a magnitude.

oceanic crust

is approximately seven kilometers thick and composed of basalt

pillow lava

is composed of solid, bubble-like masses. It is caused by extremely quick lava quenching.

reference frame

is the location that remains fixed relative to other map features

geology

is the scientific study of the Earth

All of the following criteria define a mineral except:

it is organic

ash falls

large volumes of ash precipitating from eruption cloud.

Which of the following volcanic materials flows out of a volcanic vent?

lava

outer core

liquid outer layer of the core

What kind of viscosity would flood basalts have?

low viscosity

gabbro

mafic coarse-grained igneous rock composed predominantly of ferromagnesian minerals and with lesser amounts of calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar.

Which of the following are common tectonic settings associated with volcanic activity?

mantle plumes continental rifts island arcs continental arcs

In what kind of bonds are electrons shared in a common pool? In what kind of bonds are electrons are transferred between atoms? In what kind of bonds are electrons shared between two atoms?

metallic ionic covalent

Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries?

mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

hornblende

most common in amphibole two perfect cleavage angles of 120 and 60 forms elongate crystals in igneous rocks

augite

most common in pyroxene group black in color two distinctive cleavages at 90 degrees dominant minerals in basalt

Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______.

moving toward

geologic hazards

natural processes that adversely affect people

mineral

naturally occurring generally inorganic solid substance orderly crystalline structure definite chemical composition

What forms at divergent plate boundaries?

new oceanic lithosphere

silicates vs non silicates

nonsilicate minerals are not as common as the silicates but important economically silicate minerals are the most common type of minerals - silicon and oxygen make up the basic building blocks of silicate materials

The Hawaiian mantle plume has left a chain of volcanic islands and seamounts stretching back for ~70 million years. Although the mantle plume has remained relatively stationary, the Pacific plate above it has moved. Use the figure to answer the following question. What direction was the Pacific plate moving between 65 and 43 million years ago?

north

The ______ determines the chemical and physical properties of an atom

number of protons

Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries?

ocean trenches and volcanoes

Which ferromagnesian mineral is believed to constitute up to 50 percent of the mantle?

olivine

Where are continental volcanic arcs found?

on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

In general, where do volcanoes form in subduction zones?

on the overriding plate, away from the convergent boundary

ionic bond

one atom gives up one or more valence electrons to another atom.

What is the name of the supercontinent proposed by Alfred Wegener?

pangea

biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

The partial melting of ____ will yield mafic (basaltic) magma.

peridotite

What is the name of the chart that organizes elements in order of chemical properties?

periodic table

An igneous rock with a ______ texture solidified deep within Earth.

phaneritic

natural processes

physical, chemical, and biological changes that modify the landscape

How do plates move at divergent plate boundaries?

plates move apart

How do plates move at convergent plate boundaries?

plates move toward one another

How do plates move at transform plate boundaries?

plates slide past one another

external

primary driver of atmospheric and hydrospheric circulation controls weathering of rocks at Earth's surface sun

internal

primary driver of most geospheric phenomena

What kind of volcanic hazard can be triggered by the collapse of a lava dome?

pyroclastic flow

The principal mineral used in making glass is:

quartz

Which of the following substances is a mineral?

quartz

lava tube

results from a relatively fluid lava cooling and forming an outer shell. The lava continues to flow inside the outer shell.

.... found in the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe is composed of dense and relatively young rock.

seafloor crust

Layered ... exposed by erosion can be seen when looking at the Grand Canyon in the United States.

sedimentary rock

The ________ are the mineral class that accounts for more than 90 percent of the Earth's crust.

silicates

Which group of minerals makes up most igneous rocks?

silicates

Which mineral group makes up most igneous rocks?

silicates

Which of the following pairs of elements are the most abundant in the continental crust?

silicon and oxygen

A The photos below show both intrusions and the layered sandstones that they intrude. Igneous rocks are outlined in red, while the orientation of sandstone layers is traced with smaller yellow lines. drag items to their bins

sill, injected parallel to sedimentary layers, nearly horizontal orientation

What are the three components of magma?

solid, liquid, gas the liquid portion (mobile ions of the eight most common minerals found in the Earth's crust) called melt, the solid portion which consists of silicate mineral crystals, and the gaseous portion called volatiles

Lava solidifying during a period of reverse polarity will align the magnetic fields of its iron particles toward the ________ pole.

south

As the island of Hawaii continues to move away from the mantle plume, a new submarine volcano will be created. Off which coast would you expect the new submarine volcano to be forming?

southeast coast

The slowly increasing distance between South America and Africa is due to

spreading seafloor

Transform boundaries are classified under which type of fault?

strike-slip

The extremely deep ocean Marianas Trench is a result of

subduction

volcanic gases

substances like CO2CO2, SO2SO2, ClCl, and FF that can result in climate change and be hazardous to human health.

dike

tabular intrusive structure that cuts across any layering in country rock igneous body

Which of the following has the single most immediate effect on lava's ability to solidify?

temperature

Which of the following is a present-day example of a continental rift?

the East African rift valley Submit

Which volcanic landform listed below is primarily composed of loose fragments of scoria?

the Parícutin cinder cone

What caused the formation of the Himalayas?

the collision of India with Asia

What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries?

the earth would increase in volume

What did Wegener propose as the driving force behind continental drift?

the gravitational forces of the sun and the moon

Which of the following were used by Wegener to support the continental drift hypothesis? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

the jigsaw fit of the continentsmatching geologic units in the Appalachian and Caledonian MountainsMesosaurus fossils found on South America and Africa major coal fields found in the eastern United States

What factors influences the texture of an igneous rock?

the rate at which the rock cools the amount of silica that is present in the magma from which it forms the amount of dissolved gases present in said magma

earth's interior

the region extending from the rocky part of Earth's surface to Earth's center

What is peridotite?

the rock making up the mantle

What was Panthalassa?

the single ocean that existed after the Pangaean supercontinent formed

Asthenosphere

the soft, weak layer below the lithosphere

geosphere

the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle

physical geology

the study of Earth's materials and seeks to understand the many processes that operate within and upon our planet

historical geology

the study of the origin and development of earth through time

upper mantle

the uppermost section of the mantle, reaching down to a depth of 400 km

Transform faults are different from convergent and divergent plate boundaries because

there is neither the creation nor the destruction of lithosphere at a transform fault, and plate movement is parallel to the length of a transform fault.

The volcanic islands in the above figure were created as the tectonic plate passed over a hot spot in the mantle. Based on the ages of the volcanic islands, in what direction was the tectonic plate moving toward?

toward the west

The addition of which of the following will control a mineral's color?

trace elements

Which plate boundary is NOT associated with volcanic eruptions?

transform

Lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed at

transform boundaries

_______ boundaries often cut across and offset segments of divergent boundaries.

transform boundaries

A rock can be composed of almost entirely one mineral.

true

Ferromagnesian minerals have a higher specific gravity than nonferromagnesian minerals.

true

Mineral species can be further subdivided into ________.

varieties

the ______________ of an object describes the speed and the direction that the object is moving relative to a fixed point

velocity

Which type of volcanic hazard can decrease global temperatures?

volcanic ash

What is a volcanic conduit called after the conduit has solidified and been exposed by erosion?

volcanic neck

What substance makes ion migration easier in the later stages of magma crystallization, which allows abnormally large mineral crystals to form and create pegmatites?

water

When will magma rise to Earth's surface?

when the magma is less dense than adjacent rock