GEO135 Exam 3

What are the three numbers that Bill McKibben talks about in the Do the Math video?

- 2 degrees = we cannots let the planet get to 2 degrees warmer - 565 gigatons = how much carbon we can put in the air without going past 2 degrees - 2795 gigatons = carbon already in the reserves of fossil fuels companies

What has the industrialization of food production led to?

- access to more culturally diverse range of food than before - food we eat daily comes form all over the world - people across the world are eating ever more similar foods, and a narrower range of varieties of foods

What health risk does centralized bagged greens pose?

- diseases can spread quickly

When we look at Greenhouse gas emissions from China, what sectors are most important?

- electricity/heat - industrial processes - transportation - agriculture

What is the dairy checkoff program?

- government/industry initiative to increase domestic and international demand for US dairy products

Why is farming resource intensive (or why does it rely so much on fossil fuels?)

- intense regional specialization - increased monocropping (cultivation of a single type of crop on a piece of land every year) - ever larger farms

What are some things that characterize food consumption in the U.S. today?

- processed food - big portions - convenient - meat/dairy alternatives

What is the Greenhouse Effect? What greenhouse gas is caused by livestock?

- sunlight passes through the atmosphere and warms the earth's surface. this heat is radiated back toward space. most of the outgoing heat is absorbed by greenhouse gas molecules and re-emitted in all direction, warming the surface of the earth and the lower atmosphere - methane is from livestock

When was homestead food production seen as especially important in the U.S.?

WW2

according to the Holder et al article, the European city that is likely to be hardest hit by sea level rise is - venice - manchester - the hague - rotterdam

the hague

amount of temperature increase many of the world's countries have pledged not to let the earth's temperature rise beyond?

2 degrees

number of reading quizzes

3

percentage of food the average of American throws away (food waste)

30%

What percentage of our food do we import in Illinois?

95%

percentage of food that we import in Illinois

95%

How much more carbon is in the atmosphere now vs. earlier? How do we measure this?

?

What are some of the patterns we observed when we looked at the ND-GAIN country matrix?

?

What is happening to diets around the world over the past few decades?

?

What tends to be the relationship between the percentage of a country's labor involved in agriculture and the number of tractors per 1000 hectares of farmland?

?

what are the results of the temperature of Lake Tanganyika rising? - algae blooms are growing on the lake - there are fewer fish for fishermen to catch - the species of fish that the local population prizes above all is headed for extinction - A and B - E, A, B, and C

A and B

On what continent is the there the highest percent of the labor force enagegd in agriculture?

Asia and Africa

What countries produce the most oil and natural gas?

Brazil and the United Arab Emirates

according to the chapter Howard, what is the major problem with bagged leafy greens that are produced by large firms? - Foodborne illnesses that come from these greens can travel far - they are less healthy because of the application of lye to prevent leaf-wilt - they create an excess of plastic waste that cannot be recycled

Foodborne illnesses that come from these greens can travel far

Which state has the most land devoted to pumpkin production?

Illinois

this american city would simply cease to exist with a 3C temperature rise - Miami - LA - Rehoboth Beach

Miami

What state gets the least amount of farm bill subsidies?

Oklahoma?

according to the Holder article, this coastal city with one of the biggest ports in the world is especially vulnerable to flooding for a number of reasons one of which is the number of people living close to the coastline - Rio - Alexandria - Osaka - Shanghai

Shanghai

Which country consumes the most fossil fuels per capita?

US

What continent will be most affected by the heat in a 2 degree warmer world?

africa

social scientific term for our ability to exercise choice in our lives

agency

How do the concepts of structure and agency help us to understand the climate crisis and what we can do about it?

agency = our ability to exercise choice in our lives structure = the things that shape or constrain our choices - effective action can be used but it requires deep understanding of different types of power and the willingness to listen to people and their experiences and desires

What does it mean to say that eating occurs at the intersection of structure and agency (or that it involves both agency and structural factors)?

an individuals choice on what to eat can be influenced by the environment around them

according to the Holder article et al article, the impacts of flooding due to global warming will be unevenly felt, with most of the cities that will be hard hit located in - southern africa - northwestern africa - asia - latin america

asia

What cities will be most affected by rising sea levels according to the Holder article?

asian cities

Why was there 25% more cheese on Pizza Hut pizzas in the summer of 2018?

because of the dairy checkoff program

this drink has been subject to tremendous industry concentration. even beloved national versions are often owned by multinational corporations

beer

why do big beer companies not necessarily want to draw attention to it when they purchase a smaller brand? - beer drinker have a lot of loyalty to what they perceive to be national brands - they do not want regulations to notice - international law prohibits cross-border purchases aboove a certain value

beer drinker have a lot of loyalty to what they perceive to be national brands

how have big brewers benefitted from the interest in and demand for craft beers? - they have bought up existing craft beers - they have developed and marketed their own "craft" beers - both

both

what types of beer makers were best able to return to beer production after prohibition? - larger firms - firms with a diverse range of products - both

both

What has happened to the U.S. farming and rural population since the early 1900s? What factors have contributed to the deskilling of the US population in terms of food preservation, production, and preparation?

both farming and rural population have decreased - caused by: - low cost mass produced food - tech like freezers - increase in women in workforce - laws like the Howard article

How do tractors and labor interact with each other?

by the use of tractors it requires less manual labor but more reliant on fossil fuels

phrase used to describe anthropogenic global warming

climate change

What is anthropogenic climate change?

climate change caused by human activity

What is meant by anthropogenic global warming?

climate change caused by human activity

What are the three main types of fossil fuels?

coal, oil, natural gas

area where coffee is grown on the planet

coffee belt

What region is coffee grown in?

coffee belt (tropics of cancer and capricorn)

Where and what is the coffee belt?Where is most coffee consumed?

coffee growing region near equator (tropic of cancer and capricorn), Papua New Guinea

why is consumption a big deal for people today, according to Klein? - the work of commodity production is how we make a living in the West - commodity production has a service industry attached to it, and we in the West make our living in that service sector - consumption is a major way that we express ourselves today - consumption patterns are key aspects of national culture

consumption is a major way that we express ourselves today

What agricultural region are we in here in Bloomington-Normal?

corn belt

in what agricultural belt is Illinois?

corn belt

this term means to sell something or to pledge to not buy something in the future, e.g. stocks in fossil fuel companies

divestment

What are projected to be the consequences in Africa of 2 degree rise in temperature globally?

drought and major damage to crop production and water access

frequency at which a new National Climate Assessment must be presented to Congress

every 4 years

Klein notes that no one, even those in urban areas, can miss or ignore the things like droughts and crop failures going on around them - true - false

false

the good news, for Klein, is that climate change can be largely solved by changing what we buy - true - false

false

what changes did Dean foods make when it acquired WhiteWave? - quietly changed most of their products from organic to 'natural' - began sourcing soybeans more cheaply from China and Brazil began advertising soymilk as a healthy alternative to milk and non-dairy milk competitors - first two of the above

first two of the above

What does it mean to say that food today is internationalized?

it comes from all over the world

What are some current patterns associated with the U.S.'s exporting of natural gas?

it is rising and the leading country

currently, is it legal or illegal to brew beer at home in the US? - legal - legal in most but not all states - illegal with a few exceptions

legal

One is one way that scientists know what CO2 emissions were thousands of years ago?

ice cores

What happened to U.S. farm sizes between 1950 and 2002?

increased

What are some measures that individuals and larger groups like organizations or municipalities have taken to combat climate change?

individual: - drive less - reduce food waste (average is 30% is wasted) - east less meat larger: - community engagement and political activism, volunteer (divestment)

What has caused one third of methane emissions in recent years?

livestock

In the Howard article when it was written (2021) which firm held the record for beer product placement fees? - man of steel - crossing delancey - minority report - full metal jacket

man of steel

the greenhouse gas emitted from cows

methane

Illinois State climatogolist talked about 2 different pathways towards climate change resilience.

mitigation and adaptation

What is Liquified Natural Gas?

natural gas is converted at a very low temperature and high pressure.

an issue that comes up on multiple occasions in the Holder article is that - people are not yet adequately informed about or prepared for the dangers of climate change - people are not being insured adequately for their property, which could lead to an epidemic of bankruptcies as climate change worsens - current levels of skepticism towards authority figures means that people are hesitant to trust scientists and politicians calling for change

people are not yet adequately informed about or prepared for the dangers of climate change

what spatial change helped to raise the sale of non-dairy milks in the US (especially at first)? - placing the cartons at eye-level - placing them in cartons in the dairy case - sourcing soybeans from lower wage parts of the US - increased subsidies for oat production in the US corn belt

placing them in cartons in the dairy case

these things absorb carbon dioxide, so it is good if we have a lot of them on the planet

plants and trees

to understand temperature changes in certain lakes, you need people to do the work of recording their temperature. which lakes is O'Reilly talking about when she said this? - big lakes - salt lakes - small lakes - shallow lakes

small lakes

sales of this drink rose dramatically once it was placed in grocery stores refrigerators

soy milk (or non-dairy milk)

What is the definition of climate change?

statistical changes in the earth's climate system and characteristics over the long-term —climate not the same as weather

What state gets the most amount of farm bill subsidies?

texas

What state receives the most amount of farm subsidies?

texas

government-industry program to promote demand for US dairy products

the dairy checkoff program

What is the farm bill and what are the major crops it subsidizes? why is this controversial?

the farm bill is renewed evey 5 years for policymakers to comprehend and address agriculural, food and other issues - it is high cost and tricky timing

according to O'Reilly, cited in the Hatch reading, the people who make a living off of Lake Tanganyika are deeply affected by climate change even though - they have been fighting to slow it down - they were not the ones who caused it - the effect on them has been mostly positive rather than negative - they know very little about it

they were not the ones who caused it

How has deforestation contributed to global warming?

trees absorb carbon and when deforestation happens they release carbon and other gases

Howard talks bout the bagged salad greens phenomenon as an example of de-skilling. Certainly it is an example of firms selling a version of a product that has been altered in such a way so as to make it more convenient and quick for shoppers to use. - true - false

true

according to Klein, in order for climate change to be addressed, the world's biggest consumers are going to need to consume less - true - false

true

according to Klein, one of our main problems is that the climate crisis is upon us at a moment when we are especially ill-equipped at solving large problems requiring collective and concerted action - true - false

true

according to Klein, we ourselves are products of our industrial economy - true - false

true

in addition to her research on Lake Tanganyika, O'Reilly also does work on water quality in Central Illinois - true - false

true

in one of O'Reilly's studies, she and her colleagues found that the average temperature of lakes around the world is rising quickly. the study found that lakes are warming an average of 0.61 degrees Fahrenheit (0.34 degrees celsius) each decade - true - false

true

one of the problems that Klein notes is that climate change is hard to see and we don't believe anymore in things we cannot see directly - true - false

true

the author of Howard notes that pre-bagged greens are especially popular with young people. does your life experience bear this out? - true - false

true

according to ecologists, mistiming is when - warming causes animals to be out of step with a food source - rising sea levels causes animals to be out of step with a food source - warming causes animals to be unable to find a habitat necessary for raising their young - warming sea levels causes animals to be more prone to infection and disease

warming causes animals to be out of step with a food source

greenhouse gas with which many people are familiar that is not methane or carbon dioxide

water vapor

Where are cranberries grow in the US?

wisconsin?