Geo4L exam 1

One hundred eighty six thousand miles per second -- the speed of light -- could be stated as the following: (more than one choice may apply)

"One point eight six times ten to the fifth power." "Eighteen point six times ten to the fourth power."

Which of the following is the best definition of a satellite?

An object that orbits around a planet

The image below shows centers on the inner solar system planets' orbits, and thousands of dots predominantly between two planets' paths. These small objects orbit the Sun, just like planets do. What is the name for this type of object, in general? (img shows trojans, hildas, and planets in a circle with dots)

Asteroids

Understand the meaning of: astronomical units

Astronomical unit is 93 million miles, which is also the distance between earth and the sun

Define various spheres and how they interact (For example, a tsunami is an interaction between the geosphere - an earthquake - and the hydrosphere - the devastating wave.)

Biosphere: Microbes, plants, animals, humans and human activity and structures, biomes, etcs Hydrosphere: All water on Earth in gas, solid, and liquid forms. Oceans, lakes, rivers, vapor, groundwater, etc. Geosphere: Core, mantle, crust, surface rocks and minerals, earthquakes, and other associated phenomena Atmosphere: Air, the layers of gases surrounding Earth, lightning, weather, climate, etc. Cosmosphere: The universe surrounding the earth. Earth as a planet, the solar system, the milky way, the local group and the Universe. Solar weather, orbital variations, etc.

Evidence suggests that a large meteorite struck Earth, sending so much debris into the air that the sunlight was blocked for an extended period of time -- which caused Earth to cool significantly. This event is associated with the extinction of the dinosaurs. Which of the following "spheres" were affected, in order?

Cosmosphere- geosphere - atmosphere - biosphere

Which of Earth's "spheres" are interacting during the following events?: An asteroid slams into an ocean on Earth, and causes the extinction of the dinosaurs.

Cosmosphere- hydrosphere- biosphere

On which day would the following scene have taken place? (image of dinosaurs being hit by asteroid)

December 30

On what date did members of Earth's biosphere build the structures shown in the image below? (picture of Egyptian pyramids)

December 31

Understand the Doppler effect, and what it tells us about the origins of the universe. Know how to calculate percentage shift and velocity (last activity on worksheet)

Doppler effect= waves emitted by the approaching object have a shorter wavelength than the waves emitted by a receding object. calculating percentage shift= Difference between measured (x) and expected wavelength (y) divided by expected wavelength (y) ex: 715 nm- 650/ 650= 65/650= 10%: hydrogen spectral line is 10% greater than expected -if it is LESS THAN EXPECTED so a neg number, object is moving towards us. -to get velocity: get speed of star (speed x percentage shift)

How does lab 1 work, what does it model/ illustrate/ conclusions about data presented or obtained Part 1

Earth's subsystems: The spheres atmosphere: where the air surrounding out planet is located. Phenomenon: monsoons geosphere: Where earth's crust, mantle, tectonic plates and core are located. Phenomenon: earthquakes hydrosphere: where water on earth is located in 3 forms: gas, solid, liquid. Phenomenon: Tidal waves biosphere: The biosphere is where life on Earth is located, in addition to all living organisms. phenomenon: Forests cosmosphere: universe that is around earth, what we know as space. Phenomenon: asteroids cycle= earth system in which matter is recycled over and over some cycles that affect earth are the water cycle and carbon cycle human activities change earth's system by disrupting cycles. Humans emitting greenhouse gases is one, since it affects the climate. Another is humans extracting minerals from the ground which affects nutrients in surrounding ecosystems biosphere would be affected by a forest fire bc forest is an ecosystem. Atmosphere would also be affected by the CO2. Geosphere by the hydrophobic soils.

The image below shows a starfield (small, bright spots) and a bright "smudge" in the nighttime sky. What is this object composed of?

Ice

Below are two spectra of a fictitious star. Which of the following choices best describes the comparison of the two spectra? (image of two spectral lines, one with more of a red shift. Bottom spectral lines are moving towards red side)

If the spectrum at the top represents the star at rest, the spectrum at the bottom would show the star's spectrum if it were moving away from us.

Think about how much energy you had to expend to move the Slinky up and down to create one wavelength, vs. more than one wavelength. When you modeled more than one wavelength, what happened to the length of the wave? (The length of the wave = the wavelength!)

It got shorter

If planets were to be classified into two groups, which of the following would be considered "Jovian" (large, with low density)?

Jupiter Neptune Saturn Uranus

The following 6 questions refer to a "cosmic calendar," which describes a temporal (time) scale, if the entire time of the existence of the universe were squeezed into a calendar year on Earth. In which month would our galaxy form? (this is on lab 3 also)

March

When you took your "solar system walk," Jupiter was about twice as far away from our eight-inch Sun as

Mars

If planets were to be classified into two groups, which of the following would be considered "terrestrial" (small and rocky)?

Mars Venus Mercury Earth Terrestrial planets are most abundant in typical rocks and water because they're between 4,000 and 5,500 kg/m^3. Rocks = 3000, water= 1000, so around 4,000 together. (lab 2)

Your "birthday" is the date at which the Earth reaches a certain spot in its orbit. Given the orbital periods of the other planets of our solar system, on which two planets would you have celebrated more birthdays? (on which planets would you therefore be "older?")

Mercury Venus

Which of the following planets have orbital periods greater than 30 Earth Years? (Choose all that apply)

Neptune Uranus

The following solar system bodies possess unique characteristics. Can you match the names of the entities (on the left) with one of its best identifying trait?: THE MOON

No atmosphere

The Solar System is only one of hundreds of other groups of objects that circle around other stars. Approximately how many planets have been discovered overall?

Over 1000

The wavelengths of light (you don't need to know the nm measurements, but you should know that the wavelength of red is longer than that of green, which is longer than that of violet, etc). You should also know on which sides of the spectrum microwaves, gamma rays, and radio waves fall. Consult your lab and I also the module material.

Rainbow spectrum (going from red (low frequency) on left to purple (high frequency) on right) (longest to shortest wavelength): Radiowaves, microwaves, Infrared, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma-ray -longer the wavelength, lower the frequency -shorter the wavelength, higher the frequency -visible light is in between infrared and ultraviolet -radio, microwaves, and infrared have long wavelengths and low frequencies -ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma-ray have short wavelengths and high frequencies

Know the timing of some major events in the cosmic calendar, including the evolution of photosynthesis, the colonization of land by plants, the extinction of the dinosaurs, and the evolution of ​Homo sapiens ​

Refer to page 1 of lab 3 (highlighted stuff)

On what date would the object shown below have formed? (picture of moon)

September

Ancient, primitive land plants left remains as fossils in rocks. At what date on the cosmic calendar did this occur?

September 30

Below is an image of an object in our immediate cosmosphere. What type of object is it? (image of our sun)

Star

How to know when Bright line spectra is emission, absorption, or emission

Taking example of where the source is to what its going to. The sun to is absorbed energy. Yet the earth to space is emission. Because from our point of view. We see our sun's energy shift from yellow spectrum to UV (ultra violet) and red from the earth. Yet if we look from the sun to the earth then we would see emission from the sun and absorption from the earth.

What's the most striking problem with the image below?

The diagram is not drawn to scale

The following solar system bodies possess unique characteristics. Can you match the names of the entities (on the left) with one of its best identifying trait?: VENUS

The hottest surface temperature

The following solar system bodies possess unique characteristics. Can you match the names of the entities (on the left) with one of its best identifying trait?: JUPITER

The largest planet

How are the inner planets and outer planets different (besides their distances!)? Exclude Pluto. (Pick all choices that apply. Partial credit will be given for "partially correct" answers.)

The outer planets are much larger The outer planets consist mostly of gases

Understand the meaning of: albedo

The ratio of the outgoing solar radiation reflected by an object to the incoming solar radiation incident upon it

How does lab 2 work, what does it model/ illustrate/ conclusions about data presented or obtained

The relative size of planets on "Thousand Yard Model" (goes from large to small) -sun to mars is 48 paces -sun to Jupiter is (96 paces from mars) 2x sun to mars. pluto is around (260 paces from Neptune) 1/2 a mile to walk. -Sun about 8 inches in diameter -Jupiter = Chestnut -Saturn= acorn -Uranus, Neptune= coffee bean -Earth, Venus= popcorn kernel -mercury, pluto, mars= pinhead -planets closer to the sun are shorter distances from each other than in the outer solar system -inner planets are smaller than planets in the outer solar system -relationship between a planets density and its distance from the sun= closer a planet is to the sun, the dense the planet will be -relationship between a planet's size and its distance from the sun is that the closer the planet is to the sun, the smaller the planet will be. As you move farther away from the sun, the planet becomes larger. -if pluto were a planet, it would be a jovial planet because it has a low density. none actually bc it has a low density but it is small in size -the orbital period is called a year -Venus and Mars have similar gases in their atmospheres -two characteristics that make their atmospheres very different: It's comparing all the planets and you see Mars and Venus high in CO2. While earth is high in N2. That's the difference, with gasses. surface temp and atmospheric pressure also very different (refer to table 4) -Oxygen is abundant in the earth's atmosphere but nearly absent in Venus and Mars -Biosphere and life explain oxygen's presence -Mercury has no atmosphere so any heat that the sun gives Mercury is not absorbed which is why Mercury is cooler than Venus even though Mercury is closer to the sun. Venus has an atmosphere

The same image as in the question above may give evidence for which of the following qualities about a star? Pick all that apply.

The star's elemental composition Whether the star is moving toward, or away from us

How does lab 1 work, what does it model/ illustrate/ conclusions about data presented or obtained Part 2

This lab is about the carbon cycle and how it moves through the 5 spheres; atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere. Carbon moves at different rates from one storage place to another called a RESERVOIR. stations included: atmosphere, soil/ detritus, surface ocean, intermediate/deep ocean, terrestrial life, marine life, ocean sediment atmosphere: Carbon is stored as CO2 Surface ocean: carbon is stored as CO2 dissolved in the surface waters of the ocean Marine Life: Carbon is stored as algae or marine animal intermediate and deep ocean: carbon is stored as CO2 dissolved in the deeper waters of the ocean Ocean sediment: carbon is stored as sedimentary rock Fossil fuels: stored as carbon chain or natural gas Soil detritus: stored as carbon chain such as cellulose in a fallen leaf Terrestrial life: stored as cellulose (tree trunk sugar in fruit, or muscle in an animal)

stellar color and temperature

To review: Wavelength Hot stars Violet 380 - 440 nanometers • Blue 440 - 500 nanometers • Green 500 - 560 nanometers • Yellow 560 - 590 nanometers • Orange 590 - 640 nanometers • Red 640 - 750 nanometers cool stars

The name of our sun is '"Sol."

True

What planet is closest in size to Earth?

Venus

The two images below suggest that Earth is not the only solar system body with: (image of a crater like thing, orange planet with blue dot)

Volcanoes

The two spectra shown in the previous question are shown below again. If the spectrum on the bottom represents the star as it usually appears, the spectrum above shows:

a blue shift

The kind of energy reflected by an object in space is known as its

albedo

When we look at the Sun from Earth's surface (through appropriate eye protection!), we are seeing it:

as it looked 8 minutes ago

Units of distances, and measurement prefixes (e.g. "mega-"), commonly used in science. Consult your conversion sheet.

astronomical unit (93 million miles), light year (5.8 TRILL miles), nanometers, Angstrom, micrometer, millimeter, , cm, km, megameter

Very large distances within our solar system are measured in:

astronomical units

The image below shows a hurricane on Earth. This storm is part of Earths ___. It looks uncannily like what component of the cosmosphere?

atmosphere galaxy

Match the process that describes the interaction between "spheres.": Rising atmospheric temperatures melt sea ice

atmosphere- cryosphere/hydrosphere

Match the process that describes the interaction between "spheres.": Humans burn fossil fuels, which changes the composition of the air

biosphere- atmosphere

Which of Earth's "spheres" are interacting during the following events?: Astronomers view distant objects through spectroscopes to learn about the origins of the universe

biosphere- cosmosphere

The image below shows electromagnetic energy emitted by a star. This collection is known as a(n): (2 purple lines, 4 blue, 2 green, 1 yellow, 3 red on black screen)

bright line spectra

In class, we analyzed the spectra of four mystery gases. Based on the wavelengths (colors) of the observed spectral lines, we were able to guess the gas':

composition

Match the process that describes the interaction between "spheres.": Trees use sunlight for photosynthesis

cosmosphere- Biosphere

Which of Earth's "spheres" are interacting during the following events?: About 5 billion years from now, our star, the "Sun" will collapse under gravity, and shed its outer gases, which may engulf the Earth.

cosmosphere- geosphere

Which of Earth's "spheres" are interacting during the following events?: The Big Bang forms atoms which ultimately combine and fuse to form a rocky planet we call "Earth"

cosmosphere- geosphere

A "light-year" is a measure of:

distance

The following solar system bodies possess unique characteristics. Can you match the names of the entities (on the left) with one of its best identifying trait?: MARS

evidence of running waster in the past

What kind of cosmosphere entity is shown in the photograph below? (image of milky way)

galaxy

Which of the following forms of electromagnetic radiation is probably the "most energetic?"

gamma rays (shorter length)

Match the process that describes the interaction between "spheres.": Earthquakes in Japan can cause tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean

geosphere- Hydrosphere

Match the process that describes the interaction between "spheres.": Volcanoes emit large quantities of carbon dioxide

geosphere- atmosphere

Very large distances, such as those that are used to measure the distance from Earth to our closest star beyond the Sun, are called:

light-years

Below is a close-up view of a planet in our solar system. Based on the physical characteristics you see, which is it? (craters, grey, looks like moon)

mercury

meteoroids and kuiper belt objects

n=?

The prefix used for measurements of 10^-9 meters is:

nano -used in spectroscrope ranges (400-700 nanometers) which are small units of length (10^-9 meters)

planetoids/ "asteroids"

over 20,000

dwarf planets?

over 5

Know how to use dimensional analysis (create a map, set up your table, convert units).

refer to lab 2

From our previous lab: In space, our real moon has a diameter of 3,476 km and is on average 384,400 km from Earth. The sun is about 149,600,000 km from the Earth. Given that the Moon and Sun appear to be the same size to an observer on Earth, how many times farther is the sun than the moon? Given such vast numbers, what would be a better way to express these distances?

scientific notation

types of galaxies

spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, irregular 20% of all galaxies are regular spiral, 10% are barred, 60% elliptical, 10% are irregular

Scientific notation, and how to convert between scientific notation and decimal ("normal") notation.

to convert: start decimal at end of number and then count places until you have 2 numbers left. # you get is the exponent of 10. Check with calculator after to make sure.

The following solar system bodies possess unique characteristics. Can you match the names of the entities (on the left) with one of its best identifying trait?: SATURN

would float in water It is less than 1000 kg/m^3 in terms of density 687 kg/m^3 (lab 2

The density of planets varies from "heavier," rocky bodies to "lighter" gaseous giants. On page 3 of your worksheet, you were asked to plot the planets' orbital distances versus their densities. Take a picture of your graph, and upload it here!

(look at lab for answer)

The radius of each planet varies, too. On page 4 of your worksheet, you were asked to plot each planet's orbital distance (in millions of kilometers) versus equatorial radii (in kilometers). Snap a photo of your graph, and upload it here!

(look at lab for answer)

Distinguishing characteristics of individual planets in our solar system, including relative surface temperature, presence or absence of moons, surface texture/characteristics, density, relative equatorial radius, etc.

- Page 9 through 23 of Earth in Solar System slides

know the difference between bright-line emission spectra (like we looked at in our lab activity) and a continuous spectrum. What information do they give us about the stars?

- a continuous spectrum looks like a continuous band of color (red to violet) -an absorption spectrum consists of dark lines on a continuous band of color. Absorption spectra are produced when light from a star passes through a gas cloud before it reaches Earth; atoms in the gas cloud absorb particular wavelengths of light, depending on what gases are present. The absorbed wavelengths show up as black lines in otherwise continuous spectra (basically the byproduct after its reached the earth's atmosphere) -emission spectrum consists of bright colored lines against a black background. In space, emission spectra are produced when a gas cloud absorbs and re-radiates specific wavelengths. On Earth, emission spectra are produced by neon lights and other single gas sources -BRIGHT LINE SPECTRA can tell us stars elemental composition and whether the star is moving toward or away from us. -Astronomers use these "spectral fingerprints" to remotely identify the elements int the Sun, distant stars, gas clouds, and other features. -3 types of spectra

How does lab 3 work, what does it model/ illustrate/ conclusions about data presented or obtained

-Jan 22: first galaxies formed 13 bill years before present -march 16: Milky way forms 11 bill yrs before present -Aug 28: solar system born 5 bill before present -Sept 1,2,4, 14: Earth, moon, oldest rocks on earth, and oldest fossils formed roughly 4 bill years before present -Sept 30: first photosynthetic plans evolve 3 billion yrs before present -Dec 5,20,25: multicellular life, plants adapt to land, and dinosaurs on earth around 3.9-3 billion yrs before present -Dec 30: asteroid killing dinosaurs around 2.9 billion yrs before present -everything else on Dec 31; Jan 1 = dawn of primates and after -continuos spectrum is one spectrum (the larger picture) and is all visible light -bright-line spectra are different depending on each individual star -Helium probably used inside fluorescent ceiling lamps

Understand the meaning of: doppler

-Light wave lengthen as they move away from an observer -Light waves become compressed when they move towards an observer -The resulting change in the wavelengths of light, as reviewed from an advancing or retreating object, is known as the doppler effect

Know the relative sizes of celestial objects, including the universe, galaxies, solar systems, stars, planets, moons, etc.

-Our solar system is 26,000 light-years from the center of the galaxy. -The Milky Way is approximately 100,000 light-years in diameter. -Milkyway contains approx 200 billion stars - Milkyway is just one of 100 billion galaxies in the universe -The Milky Way contains about 200 billion stars, 100 billion planets, and thousands of nebulae -universe is expanding -pages 9-24 in earth in solar system have size of stars and planets -more in beyond the solar system ppt

Distinguishing characteristics of the outer vs. inner planets in our solar system.

-inner planets (closer to the sun) are much denser than outer planets, but are much smaller in size than outer planets. -inner planets (terrestrial): mercury, venus, earth, mars= small and high density -outer planets (jovian): Jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune and Pluto would best fit into no planet. -terrestrial planets abundant in typical rocks and water -venus and mars have similar gases

Understand the meaning of: light years

-light year is a measure of distance -it is the distance light can travel in a year -light can travel 5.8 trillion miles in one year -5.8 trill

Relative distances of planets from each other and from the Sun

-sun to Jupiter is (96 paces from mars) 2x sun to mars. pluto is around (260 paces from Neptune) 1/2 a mile to walk. -solar system diameter is 287.46 billion km or 178619362920.544 miles -Diameter of sun is 865,000 miles -Distance between Sun and Earth = 93 million miles (8 light minutes) -Distance between Pluto and Sun 3,666 miles -Mercury: 58 million km from sun -Venus: 108 million km to sun -Earth: 150 million to sun -Earths moon: similar to earth -Mars 228 million km to sun -Jupiter 779.74 million km to sun -Saturn: 1.4975 billion km to sun -Neptune: 4.477 billion km -Uranus: 2.964 billion km -also look at slides for characteristics of planets

General compositions of planets (not exact numbers, but should know how a comet is different from a gas giant, or what makes Venus' surface so hot)

-universe is composed of: fundamental particles and energy (protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks, neutrinos, photons) -sun consists of mostly hydrogen and helium -hydrogen and helium also present in other stars in Milky Way -comet is made of rock and ice -venus surface is so hot because of its thick atmosphere and has a lot of co2 but little nitrogen

A measurement of 2.35 x 10^-2 meters is equivalent to:

0.0235 meters

Here are some practice ideas: -Ice sheets calving into the ocean off Antarctica; -dead trees falling into a swamp and becoming fossil fuels; -solar storms cause an intense aurora; -solar storms disrupt electronics; -a landslide topples rocks on a slope.

1) geosphere to hydrosphere 2) biosphere to hydrosphere to geosphere 3) Cosmosphere to atmosphere 4) cosmosphere to biosphere?? 5) Geosphere

Place the components of the cosmosphere in "size order," from the largest to the smallest. Number 1 should be used for the largest choice; number 6 should be used for the smallest choice.

1. Universe 2. Galaxy 3. Solar System 4. Star 5. Planet 6. Moon

Another way of expressing the distance measurement across this square is: (img of square with one side labeled 10,000 m, another side labeled 10^4)

1.0 x 10 ^4 ("one point zero times ten to the fourth meters")

Approximately how many galaxies are there in the universe?

100 billion

comets and asteroids

12 comets discovered every year, n=? for asteroids

How many satellites in solar system?

175

Approximately how many stars are there in the Milky Way?

200 Billion

equatorial circumference of earth

25000 miles

The average distance between Pluto and the Sun

3,670,050,000 million miles (5,913 million km)

diameter of the sun

65,000 miles (1,400,000 km)

The distance of Earth to the Sun is 9.3 x 10^7 miles, or:

93,000,000 miles