GEOG 100 Final

The term 'gentrification'; is used to describe particular types of urban renewal that occur when relatively low property prices of an older inner-city neighborhood begin to attract new owners who are intent upon investing heavily in the property in order to significantly increase its value. Which of the following would you not associate with a neighborhood that had recently undergone the process of 'gentrification.'

'Dollar Stores' and boarded-up storefronts

The following image shows the typical method that was employed to elevate buildings out of disease-ridden mud flats in order to build a system of sewers beneath theraised buildings, in which of the following US cities.

Chicago

The following diagram identifies the emission into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide by major world countries/regions. Which of the following currently discharges the greatest amount

China

The following diagram illustrates the 'mature stage' of which of the following cloud types.

Cumulonimbus clouds

The largest number of aftershocks in the three days following the Tohoku earthquake of 2011 were mostly located where.

Eastern side of the island of Honshu

With regard to Mercator's map projection and his alignment of the lines of latitude and longitude, which of the following countries would you expect to be most exaggerated insize.

Ecuador

A recent poll conducted by a national magazine revealed that 40.5% of respondents in the 30 to 40 year old age group saw little merit in marriage, and so it would seemthat there is little hope of any significant increase in the current rate. To offset these trends the more relaxed attitude in Japan to those who give birth outside of marriage issomewhat similar to the situation in European countries and helps to explain why the number of babies born has remained constant over the last decade.

False

Although it is extremely difficult to be precise regarding the numbers killed as a direct result of interstate conflict, most major conflicts prior to the 20th century were fought between opposing armed forces with very limited civilian death rates recorded as a result of such conflict.

False

Between the years 1960-2015, the population of Egypt increased from 28 to 82 million and with a current natural increase rate of 2.6%, it is anticipated that it will increaseto over 100 million by 2030.

False

By the end of the current century China's projected population will be less than 10% of the global population total and second to that of India.

False

Cairo's urban growth has followed the typical pattern of massive rural to urban migration and greater metropolitan area of Cairo now accommodates about 20 million people and is over five times bigger than it was in 1960.

False

Chairman Mao meant by his famous quote, "Each stomach comes attached with two hands" that population should be discouraged because it would result in more mouths to feed with a subsequent reduction in economic growth.

False

Chinese expeditions undertaken by the authority of the Emperor of China and under the command of Zheng He took place at almost the same time as Columbus's voyages,but they did not discover any lands beyond the Asian region.

False

Deregulation of coffee production has succeeded in stabilizing world market prices

False

Fewer and fewer young Japanese men and women are entering into marriage, which has consequently impacted the already low fertility rates that are a notable feature ofJapan's demography. Japan has now one of the lowest fertility rates in the world with a national average of only 2.4 children born per female.

False

From Tokyo westward across the Kanto Plain toward Osaka and Kobe and further west to Fukuoka offers the traveler a view of the intense levels of population density to be found in this part of southern Honshu with this megalopolis, stretching from Tokyo to Fukuoka containing almost 75% of the entire population of Japan.

False

Goode's popular 'Homolosine projection' is often described as looking rather like 'washing hanging on a line to dry.'

False

In 2014, a reported 94% of the population of China was located in the 43% of the territory to the west of the so-called 'Hu Huanyong Line'

False

On the following diagram the black triangles on the black line best identifies the location of a 'divergent plate boundary.'

False

Places such as Barcelona, the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean islands of Mallorca and Malaga are popular destinations for those of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, andtransgender community (LGBT) with the resort town of Sitges located to the south of Valencia considered to be the largest LGBT vacation resort in the world.

False

Polynesian peoples eventually migrated throughout the vast ocean region of the Pacific, with the islands of Hawaii the last major area to be settled about 750 years ago.

False

Qatar has experienced a reversal from being one of the poorest countries within the Gulf region in the 1950's to one that now has a GDP per person of in excess of$120,000 per year.

False

The 'geographic grid' is a system that employs lines of intersection to precisely locate a specific position on the Earth's surface. In total there are 180 degrees of latitude(degrees north added to degrees south) and 180 degrees of longitude (degrees east added to degrees west)

False

The International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization all emerged from the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944

False

The USA and the UK are the two countries that contributed the largest amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in the period 1750-2006.

False

The declining Japanese economy has played a role in a cultural shift as corporations have found it necessary to significantly reduce many employee benefits, such as hugeretirement bonuses and financial incentives. This has weakened the ties between employee and company that in former times often resulted in a life- long workingrelationship.

False

The first great city of Uruk, dates as far back as 4,500 years and at that time contained approximately 100,000 people and continued for hundreds of years to be adequately supported by an agricultural community of around the same number.

False

The following diagram is a 'choropleth' map that details the major events in Napoleon's ill-fated Russian Campaign of 1812.

False

The following image shows a relatively small family run restaurant in London. Although it is an Indian restaurant, it is most probably operated by a Pakistani family.

False

The following map details the migration of humankind from a source region in East Africa with the beginning of this movement estimated to have been about 60 to 70,000 years ago:

False

The most significant aspect of the Qatari population pyramid as seen in the image below is that it is heavily skewed to reveal a huge imbalance in the male to female ratio.This is due to the fact that the immigrant community is predominantly composed of female workers

False

The result of the phenomenon known as the 'Coriolis Effect' is that air masses and ocean currents are deflected to the left in the northern hemisphere.

False

The situation of Singapore became more important as the trade between Europe and Asia dramatically increased after the opening of the Panama Canal in 1869 and Singapore has continued to be the world's major freight container port.

False

The situation of Singapore became more important as the trade between Europe and Asia dramatically increased after the opening of the Panama Canal in 1869 andSingapore has continued to be the world's major freight container port.

False

The vast majority of the population of Japan follows a philosophy based on a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism.

False

Typically, during a 'Cascadia megathrust' earthquake, these relatively deep events occur when the continental North American plate 'jumps' to the east over the oceanicJuan de Fuca plate from anywhere between 30 to 100 feet.

False

Well over 90% of the total land area of Egypt is arid desert and thus of no significant use for agriculture, and as a result of rapid population growth the ability of theimpressive agricultural resource base adjacent to the Nile to feed an ever-expanding population has been seriously put to the test in recent years.

False

Infrared satellite images are especially useful to identify aspects of vegetation cover and are considered to be

False color images

Would you expect the following graph that illustrates annual temperatures to represent a location.

Far away from an ocean

The economic opportunities of South Africa have encouraged large-scale movements of people from all over the region and especially to take advantage of the economyof the urban areas of Johannesburg, Soweto, and Pretoria as well as the mining region of the Witwatersrand. Using the map below to help, identify the province in whichthese places are located.

Gauteng

With regard to Beck's 'infographic' of the London Underground which of the following statements is correct.

He pursued his quest for simplicity by removing the property of scale altogether

With reference to the region of the 'Sahel' which of the following statements is correct

It has been suggested that desertification is an irreversible process as soil nutrient levels collapse as a result of overgrazing combined with the removal of woody perennial plants for firewood. However, by using simple techniques such as planting trees and perennial grasses on degraded lands, it appears as if the process can be reversed

Study the following map and identify the island in which the Ainu culture was able to withstand the pressures imposed by successive waves of colonization of Japan by other ethnic groups.

Kyushu

The following graph shows the estimated percentage of population living in urban areas by major world region from 1950-2050; which of the following regions now has thehighest percentage.

Latin America and the Caribbean

Which of the following climate types are found in southern California, central Chile, the southwestern tip of South Africa and the southwest of Australia.

Mediterranean

High pressure areas north of the Equator give rise to air moving at the surface toward the Equator and the winds are predominantly which of the following.

NE trade winds

Hail will fall to the ground when it becomes large enough to offset the resistance of the updrafts of air. For example, a hailstone reaching a size of 3 inches in diameter willneed updrafts of 100 mph to simply keep it aloft and such instability is only likely to occur.

Over areas with low surface temperatures

The satellite image below identifies the border region between which of the following countries.

Pakistan and India

In 2017, Las Vegas had alomst as many visitors as which of the following European cities, which was in that same year the most visited destination in the world.

Paris

The following graph illustrates the major immigrant groups in Japan; which of the following identified color keys for the graph would be the correct choice.

Red/Chinese: Blue/Korean: Green/Brazilian

It is estimated that by 1800 the population of Britain was about 11 million and yet over the next one hundred years this figure increased to a staggering 41 million. As aresult during most of the 19th century Britain would have been in which stage of the 'Demographic Transition Model.'

Stage 2

The following image is of an underground limestone cavern that illustrates a number of features produced from the chemical weathering of the limestone. Theappendages that look like icicles that hang from the roof of the cavern are called which of the following.

Stalactites

With regard to an increase in the average age of a society which of the following statement is correct.

The 'dependency ratio' decreases and there is a significant strain on the smaller economically active sector to provide for the needs of a larger dependent sector

The diagram below would best represent which of the following times of year with reference to the Northern Hemisphere.

The 'winter solstice' on December 21st

Which of the following statements relating to the major regions of Spain is correct.

The Castilian region is centered on the capital of Madrid and is located in the center of the country

With respect to the relative size of Greenland measured against South America which of the following projections would be the most accurate.

The Fuller Projection

Marshallese stick charts were devised to identify ocean swells and currents, wave patterns, and island locations and were used to navigate the great expanses of which of thefollowing oceans

The Pacific Ocean

With regard to the coffee industry which of the following statements is correct

The coffee supply chain is composed of numerous smallholders with virtually no market power and who receive only 10-25% of the final retail price

The following series of maps all relate to the 'monsoon' and the Indian subcontinent. Identify which of these map presentations is correct.

The following map shows the progression of the monsoon as it moves over the region from north to south as shown by the series of dark blue lines

Refer to the following Landsat image of the Kirton-Frampton Saltmarsh and answer the following three questions: Which of the following is a correct statement.

The green shades within geometrical shapes identify the cultivated field boundaries

London became well established as the world's largest city in 1900 with a population of over 4 million. Although mortality rates, especially in large urban areas like London,were exceptionally high they began to fall as public utilities were dramatically improved. Between 1848 and 1854, the death rate in London fell from 23 to 7 deaths per 1,000people, a staggering statistic for a period of less than a decade. Which of the following measures was largely responsible for the fall in mortality in this particular period of 1848-54.

The installation of closed sewers and the abolition of cesspools

With reference to tornadoes which of the following statements is correct.

The majority of the 1,000 or so tornadoes that form every year in the USA have wind speeds of less than 100 mph and will usually last less than 10 minutes from beginning to end

With regard to China's demography which of the following statements is correct.

The repercussions of China's official manipulation of fertility rates has also resulted in an imbalance in the sex ratio and attendant problems leading to various aspects of social instability

The following photograph is of the Rio Mendoza as it flows out of the Andes Mountains in Argentina. This river has the ability to erode huge channel walls that rise to over200 feet in height as a result of all except which one of the following.

The river undercuts the cliffs at the inner bends of the channel and they subsequently collapse under their own weight into the channel to be transported downstream

What innovation in transportation allowed for quick movements of fresh milk, fruit, and vegetables into the cities of the UK on a daily basis in the mid to late 1800's.

The steam railway

With regard to 'Pop culture' in Japan which of the following statements is correct.

The term 'J-pop' is reserved only for native Japanese performers

With regard to crossing the International Date Line from Japan to the USA which of the following adjustments in time would be correct.

The time would need to be reset to 24 hours back

The following image shows a section of land adjacent to the River Nile; identify which of the following statements is not relevant to the location of the small villages next tothe agricultural land.

The villages are located too far from the fertile land irrigated by the river

Earthquakes give rise to a number of types of 'waves' that move the ground, which of the following is the correct statement regarding such movements.

There are two types of wave that travel through the ground, namely primary, or 'P waves', that are followed by secondary, or 'S waves'

With regard to the 'One Child Policy' that began in China in 1980 which of the following statements is correct:

To credit all of China's ultimate demographic transition to this official program would be a mistake, as it is clear that the Chinese people themselves had already started the process of reducing fertility rates over a decade earlier

The Hardangerfiord that is featured in the following photograph has a maximum depth of over 2,800 feet; where would you expect to find this depth located.

Toward the middle of the fjord

'Orthophotographs' are aerial photographs that have been adjusted for topographic relief and geometrically corrected for scale and distortion. As such, they are especially useful because they can be used to measure true distances.

True

A common type of housing is that found in the older inner areas of Cairo is where very poor dilapidated buildings intermingle with much improved structures in a maze of often poorly built, and even more poorly serviced, neighborhoods

True

A recent 'Gender Gap Report' by the World Economic Forum ranked Japan a lowly 83rd out of the 142 countries surveyed in terms of a series of indicators of female participation in the workforce

True

A somewhat unusual trend found in some of the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa is that whenever the total fertility rate falls for a number of years, there is often aninterruption followed by a reversal and an upward growth in family size. This phenomenon has occurred in Nigeria, among other countries, and is referred to as a fertility stallwith subsequent increases in population growth rates.

True

About 90% of the population of Japan reside in an area that represents just a little more than 10 % of the total land area

True

After over sixty years in exile, a staggering 1.5 million displaced Palestinians still reside in the recognized refugee camps located in surrounding countries, such as Jordan and Lebanon.

True

After the Meiji Restoration, Japan's demographic experience was very similar to that which was experienced in Britain during the 19th century. However, Japan had a more prolonged period of high fertility rates than the British experience with consistent rates of 4 children per female right up until 1950. Together with a dramatic reduction in the death rates in post-war Japan, the country experienced a massive increase in the population well into the mid 1970's. However, fertility rates were to quickly fall and Japan is now experiencing negative growth due to a prolonged period of less than replacement rates.

True

Air movement associated with the Hadley Cell descends down toward the Earth as 'high pressure' at about 30 degrees N and S of the Equator.

True

Anime embraces a specific style of comic book and graphic novel that dates back to the late 19th century. The popularity of anime soon found another mode ofvisualization in the form of Japanese animated movies, or manga.

True

Argentina's 'Dirty War' of 1976-1983 was, in effect, a civil war between the right-wing military government, or 'junta', and those who were actively engaged in attempts toreform the system.

True

Around 11,300 years ago, fig trees were cultivated in the Jordan Valley and at the same time in Syria and other regions of the 'Fertile Crescent' harvests of wheat, barley, and peas identified the beginnings of permanently settled rural communities.

True

As the Pacific plate moves in a northwestern direction, the Hawaiian island chain has slowly migrated away from the 'Hot Spot' and as a result the age of the islands increases in age with distance from the big island of Hawaii.

True

Because Latin American culture greatly honors and respects those attributes that are attached to 'motherhood', the women who waited in peaceful protest all day andevery day in the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires during the 'Dirty War' effectively became, 'untouchable.'

True

By 1950, the 'industrialized countries' were already well on their way toward a noticeable concentration of their populations residing in urban areas

True

By dating sediments on the ocean floor, it is possible to accurately estimate the dates of past earthquakes, and it would appear that over the past 10,000 years there has been an average of one in every 250 years and, given that the last such event took place in 1700, it would appear that the region may now be 'due' for its next big earthquake.

True

Chinese cuisine has gradually become established as one of the most popular food types in the UK and as a result there are now more Chinese restaurants in the U.K. than either Indian restaurants, or fish and chip shops.

True

Chinese suppliers for Apple products not only had government support to underwrite costs, but they also had warehouse space available, could quickly build on-site dormitories next to the factory complex to accommodate workers and, perhaps more importantly, the Chinese contractors were able to immediately provide thousands of engineers to supervise and train the workforce. All of these factors worked as 'comparative advantages' for manufacturing to be located in China

True

Close to 1.1 million foreign students attended university in the USA in 2017 with the largest group from China, followed by students from India.

True

Columbus's calculations were based on a much larger Eurasian continent with only 68 degrees of ocean between Japan and the Canary Islands.

True

Earthquake magnitude is based on a logarithmic scale that identifies that for each whole number increase in magnitude, the amplitude of ground motion recorded on aseismograph will increase by a factor of ten. Therefore, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0 would have 100 times that of a 5.0 earthquake.

True

Ethnographic cartography of the interwar period may have made a forceful statement of Germany's view of its position in a changing Europe, but the delimitation of national boundaries based on ethnicity was nothing more than an arbitrary proposal.

True

Given that the vast majority of the white, Indian/Asian, and 'colored' population were already residing in urban areas, it has primarily been black South Africans who have participated in the internal migration from rural to urban areas since 1994.

True

Historically, the largest earthquakes have occurred in the northern section of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, and these tend to rupture the entire fault with slightly less violent but more frequent events in the southern segment of the fault zone.

True

In 2017, the fertility rate in China had fallen to 1.6 per female, which ranks China in the same group as Japan at 1.4 and the European Union at 1.6. However, becauseChina has a relatively youthful population age structure, the momentum of growth will continue for longer than in either Japan or Europe.

True

In the 2011 census, London recorded a resident 'white British' population that was less than half of the total:

True

It is very difficult to secure shelf space in large supermarkets and the policy known as 'slotting fees' has made self-space a precious and expensive commodity that is an unattainable dream for many smaller sized suppliers of non-branded goods

True

Japan is one of the safest countries in the world and has a very low crime rate in categories ranging from petty street misdemeanors to murder. The rate of intentional homicides in Japan in 2011 stood at around 0.3 per 100,000, which compared more than favorably to the USA rate of 4.7 per 100,000.

True

London is considered to be one of, if not the most important center of commerce in the world, which is largely due to the city's role in global financial markets, in bankingand insurance activities, as well as in securities companies.

True

Maps created in Germany from the early 1920s focused on the twin concepts of 'Kulturboden' (areas of Europe that revealed the stamp of German endeavor) and 'Volksboden' (areas inhabited by German speaking people) with Austria falling into the 'Volksboden' category.

True

Mecca is home to the Ka'aba and is consequently regarded as the most holy site of the Islamic faith. It is a place of pilgrimage, and all able Muslims are obliged to takepart in this event, known as the Hajj, at least once in their lifetime.

True

Methane gas lasts for decades in the atmosphere, rather than for centuries as is the case for carbon dioxide

True

More cyclones form in the western Pacific region than anywhere else on Earth with this region averaging about 20 cyclones every year. However, the most at risk of all regions on Earth are adjacent to the funnel-shaped Bay of Bengal in South Asia.

True

Most of the glaciers in the world are currently experiencing recession, such as both the Upsala Glacier and the Perito Moreno Glacier in Patagonia, Argentina.

True

New York is the primary 'gateway' into the USA for newly arrived immigrants

True

Orographic, or relief rainfall occurs when moist air must rise over a mountain barrier. In so doing, the air is cooled with subsequent condensation and precipitation.

True

Recent research at Oregon State University conducted by marine geologist Chris Goldfinger, has identified that there is a more than one-in-three chance that a major earthquake will occur off the coast of the Pacific Northwest within the next 50 years.

True

South Africa's 'colored' community generally rejects their African heritage and willingly adopts both the Afrikaner language and the Dutch Reformed Church.

True

Sparke considers that the idea of a 'level playing field' as a world-view is in essence a misleading representation of economic geography; it is a "...view that hides the vast asymmetries of wealth, poverty, power and vulnerability across the planet, and it is a view that, conceals the dominance of the United States within the context of contemporary globalization.". As a result, there are many regions of the world that continue to operate on the peripheral margins of the global economy.

True

The 'Berlin Wall' was to prove a success in keeping people in, rather than in keeping people out of East Germany as the number of migrants who 'officially' attempted tocross the border significantly decreased after it was built.

True

The 'yakuza' are generally involved in illegal activities and this huge criminal organization is currently headquartered in Tokyo by the Yamaguchi-gumi syndicate.

True

The Chinese diaspora may well perceive 'Chinatown' to be an important central space that represents both their cultural and economic prominence in the city, but it does not function as the core area of residence for London's Chinese population

True

The Japanese tourist industry has witnessed significant growth over the last decade with some 28 million international visitors in 2017, representing a contribution ofapproximately $40 billion in revenue.

True

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge transects the island of Iceland from southwest to northeast with huge amounts of basalt magma from a 'Hot Spot' in the upper mantle responsiblefor building the island.

True

The Mongol armada's of Kublai Khan were defeated in both of their attempts to conquer Japan by the weather, as on both occasions in 1274 and again in 1281 it wasprimarily typhoon events that were responsible for defeating the invading forces.

True

The bubonic plague had its origins in Asia and was first recorded in Western Europe in 1347 when an outbreak occurred in the Sicilian port of Messina. It moved northwardat a speed of about 3 miles per day and had reached as far as the Arctic Circle by the year 1350. This terrible disease, known as the 'Black Death', was responsible for thedeaths of about one third of the entire population of Europe at that time.

True

The collective name for glacially derived debris is 'glacial drift' and it is subdivided into 'glacial till', which is an unsorted collection of boulders, gravels, sands, and clays that has been deposited primarily by ice; and if the debris has been deposited by the joint actions of ice and water from melt-water streams, it is referred to as fluvioglacial material. Whenever deposits are influenced by the actions of running water, they become more sorted in profile with smaller and medium sized debris, such as clays and sands, deposited over larger-sized pebbles and boulders.

True

The details of future patterns of rural to urban migration in China are made difficult to predict as the pool of available labor that resulted from China's 'demographic dividend' nears its end.

True

The following image is of a Tibetan 'bhavacakra' of the Mahayana Buddhist tradition. It is a symbolic representation of 'samsara', which is the Buddhist belief in a cyclicalexistence of the 'wheel of life'. This visual representation is believed to have been created by the Buddha himself as a way to explain his teachings. In this respect, itembodies the essence of all maps in that it is attempting to visually represent an aspect of the reality of its creator.

True

The following image represents the range of wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum with the 'visible' part of the spectrum shown as the colored area, with evenshorter wavelengths of energy beyond the 'visible' part of the electromagnetic spectrum, identified as gamma rays, X-rays, and ultra-violet light.

True

The gases in the atmosphere are responsible for trapping heat from the Sun and subsequently warm the planet which would otherwise have surface temperatures thatwould be well below freezing point at 0°F (-18°C). This process is called the 'natural greenhouse effect.'

True

The geometrical shapes and linearity of the cultivated field boundaries compared to the random open areas of saltmarsh help to identify the location of the sea wall thatseparates these two areas.

True

The process of independence for the Indian sub-continent effectively subdivided the region along sectarian lines, with India designated as a predominantly Hindu statewith Pakistan and Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) reserved as predominantly Islamic states.

True

The shortages in the labor supply that are becoming more evident in Japan are likely to be difficult to solve because Japan has never had an open and expansiveimmigration policy in the past.

True

The success of reducing global poverty since 2000 has been impressive, although it must be considered that China was singularly responsible for most of thisachievement as it pulled millions people out of poverty. Recent research such as the Oxford Initiative's Multidimensional Poverty Index indicates that the world is moreimpoverished than previously thought with this 'extremely poor' group represented by 1.6 billion people rather than the United Nations' figure of 1.2 billion.

True

The various routes along the 'Silk Road' operated from around 200 BCE until the end of Mongol rule and the terrible impact of the 'Black Death' in the mid-14th century. In this sense, this elaborate network of routes was to prove something of a 'false start' in the story of globalization

True

Which one of the following maps showing the distribution of ethnic groups in London does not reveal a significant degree of 'residential preference.'

map c

The following photograph is of a cliff face at Lily Point near Point Roberts, in Washington State. These cliffs were formed when an ice sheet moved over the region duringthe last ice age and plastered a 40-foot covering of glacial till over the landscape and as the ice melted, this layer was overlain by an additional 300 feet of fluvioglacialsediments that now form the cliffs at Lily Point. As these deposits were not consolidated by the weight of the ice sheet, would you expect them to be.

relatively easily eroded coastal features

The steepest slopes on a contour map can be readily identified because.

the lines are closer to one another

In which European city is the cathedral in the following image located.

Barcelona

The so-called '7R gene variant' is associated with dopamine which is associated with adventure, pleasure and enjoyment and it has been estimated that around 20% of allhuman beings have this variant. Would you expect higher percentages of present day migratory cultures to,

Have more dopamine than their sedentary counterparts

Which of the following cities is located in the center of the green circle in the image below

Singapore

Which of the colored lines represents the proven gas reserves of Qatar.

The green line

In 2012, the 'Earthquake Research Committee of Japan' estimated that there was a 70% probability of an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0 occurring beneath TokyoBay over which of the following time periods.

The next 30 years

An apprentice geisha is known as a 'maiko.'

True

The percentage of people living in towns and cities had increased from about 30% of the global total population in 1950 to a little in excess of 55% in 2017.

True

The term, 'salary-man' emerged in the 1920s

True

Name the person on the left of the following image

Che Guevara

As Bantu peoples migrated across the region of southern Africa they avoided areas that were free of the tsetse fly.

False

If the world's total population consumed as much the average American citizen, it would take the equivalent of about two Earths to sustainably support everyone with the ecological footprint for the world's population currently estimated at around 1.5 planets to provide the resources and absorb the waste of all of the world's population

False

The diagram below shows that the largest reservoirs of methane are found in the southern hemisphere

False

The following map identifies the major dialects of Japan with the green shaded area representing those regions that have a distinct Kansai dialect

False

The following map shows global sea surface temperatures with the northerly swing in the isotherms in the North Atlantic a result of the cooling effect of the North Atlantic Drift.

False

The marshland vegetation sequence is evident with darker shades of green-brown denoting middle-upper marsh and the yellow tones identify the areas of pioneer marsh

False

The photograph below highlights the lower atmosphere at dawn. The lowest layer, colored orange, is called the tropopause and the depth of this lowest band is a fairly constant 10 miles from the Earth's surface.

False

With reference to hurricanes which of the following is a correct statement.

Hurricanes develop from tropical cyclones that form over oceans when water temperatures are above 80°F (27°C) and with wind speeds in excess of 74 mph.

The actual number of Qatari citizens has been estimated to be around 300,000, which is only 12% of the total population of the country. Thus, Qatar is a country withinwhich its citizens are a statistical minority with the largest single immigrant group from which of the following countries.

India

With reference to air pressure.

It slowly falls with height from the Earth's surface

The so-called 'hikikomori' are generally obsessed with social fears, anxieties, and profound concerns about their future. The longer an individual withdraws, the lesschance that he/she will be able to once again engage with the wider society. What is the average age of those who are affected by this disorder:

Mid-20's to early 30's

Which of the following volcanoes along the 'Cascade Volcanic Arc' has been the most active over the last 4,000 years.

Mt. St. Helens

With reference to the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens which of the following is a correct statement.

On the morning of the eruption a surge of mantle beneath the volcano created a magnitude 5.1 earthquake that shook the mountain and resulted in a gigantic rockslide and debris avalanche that released pressure and triggered a major pumice and ash eruption from the volcano

Global warming in recent years has increased ocean surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean by 2°C, and a number of climate models predict that monsoon rainfallcould increase by 5-10% of present totals.

True

The transformation from forest to farmland is evident in the following image. The forest is identified by the darker colore areas

True

Waves usually approach the coastline at an oblique angle, which creates a zigzag motion as the surf surges onto the beach, in a process referred to as 'swash', and thenreturns back to the ocean at a right angle to the coastline, known as 'backwash.' In this way, beach materials are moved along the shoreline, in a process known as'longshore drift.'

True

The large-scale destruction of infrastructure as a result of conflict in the first half of the 20th century lead to a dislocation of the global economy and impeded the process of globalization. It took many years to recover from these conflicts with economist Paul Krugman estimating that world trade as a share of world output did not recover to its 1913 level until which of the following periods

the mid-1970s

The following map identifies European colonial interests in Africa in 1914. Which of the following countries occupied the area shaded in yellow on the map

Belgium

The 'Industrial Revolution', is considered to have begun around 1750 in the United Kingdom and by 1875 Britain had become a major industrial power. With regard to Britain's rise to prominence in world trade which of the following statements is correct

Between 1865 and 1941 of all of the steam locomotives built to operate on the Indian network, less than 10% were manufactured in India, with the remainder imported from British railway engineering yards

The following image shows a tattooist at work. This is an increasingly popular form of body-art in Japan and has become generally accepted as an expression of popularculture.

False

Vast gold and diamond reserves in the interior of South Africa as well as enormous agricultural potential, especially in the cultivation of sugar cane in the Natal region,proved to be significant 'intervening opportunities' for 'white' settlement in South Africa.

False

With regard to the vast numbers of migrants who have moved from rural to urban areas in China over the last twenty years, identify which of the following statements iscorrect.

The 'hukou' system is in effect a barrier and obstacle to migration and yet it has not deterred millions of migrants from moving to the manufacturing centers of China

With regard to Cuba, which of the following is a correct statement

The Cuban government's 'Special Period in Time of Peace' was a program that encouraged the public, under government directives, to seek new and alternative ways to provide for their basic needs

About 99% of the private sector workforce in Qatar is composed of non-citizens with migrants now making up 94% of the entire workforce of the country.

True

In 1911, about 21% of the total population was classified as white with the black community representing 67% of the total and yet by 2017 the white percentage haddeclined to only 8.5%.

True

The choice of the zero degree of latitude is based on the fact that the Equator is the 'longest circle' around the ellipsoidal shape of our Earth and can be quite readily located in the Northern Hemisphere by observing the position of the 'North Star', or Polaris. At the Equator, Polaris appears to be right on the horizon and as you travel north it will be located progressively further above the horizon.

True

The migration of humankind began from a source region in East Africa.

True

Without an injection of an estimated $2 trillion of capital into the East German economy since 1990, the region would have experienced an overall net migration loss from 1945 to 2017.

True

Radiometric dating techniques have established that rocks of more than 3.5 billion years in age can be found on all of the Earth's continental areas. The oldest minerals that have been analyzed to date are about 4.4 billion years old and are from which of the following regions.

Western Australia

How long ago was the peak of the last ice age

18,500 years ago

Nelson Mandela and others, such as Bishop Desmond Tutu, Trevor Huddleston, and Thabo Mbeki, maneuvered the black community toward equality, secured the legalityof the African National Congress, and established a foothold that propelled black South Africans to power in which of the following years.

1994

Japan is generally considered to have a very low obesity rate; however, the incidence of obesity in Japan is not perhaps what it might seem. The health systems in mostcountries identify obesity as the physical condition when a person has a 'body mass index' (BMI) of over 30. However, the Japanese Society for the 'Study of Obesity'recognizes that Asians are more susceptible to health risks associated with excess body fat and so has lowered the 'threshold level' to a BMI of 25. The result is that a muchhigher percentage of Japanese are now considered to be 'obese.' Which of the following percentages best represents Japan's own identification of those who are consideredto be obese.

20%

What percentage of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's surface of land and oceans.

51%

The following graph identifies trends in the 'total fertility rate' by major world regions, which region is colored in yellow.

Africa

The following map shows the location of the top 20 cities in the 2010 Global Cities Index: which of the following major world regions is not represented on the map.

Africa

New York is a multi-cultural city and in this sense it is an intriguing 'patchwork quilt' of people from all corners of the world. With regard to the ethnic composition of NewYork which of the following statements is correct.

Almost 50% of the city's entire black ethnic community of 3 million live in Harlem, in Upper Manhattan, and the Borough of Brooklyn

Would you consider the so-called 'Ten Pound Poms' initiative that was offered by the Australian government to attract potential 'white' migrants to have been.

An 'intervening opportunity' for potential 'white' migrant

With regard to the migration of Afrikaners which of the following statements is correct:

As the Afrikaner's moved inland across South Africa they believed that they were moving into vacant land, but in fact the land had been largely deserted as aresult of the horrific Bantu wars that were instigated a few years earlier by the Zulu

With close to 21 million international arrivals in 2017, which of the following Asian cities was estimated to have been one of the most visited cities in the world.

Bangkok

Which of the following countries started a comprehensive family planning program in 1975 with significant results that suggest that the country will now move much morequickly through Stage 3 of the 'Demographic Transition Model.'

Bangladesh

The following graph shows the percentage of the world's population living in urban and rural areas. Which of the following 5-year periods most closely identifies the pointwhen the two lines meet.

Between 2005-2010

The following map shows the 'Gini Index' by country, which of the following countries has the highest levels of income inequality.

Brazil

In 2008, the 'Global Cities Index' (GCI) was created that measured the degree of global engagement that a city possesses in terms of human capital, business activity,information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement. Which of the following cities was not in the 'top five'.

Buenos Aires