geog 1001 (exam 1) questions

It is 17° C in Concepción, Brazil, which is located 490 m above sea level. Assuming a normal lapse rate of 6.4° C/1000 m, what would the temperature be at La Paz, Bolivia, which is located 4,103 m above sea level? 10.6° C 40.1° C 23.4° C -6.1° C

-6.1° C

Figure 5c in the Human Denominator section of your textbook illustrates temperature anomalies recorded by four different agencies. The NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies indicates an increase of approximately ____________ °C from 1880 to 2005. 0.9 -0.5 2.8 1.6 -2.7

0.9

The average global sea-level air pressure is _____. 29.92 millibars 760 millibars 1013.2 millibars 29.92 cm of mercury

1013.2 millibars

What is the altitude at the top of our atmosphere? 32,000 km (20,000 mi) 50 km (31 mi) above Earth's surface 480 km (300 mi) above Earth's surface 80 km (50 mi) above Earth's surface 18 km (11 mi) above Earth's surface

480 km (300 mi) above Earth's surface

Which of the following descriptions is correct regarding areas of low pressure at the surface? Air is converging and ascending. Air is diverging and ascending. Air is diverging and descending. Air is converging and descending.

Air is converging and ascending.

Which of the following scenarios describes what would happen if Earth did not rotate? There would be no wind. Air would flow parallel to isobars. Air would flow perpendicular to isobars. Air would flow to its right in the Northern Hemisphere. Air would flow to its left in the Northern Hemisphere

Air would flow perpendicular to isobars.

Which of the following statements regarding the march of the seasons is correct? All locations on Earth receive 12 hours of daylight on the equinoxes. The poles receive 12 hours of daylight on the solstices. The Sun is directly over the equator on the solstices. The declination of the Sun changes as a result of Earth's changing angle relative to the plane of the ecliptic over the course of a year. The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn receive 24 hours of daylight on the solstices.

All locations on Earth receive 12 hours of daylight on the equinoxes.

Which of the following is driven by solar energy? Ocean currents Ecosystems Global winds Weather All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following statements regarding temperature is correct? Atomic and molecular motion stops at 0° C. Almost every country uses the Celsius scale. The SI scale was developed by Anders Celsius. The Kelvin scale starts at the melting point of ice. The exosphere has high heat and high temperature.

Almost every country uses the Celsius scale.

What is the main reason that there is such a variation in average temperatures at higher latitudes? Declination Daylength Sphericity Axial tilt Revolution

Axial tilt

The dividing line between day and night is called the: Circle of illumination Solar maximum Subsolar point Axial parallelism Plane of the ecliptic

Circle of illumination

Which of the following statements regarding clouds and Earth's "greenhouse" is correct? Cloud-greenhouse forcing is caused by all types of clouds. All clouds reflect an equal amount of insolation. High-altitude cirrus clouds act to cool the troposphere. Cloud-albedo forcing is caused by lower, thicker clouds.

Cloud-albedo forcing is caused by lower, thicker clouds.

Modern official time is based on average times from atomic clocks around the world and is known as: Zulu Time Daylight Saving Time Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

Which of the following statements about air pollution is correct? Temperature inversions act to increase vertical mixing of the atmosphere. Anthropogenic sources of air pollution produce a greater quantity of pollutants than natural sources. Dust carried on the wind from South America contributes to the soils of Africa. Arctic haze is mainly caused by high-latitude volcanoes. Cross-boundary drift of pollution was an issue that played a role in the formation of the European Union.

Cross-boundary drift of pollution was an issue that played a role in the formation of the European Union.

Climate change is causing all of the following except: Decreased rainfall in Africa Longer growing season in the United States Earlier fall frosts in the United States Animal migration patterns are changing

Earlier fall frosts in the United States

Which of the following statements is correct? The speed of light is roughly 500,000 kmps (186,000 mps). Earth is approximately 150 million km (93 million mi) from the Sun. Our Solar System is 8 minutes 20 seconds across at the speed of light. The Moon is approximately 150 million km (93 million mi) from Earth. The Milky Way Galaxy is 11 light-hours across.

Earth is approximately 150 million km (93 million mi) from the Sun.

Which of the following statements regarding albedo is correct? Earth's albedo is roughly the same as that of asphalt. The Moon's albedo is four times higher than Earth's. The Moon's albedo is roughly the same as that of fresh snow. Earth's average albedo is 31%. The Moon's albedo is roughly the same as that of dry concrete.

Earth's average albedo is 31%.

Which of the following statements regarding the effects of elevation on temperature is correct? Higher elevations have higher annual average temperatures. The density of the air increases with increasing elevation. Higher elevations experience higher temperatures during the day because they are closer to the Sun. Temperatures at night, and in the shadows, are greater at higher elevations. Higher elevations have higher daily temperature ranges.

Higher elevations have higher daily temperature ranges.

The leading international group for discussing climate change science is the____________. U.S. National Research Council of the National Academy of Science Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Global Climate Observing System NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies Association of American Geographers

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Which of the following is true regarding the depletion of ozone in the ozonosphere? The notion that ozone is being depleted as a result of human activity has little scientific evidence to support it. It results from the burning of fossil fuels. It results from chemical reactions with chlorine derived from CFCs. The depletion is restricted to the arctic and antarctic regions.

It results from chemical reactions with chlorine derived from CFCs.

__________ feedback acts to stabilize a system. Positive Negative Steady state Dynamic Stabilizing

Negative

Which of the following statements about energy from the Sun is correct? About 4% of the Sun's radiation is in the visible light spectrum. The surface temperature of the Sun is about 6000° F. On an energy distribution curve, the Sun's emissions peak around 0.5 micrometers. The Earth emits shorter-wave radiation than the Sun. Earth acts as a blackbody because of its dark color.

On an energy distribution curve, the Sun's emissions peak around 0.5 micrometers.

Which of the following statements is correct about the seasons? If the tilt of Earth's axis increased, seasonal differences would become smaller. The Sun's altitude at local noon varies by 23.5 degrees over the course of a year. The positions of sunrise and sunset do not change over the course of a year. The ground speed of Earth's rotation is the same all over Earth. On average, dawn and twilight last longer at higher latitudes.

On average, dawn and twilight last longer at higher latitudes.

Which of the following statements is correct? The Milky Way Galaxy is contains several thousand stars. Our Solar System is located at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Our Solar System contains thousands of planets. Our Solar System formed from a large, slowly rotating, collapsing cloud of dust and gas. The Milky Way Galaxy is composed of one star, eight planets, four dwarf planets, and some asteroids.

Our Solar System formed from a large, slowly rotating, collapsing cloud of dust and gas

Which type of atmospheric pollutant can cause human health problems by entering the lungs and bloodstream? peroxyacetyl nitrates (PAN) carbon dioxide volatile organic compounds (VOC) PM2.5 PM10

PM2.5

Which of the following regions would have the greatest range of temperatures? Orlando, Florida Siberia, Russia New Orleans, Louisiana Honolulu, Hawaii Seattle, Washington

Siberia, Russia

What term describes the average amount of solar radiation received at the top of the atmosphere when the Earth is at its average distance from the Sun? Shortwave radiation Insolation Solar constant Subsolar point Longwave radiation

Solar constant

Which of the following statements regarding the annual range of temperatures is correct? Hints Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns are dominated by marine effects. The Southern Hemisphere has little seasonal variation in temperatures compared to the Northern Hemisphere. Southern Hemisphere temperature patterns are dominated by continentality. The Northern Hemisphere has little seasonal variation in temperatures. The tropics are a region of high annual temperature ranges.

The Southern Hemisphere has little seasonal variation in temperatures compared to the Northern Hemisphere.

Air temperature is a measure of which of the following properties of the air? The average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of air molecules Latent heat Dew point Specific heat Relative humidity

The average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of air molecules

Which of the following is correct regarding lapse rates in the troposphere? Temperatures generally increase with altitude in the troposphere. The normal lapse rate is always the same as the dry adiabatic rate (DAR). The environmental lapse rate refers to the actual lapse rate at any particular time and may differ substantially from the normal lapse rate. The term "normal (average) lapse rate" refers to the actual lapse rate in effect at any particular time.

The environmental lapse rate refers to the actual lapse rate at any particular time and may differ substantially from the normal lapse rate.

Which of the following statements regarding the seasons is correct? Alaska is the only U.S. state to receive sunlight at a 90 degree angle. The five factors that give rise to the seasons are revolution, rotation, tilt, axial parallelism, and sphericity. The rotational velocity of Earth at the equator is 40,075 kmph (24,902 mph). Earth's axial tilt is about 40 degrees. The Sun's altitude refers to its distance from Earth.

The five factors that give rise to the seasons are revolution, rotation, tilt, axial parallelism, and sphericity.

Which of the following statements about air pressure is correct? The lowest air pressure ever recorded was in Barrow, Alaska, in the winter. The lowest air pressure ever recorded was in Hurricane Katrina. The highest air pressure ever recorded was in Siberia in the winter. The highest air pressure ever recorded was in Hurricane Wilma.

The highest air pressure ever recorded was in Siberia in the winter.

Which is true of the amount of CO2 in our atmosphere? CO2 is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. The level of CO2 increased at the rate of 1.1% per year from 1990 to 1999. The level of CO2 has been decreasing at the rate of 3.1% per year since 2000. The level of CO2 has been much higher during the past 800,000 years than it is now.

The level of CO2 increased at the rate of 1.1% per year from 1990 to 1999.

Based on the image, which of the following must be true? All but 0.001 percent of the atmosphere is accounted for within the troposphere. The ozonosphere stretches from the Earth's surface to approximately 50 km (30 mi.). Hydrogen has a higher atomic weight than oxygen. The ozonosphere corresponds with the stratosphere.

The ozonosphere corresponds with the stratosphere.

______________ initiates airflow. Friction The Coriolis force Gravity The pressure gradient force

The pressure gradient force

Which of the following statements regarding energy in Earth's atmosphere is correct? The sky is blue as a result of scattering. The change in the speed and direction of light is the result of scattering. The highest albedo values on Earth are found in forests. Rainbows are caused by the reflection of light. We gain an extra 8 minutes of sunlight because of reflection.

The sky is blue as a result of scattering.

Which of the following statements regarding solar wind is correct? The solar wind consists of electrically charged particles. Solar wind causes the aurora borealis over the southern hemisphere. The solar wind is guided toward Earth's equator by the magnetosphere. The auroras always appear as a reddish glow in the upper atmosphere. Sunspot activity varies randomly, but the total number in any year is roughly constant.

The solar wind consists of electrically charged particles.

Which of the following statements about the transfer of energy from the Sun to Earth is correct? The highest net radiation values are found over arctic land masses. The poles are regions of net energy surplus. The South Pole receives more insolation than the North Pole during their respective summers because the South Pole has more ice. The tundra is a region of net energy gain. The tropics receive 2.5 times more energy than the poles.

The tropics receive 2.5 times more energy than the poles.

Weather (rain, fog, storms, etc.) occurs primarily in the troposphere. True False

True

What type of energy is absorbed in the ozonosphere? x-rays gamma rays UVC and UVB radio waves cosmic rays

UVC and UVB

The atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere are examples of __________ systems. tectonic abiotic latitudinal biotic longitudinal

abiotic

The ozonosphere is critical to life because it affects temperatures. produces the auroras. absorbs most ultraviolet wavelengths. absorbs visible light wavelengths.

absorbs most ultraviolet wavelengths.

The assimilation of insolation by matter is referred to as ___________. transmission absorption reflection scattering refraction

absorption

What factors contribute to higher sensible heat loss in Mirage, CA than in Pitt Meadows, BC (Figure 4.15)? soil temperature vegetation moisture albedo all of the above

all of the above

Surface ocean currents __________. are not affected by Coriolis deflection because they are underwater move counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, matching the circulation patterns of low-pressure cells result in cold currents off the east coasts and warm currents off the west coasts of the continents are driven by frictional drag from winds

are driven by frictional drag from winds

On a globe, lines of latitude ____________. converge at the poles are perpendicular to one another are parallel to one another are tangent to one another

are parallel to one another

Land-water heating differences __________. exist only in summer months are unaffected by evaporation cause landlocked areas to have lower temperature ranges than coastal areas are partially caused by water's higher specific heat are diminished by ocean currents

are partially caused by water's higher specific heat

The tropopause altitude is highest ________ because of the ________. during the winter; Sun's direct rays hitting the Tropic of Capricorn at the poles; diffuse solar radiation at the equator; intense heating from the surface during the summer; increased atmospheric pressure

at the equator; intense heating from the surface

Heat is transferred by molecular contact through the process of ____________. conduction advection convection radiation

conduction

The monsoons of Asia __________. feature cool, dry winds blowing from central Asia in the summer create warm, dry summers and warm, wet winters are caused by the high pressure overhead in the summer and the ITCZ overhead in winter feature warm, moist air blowing from central Asia in the summer create warm, wet summers and dry winters

create warm, wet summers and dry winters

Which of the following are affected by the loss of ozone? eye tissues crop yields phytoplankton populations immune systems crop yields, phytoplankton populations, immune systems, and eye tissues

crop yields, phytoplankton populations, immune systems, and eye tissues

The primary high- and low-pressure areas create __________. deserts under the equatorial low-pressure trough clouds and rain under the subtropical high-pressure cells deserts under the subtropical high-pressure cells cool and moist conditions under the subtropical high-pressure cells

deserts under the subtropical high-pressure cells

Which term provides the most detailed description of the Earth's shape? obtuse ellipsoid oblate spheroid ellipsoid spheroid

ellipsoid

Based on temperature, the atmosphere is divided into four regions: ranging from the troposphere to the thermosphere. two broad regions. two functional areas that absorb radiation from the Sun. nitrogen, oxygen, argon.

four regions: ranging from the troposphere to the thermosphere.

The annual temperature range of a location on Earth __________. is unrelated to latitude generally decreases with increasing longitude generally increases with increasing longitude generally increases with increasing latitude

generally increases with increasing latitude

Areas with high sensible heat and high latent heat __________. have high temperatures and low humidity have high temperatures and high humidity have low temperatures and low humidity have low temperatures and high humidity.

have high temperatures and high humidity

On the January temperature map (Figure 5.12), the 18° C isotherm bends toward the equator over the west coast of South America. What temperature control causes this? cloud cover high elevation seasonality low elevation latitude

high elevation

Which of the following statements about El Niño is correct? El Niño events recur every 17 years low pressure develops over the western Atlantic trade winds strengthen high pressure develops over the western Pacific temperatures decrease in the central and eastern Pacific

high pressure develops over the western Pacific

A geographic study of the effects of hydrologic fracturing (fracking) on groundwater falls under the traditional spatial theme of ______________. movement location human-Earth relationships region place

human-Earth relationships

In the scientific method, a tentative explanation for a phenomena is called a(n): theory measurement experiment observation hypothesis

hypothesis

The greenhouse effect __________. involves the absorption of shortwave radiation by nitrogen and oxygen involves the absorption of longwave radiation by carbon dioxide and water vapor involves only human-produced gases occurs because gases in the atmosphere trap heat and do not release it involves only the absorption of radiation by gases in the atmosphere

involves the absorption of longwave radiation by carbon dioxide and water vapor

Which of the following statements about the Human-Atmosphere-Pollution System is correct? it is an open system sulfur oxides produce haze and reduce visibility pollution is worst over North America and Europe it is a closed system particulate matter leads to acid rain

it is an open system

What is the dominant mode of energy loss from the Earth's surface in the Earth's energy budget? solar heat ground heat latent heat of evaporation sensible heat

latent heat of evaporation

How can the temperature in the thermosphere exceed 1200° C but not be "hot"? little molecular motion low kinetic energy high levels of molecular energy transfer low atmospheric density

low atmospheric density

The two most abundant gases in the atmosphere are oxygen and carbon dioxide. nitrogen and oxygen. nitrogen and water vapor. water vapor and carbon dioxide.

nitrogen and oxygen.

Hawaii is characterized by unique physical features, such as active volcanoes and tropical rainforests, as well as, cultural features such as Polynesian influences and a thriving tourism industry. This description aligns most closely with which traditional spatial theme in geography? place region human-Earth relationships location movement

place

The friction force __________. increases the effects of the pressure gradient force causes geostrophic winds up to 500 m (1650 ft) increases the effect of the Coriolis force up to 500 m (1650 ft) reduces the effect of the Coriolis force up to 500 m (1650 ft)

reduces the effect of the Coriolis force up to 500 m (1650 ft)

Which of the following should exert a negative feedback on global temperature trends? reducing black carbon emissions from diesel ships expansion of urban areas continued melting sea ice increased use of fossil fuels

reducing black carbon emissions from diesel ships

Which of the following atmospheric factors tends to decrease as a result of urbanization? relative humidity clouds and fog annual mean temperatures wind speeds precipitation

relative humidity

Which of the following is not a factor in land-water heating differences? transparency movement evaporation sensible heat

sensible heat

The Earth-atmosphere energy budget __________. includes only energy in from the Sun and energy out from the surface of the Earth does not include energy reflected back to space shows net surpluses at the equator and net deficits at the poles shows a 31% imbalance between incoming and outgoing energy shows that 45% of the energy comes directly to the surface

shows net surpluses at the equator and net deficits at the poles

A graph of insolation and air temperature __________. shows that the temperature peak and the insolation peak coincide at dusk shows that peak temperatures occur near noon, whereas peak insolation is around 3 pm shows that highest temperatures occur when insolation is lowest shows that the temperature peak lags the insolation peak by several hours

shows that the temperature peak lags the insolation peak by several hours

Which of the following methods is characteristic of geography? location analysis physical analysis place analysis spatial analysis geological analysis

spatial analysis

In which two atmospheric zones does temperature increase with altitude? troposphere and mesosphere stratosphere and mesosphere stratosphere and thermosphere troposphere and stratosphere

stratosphere and thermosphere

Land surface temperature, which is measured by satellite sensors, is much higher than air temperature because ________________. surfaces reflect insolation into the air surfaces absorb insolation and emit infrared energy air circulation moderates the land surface temperature albedo has no effect on land surface temperature

surfaces reflect insolation into the air

The persistent surface winds that flow in the lower latitudes are the _______________. westerly winds polar winds katabatic winds trade winds monsoonal winds

trade winds

The passage of insolation through the atmosphere is an example of _____. reflection convection scattering transmission conduction

transmission

In which two atmospheric zones does temperature decrease with altitude? troposphere and mesosphere troposphere and stratosphere stratosphere and mesosphere stratosphere and thermosphere None of the above—temperature decreases with increasing altitude in all layers of the atmosphere.

troposphere and mesosphere

When classified by temperature, what are the layers of the atmosphere from the surface of the Earth up? ozonosphere and ionosphere D layer, E layer, and the F1 and F2 layers homosphere and heterosphere troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere

What can be done to reduce black carbon emissions in developing countries? reduce nitrogen emissions reduce the use of chemicals that break down ozone increase coal-based energy production reduce vehicle emission standards use cleaner burning stoves

use cleaner burning stoves

Which of the following is endogenic? glacial movement volcanic activity photosynthesis wind patterns ocean currents

volcanic activity

Under the intertropical convergence zone, __________. cold surface air is converging and subsiding warm surface air is diverging and rising warm surface air is converging and rising cold surface air is diverging and subsiding

warm surface air is converging and rising

What are some variable atmospheric components of the troposphere? carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen nitrogen, argon nitrogen, carbon, oxygen water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide

water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide