geog 202

as described by Davis, outcomes of the NGO Revolution included:

- NGOs as the true beneficiaries of their own activities, rather than the local people they claimed to help - urban social movements becoming increasingly bureaucratized and de-radicalized - the appropriation of local leadership and decision making by people with no roots in slum communities

as described by Davis, the conditions that have contributed at least in part to the rise of 'children witches' in Kinshasa include:

- a complete collapse of the formal economy and state institutions - overcrowded slums due to foreign intervention and endless civil war - the spread of Pentecostalism

Davis characterizes the gated 'off-world' community as being:

- a reimagined replica of Southern Californian cities - a symbol of social status, akin to the bran name Giorgio Armani - reliant on an 'architecture of fear', such as iron gates, roadblocks, and barbed wire - a fundamental reorganization of urban space where intersections among the daily lives of the rich and poor are less likely to occur

the economic legacy of SAPs in Africa include:

- capital flight - collapse of manufacturers, and marginal increases or reductions in export incomes - drastic cutbacks in urban public services - a steep decline in real wages

why did Soviet cartographers stop fudging their maps?

- cartographic disinformation is costly to economic development - satellites have made cartographic disinformation less effective

from Davis' description of slums, it can be inferred that slum research is challenging due to:

- definitions of 'slum' evolving over time, at one point encompassing moral dimensions that are difficult to measure - national governments disguising their poor and slum populations through misleading statistics - the complex and diverse morphology of slums (size, density, fragmentation, function)

governments practice cartographic 'censorship of silence' in order to do which of the following:

- enforce political values - enforce social values - omit aesthetically unattractive features or conditions

the informal working class:

- has none of the legal recognition or rights enjoyed by the formal working class - has important historical antecedents in modern European history - survives by miracles of economic improvisation and the constant subdivision of subsistence niches - can be described as a marketplace nomads who move from activity to activity as opportunity dictates

according to Davis, slum areas are typically characterized by:

- illegal or informal land markets - informal subsistence work - rapid growth relative to overall urban growth - precarious housing

new development and construction of new homes creates:

- impoverished soil conditions - compacted soil surfaces - inappropriate cultivar choices

according to Davis, landlordism:

- is a fundamental divisive social relation - excludes some slum dwellers from compensation or resettlement following eviction - is a major wealth strategy of the poor - shapes one's ideological perspectives towards government and housing policy...

Davis argues that middle-class 'poaching':

- is a quasi-universal phenomenon - combines with a tax evasion to further exacerbate conditions of the urban poor - is an example of policy manipulation, wherein housing and land reserved for the poor is acquired by urban elites - is an expression of the poor majority's lack of political power, even in cases where the slum poor have the right to vote

which of the following were Nazi cartographic propaganda tactics:

- labeling allies a "neutral countries" -use of bold arrows to dramatize Germany's access to the Atlantic Ocean - use of pictorial symbols to portray Germans as brave and obedient - use of bold lines to designate spheres of influence

when discussing land management, political ecologists suggested that a meaningful explanation must follow a chain which includes which of the following:

- land managers and their direct relation with the land - relation of land managers with each other, other land users, and broader society - state and world economy relation with land manager

which are characteristics of producers of lawn chemicals?

- largest and most powerful player in lawn chemical commodity production - sits farthest end of the commodity chain - acts as one of the central engines for growth in chemical use

some benefits to native landscaping include which of the followign:

- low maintenance - resistant to weeds - attracts wildlife

according to Davis, a number of scholars criticized the World Bank's approach to urban development. these critiques included:

- many self-help housing loans turned out to be unaffordable for the poor - World Bank projects often benefited the middle-class, rather than those most in need - incremental housing resulted in either high unit prices for construction materials or poor-quality materials

according to Robbins, lawn people are which of the following:

- model citizens of Beck's 'risk society' - ultimate logical participants in O'Connor's ecological contradiction of capitalism

which of the following are used to illustrate cartographic agendas?

- naming and renaming physical features - selection of distinctive typescripts - eliminating the features identifying cultural sites to prevent looting

Davis argues that landlordism and property speculation:

- often involve wide profit margins, especially in the case of slum housing - are indirect outcomes of SAPs - contribute to the corruption of officials and bureaucrats

the American Lawn ideal has a huge potential of issues, including:

- polyculture is inevitable - dormancy is an adaptation and grasses naturally go dull, brown - lawn grasses inevitably go to seed if left alone

according to Davis, the state redraws spatial boundaries to the benefit of the landed elite, intervening regularly in the name of:

- progress - beautification - social justice for the poor

the growing use of private automobiles in cities of developing countries:

- reinforces the declining quality of public transport - is an outcome of development agencies' preference to finance roads rather than rails - contributes to the health risk and high economic cost associated with road deaths and traffic injuries - exacerbates air pollution

Davis argues that by criminalizing slum communities, governments sought to justify:

- repression of street vendors and informal workers - ethnic cleansing of the urban poor - the kidnapping of proponents of radicalized self-government in shantytowns

the peri-urban area is a common destination for:

- slum dwellers escaping the city center - farm laborers expelled from the countryside - illegal industries seeking lawless frontiers - refugees and Internally Displaced People escaping conflict

which of the following are vulnerable to the ecological fallacy?

- statistical correlations based on spatially aggregated data - geographic correlations based on spatially aggregated data

zoomable web maps typically use the Mercator projection because:

- the Mercator projection does not distort angles - the Mercator projection provides a rectangular grid of meridians and parallels - a single projection smooths transitions when zooming between different levels of detail

Robbins states that his book is about:

- the North American lawn - nature's influence on people

Davis argues that Hernando de Soto's utopian view of the informal sector stems from a number of flawed conclusions, including:

- the full complexity of the urban economy in less developed countries can be captured via a simple distinction between formal and informal sectors - there is abundant acurate and comprehensive data regarding informal sector employees - informal sector workers are the exploited, as opposed to exploiting others - the informal sector generates jobs by creating new jobs - the absence of enforced labor rights created competition, which benefits everyone

Davis traces the increased rate of female participation in informal employment to:

- the mobilization of household resources for basic survival, at the expense of long-term economic mobility - prostitution and the AIDs crisis

the Todaro Model:

- theorizes that the informal sector is a school for urban skills from which most rural immigrants eventually graduate to formal-sector jobs - was embraced by modernization theorists in the 1960s

which of the following are considered evolutionary advantages of turfgrass?

- they are monocotyledons and their growth tissue occur at the base of the leaf, versus the tip - they are able to send out side shoots and the existence of their horizontal stems, which can grow above or below ground - they have an extraordinary root system that allows the species to thrive where it is extremely hot, cold, or dry above ground

which modern herbicide was responsible for nearly half of the active ingredient in Agent Orange, the nerve agent used in chemical warfare during the Vietnam War?

2,4-D

the lawn chemical industry and the lawn alternatives industry are similar in what capacity?

both are creating new demands and landscape desires, equally rooted in the anxieties of lawn people

what types of mistakes are NOT a main focus of chapter 4?

censorship

what is the term used to capture the frustrating cycle where increased use of inputs leads to increased demand of ecosystem for input?

chemical treadmill

which of the following map types portrays geographic patterns for regions composed of areal units, such as states, counties, and voting precincts?

choropleth maps

Robbins would argue that lawn people and the lawn itself share which type of relationship?

companion species - two organisms constantly subjecting and re-subjecting one another

which best describes 'pull' marketing?

concentrates on creating demand at the customer level

which term refers to a stylized map that is intended to demonstrate the general layout and functional relationship of a development plan's main elements?

concept diagram

the American Lawn aesthetic is so deeply ingrained that in the driest metropolitan areas in the US, widely available and well-advertised alternatives to lawn exist, but are only prevalent when:

covenants and restrictions mandate them

how do deed restrictions and covenant restrictions differ?

deed restriction generally apply to a single house, while covenant restrictions generally apply to a group of homes or lots

some institutions, such as the ICTM are strategically and ironically named, as they specialize in:

defending large corporate chemical companies against claims of illness allegedly arising from toxic exposure

different hues succeed in portraying which of the following:

different features

which of the following line generalization processes avoids graphic interference by shifting apart features that would otherwise overlap or coalesce?

displacement

which of the following processes was commonly used for towns near a meridian or parallel to make Soviet maps less accurate?

displacement

which of the following are used by propagandists to mold a map's message:

emphasize supporting features, suppress contradictory information, and choose provocative, dramatic symbols

which of the following must identify the types and severity of plausible environmental consequences of a proposed development, the areas affected, and alternative strategies with a lesser impact?

environmental impact statement

which map projection preserves areal relationships such as the relative sizes of continents?

equivalent

Davis argues that Marxist and socialist governments protect against forced evictions of slum communities, unlike governments of free-market economies in the West

false

Davis argues that the few World Bank housing projects to meet with success did so because they included support for employment creation and the expansion of public transport between job centers and slum housing locations in the periphery

false

Davis characterizes landslides, floods, and earthquakes as artificial hazards

false

Davis claims that political upheavals occurred in cities and regions that experienced the sharpest decreases in inequality

false

Davis predicts that the result of an increasingly urbanized world will be an egalitarian redistribution of wealth and assets

false

IMF and World Bank SAPs of the 1980s required participating national governments to invest in rural infrastructure and to protect domestic industry against foreign competition through tariffs, subsidies, and import quotas

false

Robbins says cognitive dissonance and hypocrisy explain the inconsistencies of urbanites who say they are concerned about the environment but continue to put chemicals on their lawns

false

according to Davis, famine and debt were the most significant drivers of informal urbanization in the 1950s and 1960s

false

according to Davis, the number of people living in slums outnumbers the number of urban residents living at or below national poverty thresholds

false

although some projections distort both angles and areas, some projections can be both conformal and equivalent

false

homeowner applications of fertilizers tend to be LESS than a quarter of the rate used on nutrient demanding crops, such as corn

false

in lawn communities, avoiding the use of lawn chemicals confers social rewards on those that do this:

false

in the case of Kingberry Court, the residents all expressed unqualified trust in lawn care experts who assured that the lawn chemicals being used are safe

false

most forms of prohibitive cartography are not useful in controlling bad behavior

false

regarding turf-grass morphology, rhizomes are the above ground shoots, while the stolons are the below ground, horizontal shoots

false

tenure security via titling mitigates social differentiation in the slum and aids landlords, the actual majority of the poor in many cities

false

the 1985 Baker Plan required the largest Third World debtor countries to expand state-led development strategies in return for new loan facilities and continued membership in the world economy

false

the postcolonial state has faithfully upheld its original promises to the urban poor

false

the shift to aggressive lawn management in the US began to take place in the 1990s and 2000s

false

to create the possibility of change, we can depend solely on the unit of the individual

false

which of the following is suggested by misleading generalization used in the advertising map of Upward Airlines in Figure 6.3?

flight connections at the airline's hub are easy

which of the following players has come to be increasingly reliant on mass discounting stores and home improvement warehouses:

formulator

which of the following scale types are the most helpful means of communicating map scale, as well as the safest according to Monmonier?

graphic

from the research provided, which parameter is NOT a good predictor for lawn chemical use?

health condition

the pervasive power to turn enforcement into something that appears to happen 'spontaneously' or is uncritically experienced as something inevitable, something like 'culture'. this is a definition of :

hegemony

who was it that illegally trespassed on Ketha Robbins property in the middle of the night to mow her lawn and rip up the sapling tress that she had planted to grow a forest?

her neighbors

which of the following can cause color to mislead map users:

hypsometric tints, simultaneous contrast, inadvertent camouflage

Louis Althusser argues that people within a capitalist society whom have been trained or assigned a role, require a process of recognition where they are literally names, recognized and self-recognized as a subject. this process has been termed:

interpellation

which order correctly represents the chronological development of the four popular lawn chemicals in the US?

lead arsenate > DDT > 2,4-D > glyphosate

which term is used for the angle, measured north or south from the equator that identifies a particular parallel on spherical earth?

longitude

which demographics most commonly represent the work force of the lawn chemical application industry?

lower-income, male, under 18

which was found to be the most important driver for lawn chemical use within Kingberry Court?

moral responsibility to neighbors

as demonstrated by municipal 'weed laws' in Florida and Houston, which actors remain the central enforcers of turf grass landscape?

neighbors within the lawn communities

Robbins states that the ____ of daily decisions related to urban ecological dilemmas makes them easy to overlook

ordinariness

what is the term for extremely high or extremely low data values that are isolated rom the rest of the data distribution?

outliers

according to Davis, the colonial legacy of many cities of the Global South is apparent through:

polarized patterns of land use and population density based on racial zoning of the colonial period

according to Davis, the global sanitation crisis:

presents a feminist issue AND can be resolved by building pay toilets

in the Stanley Klutz Associates map example, numerousness and land area are equated with which of the following?

product quality

what classification scheme ranks the data values and then divides them so that all categories have the same number of areal units?

quartile

as described by Davis, governments pledged various state interventions to combat slum expansion and urban marginality. pledges of this 'populist rhetoric' tended to NOT include:

regressive taxes for all

the quintessential type of restrictive map is one that is used for:

regulating airspace

measuring the relative amount of light radiating from Earth in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in order to detect specific land covers is known as:

remote sensing

after moving to the water-poor state of Arizona, Paul Robbins noted:

residents in Tucson exhibit an overwhelming lack of turf grass lawn, with mostly gravel and cacti, while residents in Phoenix accept the traditional American lawn as standard practice

which dimension of color refers to a color's intensity or brilliance?

saturation

which of the following visual variables are effective in showing qualitative differences on maps?

shape and texture

which of the following area feature processes are used to reconstruct boundaries disrupted by aggregation or segmentation?

simplification, smoothing, displacement, and enhancement

zoomable web maps rely on a data management strategy known as :

tiling

Davis predicts that much of the urban world of the future will squat in squalor, surrounded by pollution, excrement and decay

true

Hand-me-down housing is less common than tenements and purpose-built rental housing

true

Robbins argues that lawn is a vast and coercive economy

true

according to Monmonier, the map is the perfect symbol of the state.

true

although clean water is the cheapest and single most important medicine in the world, a slum dweller can pay up to 5 times for a liter of water more than an average American citizen

true

an image map has the cartographic elements of scale, projections, and symbolization

true

development conditions of urban environments and inherent characteristics of turf-grass means it is impossible to maintain the American lawn ideal without subsidies of some kind

true

for slum dwellers and squatters, housing decisions often involve balancing physical safety and public health against security from eviction

true

in virtually every municipality in the US, homeowners are required by law to cut their grass on a regular basis

true

informal workers constitute 40% of the economically active population of the developing world

true

point, line, and area symbols require different kinds of generalization

true

screen size is a main challenge of interactive cartography

true

sewage treatment plants and power lines are two features identified as 'culture' in cartographic jargon

true

the economic shock in the 1980s forced poor women and their children to carry a disproportionate share of the economic burden brought about by SAPs

true

today's megacities of the South share a common trajectory of relatively slow urban growth followed by a period of explosive growth in the 1950s and 1960s

true

yard management is not simply an individual activity but is instead carried out for social purposes: the production and protection of neighborhood

true

a just urban socioenvironmental perspective always needs to consider the question of?

who gains and who pays?

while rural areas have reached their maximum population and are predicted to shrink after 2020, urban areas:

will account for virtually all future population growth, much of which will occur in developing countries