Geog M03 Test 1

76. What is the cheapest method to transport heavy goods and materials? a) by sea b) by rail c) by air d) by truck

A) by sea

135. Geographers use scale conceptually to show the differences across geographic areas. a) True b) False

A) true

134. Economic growth always leads to broad-based improvements in the human condition. a) True b) False

B) false

62. Which of the following is a term often used by geographers to describe the dominance of one state on the global stage? a) first world b) hegemon c) Pokémon d) imperialist state

B) hegemon

111. The 45-degree line of the ______ curve represents perfect equality, where equal portions of the population control equal amounts of income. a) Lowenthall b) Lloyd c) Lorenz d) Martin

C) Lorenz

7. Which of the following could a physical geographer study? a) cultural landscape b) economic patterns c) migration patterns d) climate and landforms

D) climate and landforms

51. Which of the following is not consistent with weak globalization? a) long-standing process b) began in the 1500s with the expansion of the Spanish and Portuguese empires c) trade relationships operating today have their roots in the Columbian Exchange d) emerged since the 1970s

D) emerged since the 1970s

89. The greenhouse effect keeps the earth at a livable temperature. About how many degrees Fahrenheit (33 degrees Celsius) cooler would earth be without the greenhouse effect? a) 30 b) 40 c) 50 d) 60

A) 30

39. Interpreting the impact of tectonic activity on the landforms of East Africa would probably be the work of a ______________ geographer. a) regional b) physical c) human d) cultural

B) physical

71. According to a 2008 European Commission study, what percentage of the world's population is more than two days travel time from a city of 50,000 people or more? a) 2 percent b) 5 percent c) 10 percent d) 20 percent

C) 10 percent

16. What does MAUP stand for? a) meaningful and useful places b) major associations united politically c) modifiable areal unit problem d) meaning, association, and understanding of places

C) Modifiabl areal unit problem (MAUP)

133. Most fair trade goods are produced in Latin America, especially Mexico, but certified fair trade production is expanding rapidly in __________ . a) Australia b) North America c) both Africa and Asia d) Europe and Russia

C) both Africa and Asia

14. The study of oxisols in the tropics is an example of research and understanding in: a) regional geography. b) tropical environments. c) Africa and South America. d) human geography.

A) regional geography

150. The vast majority of foreign aid provided by countries tends to go to the countries most in need of assistance. a) True b) False

A) true

18. What is an area of land distinguished by either cultural or physical traits or criteria? a) perceived region b) culture region c) functional region d) formal region

D) formal region

3. The terraced rice fields of Ifugao Province in the Philippines is an example of: a) cultural landscape. b) manifest destiny. c) environmentalism. d) human behavior.

A) Cultural landscape

104. What tool assesses life expectancy, literacy, years of schooling, and per capita GDP? a) Human Development Index (HDI) b) Lorenz curve c) Gross National Index (GNI) d) none of the above

A) Human Development Index (HDI)

118. Which of the following is not true about the earthquake that hit Haiti in 2010? a) It would have been worse if the country had not enacted tough building codes in 1985. b) It exposed Haiti's many problems to the world. c) It was not the most powerful earthquake that year, but it was closer to the country's population center. d) A series of corrupt dictators contributed to infrastructure development before and after the earthquake.

A) It would have been worse if the country had not enacted tough building codes in 1985.

43. Identify the correct trade flow in the triangular trading system amongst Europe → Africa → the Americas → Europe, which ultimately helped establish the foundations of the capitalized world economy. a) manufactured goods, slaves, commodities (cotton, tobacco, rice, etc.) b) slaves, manufactured goods, commodities (cotton, tobacco, rice, etc.) c) commodities (cotton, tobacco, rice, etc.), manufactured goods, slaves d) commodities (cotton, tobacco, rice, etc.), slaves, manufactured goods

A) Manufactured goods, slaves, commodities (cotton, tabacco, rice etc)

13. Multiple regions exist within a large area such as Africa (West Africa, East Africa, etc.). This is an example of the importance of _____________ in the study of regions. a) scale b) definition c) regionalization d) geographic construct

A) Scale

5. What do abstract connections and constructs of time, distance, and relations refer to? a) space b) landscape or territory c) geographic concepts of place d) land-use

A) Space

19. The world climate regions as classified and defined by _______________ and modified by Alan Arbogast may be used to denote regions. a) WladimirKoppen b) Michael Kukral c) Hubert G. Wilhelm d) Stanley Brunn

A) WladimirKoppen

87. The influence of human behavior on earth since the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s is so significant that it constitutes a new geological era called the: a) anthropocene. b) holocene. c) pleistocene. d) eocene.

A) anthropocene ("anthropo meaning human""cene meaning new")

33. _________ is the subdiscipline of geography concerned with the construction of maps. a) Cartography b) Satellite image reduction c) GIS d) Earth projection

A) cartography

132. What is the leading fair trade product? a) coffee b) olives c) tuna d) beef

A) coffee

72. Transportation networks may be intentionally designed to: a) enhance connectivity for some communities while marginalizing others. b) increase environmental impacts. c) limit connectivity. d) benefit automotive manufacturing.

A) enhance connectivity for some communities while marginalizing others

28. The map of world religions demonstrates the role of ______________ diffusion of ideas. a) expansion b) leap-frog c) economic d) behavioral

A) expansion

20. A climate region of the world is a ________________ region. a) formal b) functional c) small-scale d) large-scale

A) formal

129. Improvements in a country's natural resource base often ________ development. a) further b) hinder c) limit d) stop

A) further

65. The process of a company adapting its product to meet the demands of local culture is known as: a) glocalization. b) globalization. c) cultural branding. d) cultural ecology.

A) glocalization

8. A study of migrant workers from Indonesia going to Saudi Arabia is a study of: a) human geography. b) space and place. c) human-environment relations. d) geography of religion.

A) human geography

82. In general, Americans change their behavior by increasing their use of public transportation and purchasing more fuel-efficient vehicles: a) in response to a significant increase in gasoline prices. b) as soon as more efficient options are available. c) during war time. d) when forced to by stricter environmental regulations.

A) in response to a significant increase in gasoline prices

81. Suburbs, large roads, limited sidewalks, and a near lack of public transportation characterize the United States. These aspects are largely the result of: a) inexpensive oil prices. b) efficient urban planning. c) expensive transportation. d) expensive oil prices.

A) inexpensive oil prices

126. A major obstacle that developing countries often face is the problem of being stuck as a producer of raw materials, or stuck in an economy dominated by the _______ sector. a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary d) quaternary

A) primary

11. Understanding the context behind the transmission of AIDS in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America is using a _____________approach. a) regional b) conceptual c) factual d) spatial

A) regional

112. Development ideas that emphasize structure, or the global framework under which countries operate, say that the _______ between countries are as or more important than internal policies for determining the future development of a country. a) relationships b) exchange rate c) trade imbalance d) migration

A) relationships

38. Collecting data for research or mapping by using instruments that are far from the area of study is called: a) remote sensing. b) distance accumulation. c) GIS. d) air-photo interpretation.

A) remote sensing

26. What is the degree of contact between people and places? a) spatial interaction b) time-distance decay c) spatial-temporal connectivity d) distance interaction

A) spatial interaction

53. Modern colonialism began in fifteenth-century Europe. It was different from the Roman or any other preceding empire because the focus in this modern era was specifically on gaining: a) territory b) wealth c) shipping facilities (ports and docks) d) power

A) territory

120. As a percentage of GNI, which of the following countries contributes the most total dollars in foreign aid? a) the United States b) Canada c) Germany d) Australia

A) the United States

17. We often perceive regions to exist even though we have never been to them. A strong example of regional perception in the United States is: a) the South b) Rocky Mountains c) Alaska d) Upstate New York

A) the south

57. To "maintain international peace and security," "to develop friendly relations among nations," to "achieve international cooperation" in order to solve economic and social problems, and to "be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends," was the mission statement for this organization following World War II. a) the United Nations (UN) b) the North American Treaty Alliance c) the League of Nations (LN) d) the Warsaw Pact

A) the united nations (UN)

79. Which of the following describes the process that accelerates the experience of time and reduces the significance of distance in information technology networks? a) time-space compression b) distance decay c) distance depression d) distance compression

A) time- space compression

23. A name of a place, or place-name, is referred to as a: a) toponym. b) geogram. c) location. d) regional identifier.

A) toponym

100. Nations within countries are not granted representation in the United Nations (UN), making it difficult for these groups to gain independence. Some examples include the Kurds of Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria; the Tibetans of China; or the Basques of Spain and France. a) True b) False

A) true

136. Geographers have tended to describe development as a process of change in the composition of an economy of a particular region and the well-being of its inhabitants, relative to other areas. a) True b) False

A) true

137. Another way to consider development is to measure the variability of human well-being (education, health, gender equality) in space. a) True b) False

A) true

138. The new institutions and development programs after World War I set the tone for how we have thought about development since. a) True b) False

A) true

141. In the developing world, the vast majority of dams were built as development projects in an effort to help launch newly independent countries onto the ladder of development. Today, geographers who study development recognize that this wave of dam development had major negative environmental implications. a) True b) False

A) true

142. World systems theorists contend that the same good can be produced with either core or peripheral processes. a) True b) False

A) true

144. Most new economic geographers continue to believe free trade is the best route to development. a) True b) False

A) true

145. The vast majority of development aid tends to favor the most powerful members of a community (namely, men, the wealthy, and other dominant groups) who are better at articulating their wants and capturing new resources. a) True b) False

A) true

146. Today, geographers no longer espouse environmental determinism, seeing it as a vast oversimplification of the world. a) True b) False

A) true

149. After hundreds of billions of dollars given in international development aid over the last 20 years, academics, donors, and donor countries are questioning the value of international development assistance. a) True b) False

A) true

151. T-Shirt Travels demonstrates how a simple act of kindness, donating your old T-shirts to the Salvation Army or Goodwill, has resulted in undermining the textile industry in Zambia and other African countries where imported secondhand clothing is more popular than locally made clothing. a) True b) False

A) true

152. Through examining mental maps, geographers gain a sense of how people understand their locality and how a particular place functions in the larger context. a) True b) False

A) true

32. Some countries in the textbook appear in more than one region. a) true b) false

A) true

34. Fieldwork and field studies are still critical to research by geographers in the 21st century. a) true b) false

A) true

37. All maps are distorted in area size or direction or both. They are all inaccurate. a) true b) false

A) true

92. Italy produced more Catholic missionaries during the second half of the nineteenth century than any other country in the world. a) True b) False

A) true

94. The Opium War (1839-1842) between Great Britain and China originated when the Chinese banned opium sales in China due to public health concerns. However, Britain's main concern was the huge trade deficit it was running with China. a) True b) False

A) true

95. The World Bank was initially created to provide loans for reconstruction and development following World War II. a) True b) False

A) true

96. By informal agreement, the president of the World Bank is always a European and the president of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is always an American. a) True b) False

A) true

97. If a country is importing far more than it is exporting, it may have an economic shortage of cash. a) True b) False

A) true

98. In the United States, the value of the dollar is no longer tied to the value of gold. a) True b) False

A) true

68. The relative importance of cities over smaller towns and rural areas is referred to as: a) urban hierarchies. b) urban heat islands. c) rural to urban migration. d) urbanization.

A) urban hierarchies

24. The perception of place refers to a way people construct their ideas about: a) what a place is like. b) pros and cons of location. c) attitudes concerning location. d) a sense of space.

A) what a place is like

117. Which country has the highest Gross National Income (GNI) in South America? a) Brazil b) Chile c) Argentina d) Paraguay

B) Chile

114. Which of the following is a good example of a country that moved from the periphery to the semperiphery as it increasingly engaged in manufacturing and became a major global exporter, as exemplified by the heavy freight traffic in Hong Kong Harbor? a) North Korea b) China c) South Africa d) Argentina

B) China

119. Which of the following refers to situations in which two areas are in relationship with one another (through trade, for example), and one area is developing at the expense of the other? a) pluralism b) dualism c) mutualism d) symbioticism

B) Dualism

128. ____________ development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. a) Industrial b) Sustainable c) Economic d) Environmental

B) Sustainable

101. Following World War II, many formerly colonized countries became independent states. Where was the greatest concentration of these countries? a) The Americas b) Africa and Asia c) Europe and Russia d) South America and Australia

B) africa and asia

54. During the Age of Exploration, stretching from the 1400s to the 1900s, which of the following regions was the focal point for global trade and exchange of culture? a) Pacific b) Atlantic c) Asian d) African

B) atlantic

107. Most developed countries are located in the Northern Hemisphere. Which of the following are notable exceptions? a) South Africa and Kenya b) Australia and New Zealand c) South Africa and Somalia d) Australia and New Guinea

B) australia and new zealand

105. One way geographers have thought about scale is by using ________ circles to represent the finest resolution of scale, from the individual at the center out to the global scale. a) convex b) concentric (like a bulls-eye) c) colored d) concave

B) concentric (like a bulls-eye)

61. As a result of environmental scrutiny from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), what does the World Bank require for World Bank-sponsored projects? a) nondiscriminatory hiring practices for workers b) environmental impact statements c) a contract with local worker's unions d) higher minimum wages and equal opportunities for female workers

B) enviornmental impact statements

47. There were two waves of colonialism between 1500 and 1975. Which of the following is not true of the second wave (1825-1975)? a) Europeans colonized Asia. b) Europeans colonized Africa. c) Colonization fueled the capitalist world economy. d) Economies were focused on tourism.

B) europeans colonized africa

77. Landlocked countries face particular exporting problems because both time and money are required to cross country borders, making transportation: a) efficient. b) expensive. c) sustainable. d) fast.

B) expensive

139. One of the limitations of per capita (or per person) data is that it does not allow comparisons between countries of different population size. a) True b) False

B) false

140. Wealth generated by economic growth is usually spread across a population evenly. a) True b) False

B) false

143. According to world system theorists, Rostow's stages of economic growth will occur, thanks to a set of exploitative relationships between more developed and least developed a) True b) False

B) false

147. Social, political, or intellectual context often has no bearing on the theories and ideas that are popular at a certain time. a) True b) False

B) false

148. Unequal exchange occurs when laborers in one country produce a good receiving low wages and then the good is processed through a commodity chain incorporating shipping and marketing and is sold at a relatively high value. a) True b) False

B) false

25. There is basically one way to correctly regionalize the world in geography textbooks. a) true b) false

B) false

91. The strong globalization viewpoint holds that developing countries are now persuaded by the lure of global capital to open their economies to investment by foreign corporations. a) True b) False

B) false

93. International financial institutions (IFIs), including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), have not succeeded in opening up national economies to global markets. a) True b) False

B) false

99. Due to every sovereign state having a vote, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) tend to be more democratic that the United Nations (UN). a) True b) False

B) false

88. Several components in the atmosphere are responsible for the greenhouse effect, including water vapor, methane, ozone, nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases. Collectively, these are known as: a) GoldiLocls syndrome. b) greenhouse gases. c) climate change. d) outgassing.

B) greenhouse gases

108. The __________ per capita is the most widely accepted way of measuring wealth by countries in the world today because the statistic tries to account for the flow of wealth in our globalized world. a) gross domestic product (GDP) b) gross national income (GNI) c) rate of inflation d) cost of living

B) gross national income (GNI)

66. The origin or place that a new good or service is initially produced is referred to as the: a) epicenter. b) hearth. c) hegemon. d) select location.

B) hearth

70. Which of the following describes a type of transportation network where a few large, central nodes are connected to smaller points? a) regional network b) hub-and-spoke system c) linear network d) nodal network

B) hub- and- spoke system

50. What fueled the second wave of colonization in the second half of the nineteenth century? a) exploration b) industrialization c) agriculture d) the slave trade

B) industrialization

44. In early history (dating back to the Greeks and Romans), the primary purpose or reason for colonialism was: a) religious expansion. b) need for resources and tribute. c) exploration. d) decreasing populations.

B) need for resources and tribute.

122. Besides being problematic in its own right, top-down development often experienced a lack of __________ that inhibited the longer-term sustainability of programs because local people had little interest in maintaining projects they did not initiate or request. a) funding b) participation c) development d) grants

B) participation

2. The uniqueness of a location and its shaping refers to: a) territory. b) place. c) environment. d) culture.

B) place

83. Local factors have a significant influence on a place; two geographic terms that describe these local factors are: a) location and proximity. b) site and situation. c) locale and place. d) location and destination.

B) site and situation

60. What is the practical result of the UN Security Council being dominated by only five countries (the United States, France, the United Kingdom, China, and Russia) with permanent seats and veto power? a) The other countries on the Security Council can get a majority and make decisions that favor smaller countries. b) The Security Council's decisions are some of the most politicized. c) Peacekeeping missions are never authorized. d) There is constant pressure for the five countries to step down and let other countries have a turn to get veto power.

B) the security council's decisions are some of the most polotocozed

74. Which of the following is the most remote place in the world (in terms of the number of people who live far from a city of 50,000 or more)? a) The Pacific Islands b) The Tibetan Plateau c) Antarctica d) The Siberian Plateau

B) the tibetan plateau

10. Understanding World Regional Geography is designed to highlight 24: a) regions. b) threshold concepts. c) human regions. d) geographic definitions.

B) threshold concepts

67. Ideas and goods diffuse from the hearth first: a) to places that export to the same region as the hearth exports. b) to places most connected to the hearth. c) from spoke to spoke in a hub-and-spoke system. d) from the outer belt to the central business district.

B) to places ost connected to the hearth

121. The emphasis on participation in participatory development came about in reaction to a history of ___________ development projects that left local people with little to no sense of ownership of the projects undertaken by outsiders in their communities. a) bottom-up b) top-down c) grass-roots d) community driven

B) top-down

85. In 2014, scientists estimated that what percentage of the air pollution in Los Angeles, California, actually originated in China? a) 5 to 10 percent b) 10 to 30 percent c) 12 to 24 percent d) 30 to 35 percent

C) 12 to 24 percent

4. The physical context of the earth refers to: a) landscape. b) space. c) environment. d) place.

C) Enviornment

131. Which of the following is not a criticism of weak sustainable development? a) Additional consumption and production uses up resources. b) Cleaner environments often come at the expense of exporting dirty industries to other countries. c) It requires reconceptualizing development as a process that does not include increasing consumption. d) More developed countries are often more wasteful and less careful of the environment.

C) It requires reconceptualizing development as a process that does not include increasing consumption

52. Which of the following is not consistent with strong globalization? a) The global economy has emerged since the 1970s. b) The global economy is significantly different from previous economies. c) States (countries) play an increasingly significant role in world trade. d) The market is all important and not constrained by state governments.

C) States (countries) play an increasingly significant role in world trade.

59. What was the reasoning behind the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs to promote free trade? a) There was a belief that trade restrictions had led to the Great Depression. b) The World Bank only protected the interests of developing countries. c) Bretton Woods had been ineffective in promoting free trade. d) The World Trade Organization was interested in expanding its authority.

C) bretton woods had been ineffective in promoting free trade

115. Geographers went through their own period where they used environmental differences to explain everything from intelligence to wealth. What is this set of theories called? a) environmental possibilism b) environmental management c) environmental determinism d) environmental control

C) environmental determinism

130. While wealthier economies may appear to be cleaner, much of this gain may be the result of ___________ dirty industries to other countries (hence, there is no net gain for the global environment). a) diminishing b) regulations c) exporting d) delaying

C) exporting

124. Geographers often describe the nature of economies in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities. Which of the following is not part of secondary activities? a) automotive manufacturing b) steel working c) fishing d) assembly line working

C) fishing

27. We can see places that were tied together and places that were not, by studying: a) physical landscape b) physical geography c) historical spatial interaction d) diffusion models

C) historical spatial interaction

12. Research in new regional geography sees regions as: a) natural locations. b) defining characteristics of place. c) human constructs. d) basic world units for study.

C) human constructs

127. What is the significance of the Brundtland Commission Report of 1987? a) It promoted the idea of environmental stewardship. b) It set up the Environmental Protection Agency. c) It defined and popularized sustainable development. d) It defined and promoted resource management.

C) it defined and popularized sustainable development

48. Colonizers focused on gaining lands to establish large-scale agricultural production in the Americas and to establish trading posts for the Atlantic slave trade in Africa and ports for the spice trade in Asia. What best describes this trading system? a) It was isolated. b) It only affected the local port communities. c) It had a global reach. d) It had a regional reach.

C) it had a global reach

69. A transportation network that favors movement to and from a central point or location, such as a capital city to a residential area, is known as what type of network? a) central business district (CBD) network b) linear network c) radial d) rails to trails network

C) radial

56. Which of the following was not a driving force behind the Bretton Woods conference? a) providing stability and growth b) national defense c) rebuilding economies d) preventing another depression

C) rebuilding economies

35. There are two basic types of maps: thematic maps and ______________ maps. a) directional b) global c) reference d) GIS

C) referance

1. Geography is the study of people, place, environment, and: a) land. b) landforms. c) space. d) distance.

C) space

63. Political scientists outlined four hegemons between 1500 and 2000. Select the correct match of country and century below. a) Portugal—1500s; Spain—1600s; Great Britain—1700s and 1800s; and the United States—1900s b) Spain—1500s; Great Britain—1700s and 1800s; the United States—1900s; and China—2000s c) Spain—1500s; the Netherlands—1600s; Great Britain—1700s and 1800s; and the United States—1900s d) the Netherlands—1500s; Spain—1600s; Great Britain—1700s and 1800s; and the United States—1900s

C) spain- 1500s; the netherlands- 160s; grat britain-1700s & 1800s; and the united states- 1900s

86. What aspect of climate change most concerns scientists connected with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change? a) the impact of natural Earth cycles b) changes in the sun c) the extent to which human activity causes it d) how best to use sustainable practices

C) the extent to which human activity causes it

30. Globalization of the world's people and places began about: a) 2000. b) 1900. c) 1850. d) 1500.

D) 1500

116. What is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere? a) Honduras b) Chile c) Argentina d) Haiti

D) Haiti

9. _____________ means considering and understanding the context of what is going on in the world. a) Being politically astute b) Contexting c) Conceptualizing d) Thinking geographically

D) Thinking geographyically

75. Approximately, how many landlocked countries are in the world? a) less than 30 b) 30-35 c) 35-40 d) above 40

D) above 40

106. As a country or area develops, the nature of the economy changes or progresses through a series of stages. Select the correct order of these stages. a) industrial, agricultural, service b) service, agricultural, industrial c) agricultural, service, industrial d) agricultural, industrial, service

D) agricultural, industrial, service

103. A number of social scientists suggest that we should measure more than wealth in our assessment of development. What else should we access? a) literacy b) life expectancy c) infant mortality d) All of these should be assessed.

D) all of the these should be assessed

123. Geographers often describe the nature of economies in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities. Which of the following is not part of primary activities? a) mining b) forestry c) agriculture d) automotive manufacturing

D) automotive manufacturing

84. Which of the following is the negative impact on a region from economic growth in another region? a) economic misdevelopment b) negative development c) negative stimulus d) backwash

D) backwash

102. The divide between the Global North (developed countries) and the Global South (developing countries) is a _______________ categorization between wealthy and poorer countries. a) latitudinal b) socioeconomic c) political d) both socioeconomic and political

D) both socioeconomic and political

64. Why do some scholars think China will supersede the United States as the dominant world superpower? a) China is leading the way in recognizing human rights for all its people. b) China's willingness to build clean-energy infrastructure is making it a magnet for industry. c) China has an increasingly open government that allows free speech. d) China has grown as a global epicenter of manufacturing, and its entrepeneurs are some of the biggest investors in the world.

D) china has grown as a global epicenter of manufactoring, and its entrepeneurs are some of the biggest investors in the world

40. The visible imprint of people on the surface of the earth is seen in the ___________ landscape. a) physical b) functional c) human d) cultural

D) cultural

78. Although people in remote locations have gained connection through Internet access and mobile phone usage, there is a notable gap between the average bandwidth and accessibility, creating what is referred to as the: a) rural urban divide. b) great divide. c) income divide. d) digital divide.

D) digital divide

46. There were two waves of colonialism between 1500 and 1975. Which of the following is not true of the first wave (1500-1825)? a) Europeans colonized the Americas. b) Europeans colonized the coast of Africa. c) Colonization fueled the triangular trade network. d) Economies were focused on tourism.

D) economies were focused in tourism

49. What does the term Scramble for Africa refer to? a) African countries scrambled to experience as they modernize and develop. b) The African region struggled to produce sufficient food for a growing population. c) The African region struggled to provide adequate health care for a growing population. d) European powers arbitrarily divided the world's second-largest continent among themselves.

D) european powers arbitraily divided the world's second largest continent among themselves

125. Geographers often describe the nature of economies in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities. Which of the following is not part of tertiary activities? a) teaching b) banking c) information technology d) forestry

D) forestry

21. A public school district in the United States is a _________________ region. a) perceived b) formal c) relative d) functional

D) functional

42. Which of the following describes the process of heightening interactions, increasing interdependence, and deepening relations across country boundaries? a) internationalism b) international trade c) global trade d) globalization

D) globalization

29. The spread of Christianity from its hearth in Jerusalem to people and lands along the northern Mediterranean Sea is a good example of a) hearth diffusion. b) relocation diffusion. c) contagious diffusion. d) hierarchical diffusion.

D) hierarchical diffusion

6. The two major fields of study within geography are physical geography and _____________. a) landscape and topography b) history and development c) geology and climate d) human geography

D) human geography

55. Which of the following is not one of the three financial institutions that came into existence as a result of the Bretton Woods conference at the close of World War II? a) International Monetary Fund (IMF) b) World Bank c) General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs / World Trade Organization (WTO) d) International Reserve Bank

D) international reserve bank

31. Globalization included colonial empires such as the Ottoman in Southwest Asia, the French in the Maghreb, and the _____________ in the Pacific. a) Spanish b) Chinese c) Portuguese d) Japanese

D) japanese

90. The effects of global climate change will be distributed unevenly across the planet. Which of the following is not a factor contributing to the vulnerability of a group of people? a) risk (or probability) b) sensitivity of a livelihood (what you do for a living) to an environmental change c) a household's ability to recover from an environmental shock d) level of education

D) level of education

41. One method of finding absolute location on a map is by using: a) GIS b) MapQuest c) the legend or key d) longitude and latitude

D) longitude and latitude

80. Which of the following pairs are two of the wealthiest countries in the world that are also landlocked? a) Liechtenstein and Germany b) Bolivia and Paraguay c) Lesotho and Andorra d) Luxembourg and Switzerland

D) luxembourg and switzerland

110. __________ (or per person) basis allows comparisons between countries regardless of population size. a) The Americas b) Africa and Asia c) Per Europe and Russia d) Per capita

D) per capita

22. A region that people may imagine to exist, such as "Dixie," is a: a) narrative region b) formal c) functional d) perceptual

D) perceptual

15. Using physical geography to define world regions, a geographer may use: a) language. b) religion. c) location. d) precipitation.

D) precipitation

109. Which of the following is not one of the most common measurements of wealth? a) gross domestic product (GDP) b) gross national income (GNI) c) gross national product (GNP) d) purchasing power

D) purchasing power

45. The first wave of colonialism was sparked by these European colonial powers. a) France and Spain b) British Isles c) Italy and France d) Spain and Portugal

D) spain & portugal

73. In cities, one often sees a radial network of commuter trains that goes out from the central business district (CBD) of a city to residential neighborhoods and suburbs. Why has the growth of businesses within the city suburbs led to massive traffic congestion? a) Taking the train downtown is more of an exciting adventure, whereas taking the trains between suburbs is boring, so people would rather just drive. b) The hub and spoke system favors train travel between suburbs, but train travel downtown is inconvenient. c) Trains make too many stops when they go from one suburb to the other. d) The hub and spoke system favors train travel to the city, but makes train travel from suburb to suburb inconvenient.

D) the hub and spoke system favors train travel to the city, but train travel from suburb to suburb is inconvenient

36. Relative locations of places are shown on what type of map? a) all maps b) global c) reference d) thematic

D) thematic

58. In 1945, following the world wars, this organization had 51 member countries; in 2015, membership has grown to 193 members. a) European Union (EU) b) African Union (AU) c) Red Cross (international relief organization) d) United Nations (UN)

D) united nations (UN)

113. Which of the following offers a geography for dependency theory by depicting the world in terms of the core, semiperiphery, and periphery? a) modernization theory b) dependency theory c) theory of development d) world-systems theory

D) world-systems theory