GEOG_3153_Quiz 03-the American Conservation Movement to 1914

This New York City police commissioner, writer, Dakota cattle rancher, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Rough Rider, big game hunter, and U.S. president was a champion of the conservation movement, establishing numerous national parks, national forests, and national monuments. He helped found the Boone and Crockett Club and was an avid hunter.

Theodore Roosevelt

Which U.S. president used the 1891 Forest Reserve Act and the 1906 Antiquities Act to remove large areas of land from the U.S. Public Domain and place it under federal protection, and in so doing created a watershed moment in U.S. history that ended a longstanding American policy of transferring public land to private ownership?

Theodore Roosevelt

Which U.S. president was the first to strongly advocate for conservation as a central platform of his administration and left a legacy of many national parks, national forests, and national monuments?

Theodore Roosevelt

Which presidential administration first organized a presidential commission, national governors' conference, and international conference to discuss conservation issues?

Theodore Roosevelt

This Virginia founding father was known more for his political writings, but he contributed to American conservation by promoting sustainable farming. He experimented with crop rotations and other soil conditioning techniques, and he landscaped his plantation to respect existing slopes and preserve native species, practices which ran counter to European fashion.

Thomas Jefferson

At least among educated Americans, George Perkins Marsh successfully challenged the attitude that natural resources were inexhaustible over the long term. True or False?

True

Conservation as a practice emerged in both Europe and North America largely as a response to the demands upon natural resources which rapidly expanded during the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century. True or False?

True

It is accurate to say that an identifiable American ethic of conservation emerged during the nineteenth century among Americans who lived east of the Appalachian Mountains, and that national-scale conservation goals first emerged after the Civil War among a highly-educated elite based mostly in the largest cities of New England, the Northeast, and the Midwest.

True

The first national inventory of natural resources was published in 1909 following Roosevelt's conference of governors. True or False

True

Throughout most of the nineteenth century, the U.S. federal government's policy toward federal lands composing the Public Domain was to sell them to individual settlers or simply give them away to settlers for farms, to railroad companies and other corporate interests as subsidies, or to turn them over to individual states to be used for specific purposes, such as supporting land-grant colleges. True or False?

True

What U.S. state did Wright (1950) identify as having very early accomplished a comprehensive land use program directed by a religious organization?

Utah

What resource was the concern of the Reclamation Act of 1902?

Water

Congress designated ____________ as America's first national park in 1872. It was also the world's first national park.

Yellowstone

According to Wright's 1950 essay, "The Development of Conservation in America," which of the following was NOT among the hindrances toward getting the American public to appreciate an ethic of conservation?

American's propensity toward egalitarianism rather than aristocracy

Which of the following is closest to Wright's definition of "conservation" as stated in his 1950 essay, "The Development of Conservation in America"?

Any attempt to slow resource exploitation

Which of the following was NOT among the reasons identified by Wright in "The Development of Conservation in America" as to why public enthusiasm for conservation generally subsided after 1909 when Roosevelt left office?

By that time, most educated Americans had come to recognize the validity of Hotelling's rule

The father of landscape architecture not only designed New York City's Central Park in the late 1850's, but was also an early proponent of the preservation perspective. He fought against industrializing Niagara Falls and became an expert on the California landscape.

Frederick Law Olmsted

This congressman from Vermont spoke 20 languages. He worked for years as a diplomat in Europe before being appointed U.S. ambassador to Italy. He initiated some of America's first conservation-mindedness following the 1864 publication of his monumental book, Man and Nature. Many consider him to be the father of the American conservation movement.

George Perkins Marsh

Which of the following initiated some of America's first conservation-mindedness after the publication of his monumental book, Man and Nature?

George Perkins Marsh

During the late 1870s, a foreign-born U.S. Secretary of the Interior, who had experience with scientific forest management in his native country, unsuccessfully attempted to introduce Americans to the basic principles of forest conservation. What was his home country?

Germany

Which of the following periods does Wright, in "The Development of Conservation in America," identify as that when large segments of American society first began to appreciate an ethic of conservation?

Gilded Age/ Progressive Era (1866-1914)

This Massachusetts Transcendentalist and author of Walden (1854) gained much of his notoriety during the second half of the 20th Century, when his set of ideas about "voluntary simplicity" greatly resonated with the postwar Civil Rights and environmental movements.

Henry David Thoreau

This Massachusetts Transcendentalist wrote Nature in 1836, which pondered the relationship between a man, nature, and religion. He later became one of the century's leading intellectuals on the intersection of religion, philosophy, and nature.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

California-based environmental organization founded 1892 and one of the most powerful environmental preservation lobbying groups in the United States.

Sierra Club

In his discussion of trans-Appalachian settlers during the early 1800's Wright (1950) states that these Americans were severely lacking in two of the three basic means of production (inputs used in the production of economic value), but had virtually all they could ever want of the other, and that its liquidation allowed settlers to make up for the other two. Which of the three means of production were they NOT lacking? labor, land or capital goods?

land

Although it didn't survey all major natural resources of the period, this book by George Perkins Marsh is considered the first major synthesis of the subject of conservation. It appraised major problems and suggested solutions and remedies. It was not widely read, but it did influence the opinions of the country's earliest conservation leaders

Man and Nature

The ______________, which Congress passed in 1862, established the land-grant college system of the United States.

Morill Act

When was the United States Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.) established?

1879

In what year was the White House Conference on Conservation held?

1908

Congress embraced Theodore Roosevelt's idea for a National Conservation Committee and in 1909 passed the federal statute creating the Natural Resources Conservation Service within the Department of the Interior.

False

This Massachusetts-born Civil War veteran, traveling in the early 1870s with landscape painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson, mapped the Yellowstone region and was instrumental in getting Congress to designate it as the nation's first national park. Group of answer choices

Ferdinand V. Hayden

This Scottish naturalist was raised on a Wisconsin farm and journeyed to California as a young man, where he became enamored with the Sierra Nevada, especially the Yosemite Valley. His popular writings placed Yosemite in the national spotlight and he lobbied for its protection by leading tours through it with the rich and famous.

John Muir

This nineteenth century American conservation leader criticized the (1862) Homestead Act's failure to account for the reality that--because of the scarcity of water--lands in the West often differed in their basic agricultural capabilities from those of the East. John James Audubon

John Wesley Powell