Geography 20 Study Guide Terms

government

(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed

anthropocene define?

- a term used to describe the current geological period, starting from the 18th century when human activities began to impact global climate and ecosystem

preventable vulnerability 3 main features?

- emergency intervention - access to care - group-level/geographical causes

biological citizenship 3 key features? define?

- risk management - personalized care - individualized responsibility Government recognition of citizen's health needs and to intervene on their behalf.

Millenium development goals name 8?

1. reduce poverty and social exclusion 2. achieve universal primary education 3. promote gender equality and empower women 4. reduce child mortality 5. improve maternal health 6. combat Hiv/Aids 7. ensure environmental sustainability 8. partnership for development

Three Post war "worlds"

1st world, 2nd world, 3rd world

Commodities 3 types?

3 unique commodities: labor, money, nature

transnational advocacy networks TANs define?

Activist groups that attempt influence states regarding various political and social issues

sovereignty define?

Affairs within states increasingly subject to global norms (with limits)

industrial economy economy type? reached its peak?

An economy characterized by the employment of large numbers of workers in the mass production of manufactured goods (e.g. on conveyer-belt driven assembly lines at factories). The industrial economy reached its peak during the 20th century.

Agrarian economy Type of economy? Classes?

Economy based on farming and cultivation of the land. Way of life stayed the same for many years. Usually involved two classes, very rich and very poor, no middle class.

First World type? Treaty? dominant power?

First World: capitalist - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - dominant power: United States

governance

Governance - is bigger and competition gives directions to +entrepreneurial strategies. Overlapping social forces that take into account business, unions, chambers of commerce, social movement, etc., to look at the conflictual process pursued by political and class alliances, financiers, business leaders, social movements, religious institutions, etc

sovereign debt

Government debt, especially that held in bonds denominated in foreign currencies. Under the doctrine of sovereign immunity, the repayment of sovereign debt cannot be forced by the creditors and it is thus subject to compulsory rescheduling, interest rate reduction, or even repudiation. The only protection available to the creditors is threat of the loss of credibility and lowering of the international standing (the sovereign debt rating) of a country, which may make it much more difficult to borrow in the future.

household debt

Household debt is defined as the amount of money that all adults in the household owe financial institutions. It includes consumer debt and mortgage loans.

power geometry define

How globalization and the compression of time and space affect people differently.(Massey)

World Trade Organization (WTO) what do they do? founded on which date? under what agreement? signed by how many nations on which date? replaced? Deals with? where do their issues derive from? especially? Headquarters? Leader? Dimension of?

Intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).The WTO deals with regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments. Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986-1994). Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland Leader: Roberto Azevêdo Dimension of globalization

metabolic rift define?

Karl Marx's notion of the "irreparable rift in the interdependent process of social metabolism,"—Marx's key conception of ecological crisis tendencies under capitalism.

Capitalism Key Features? (4) Type of system? (2) (2) controlled by (1)

Key Features: Dependence on Growth, search for new markets, search for cheaper inputs, competition to speed up cycle. An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

post washington consensus manages (3), includes creation of? (2), create what type of policies (2)? includes what organizations?

Manage liberalized trade, finance and monetary systems Include the creation of enforceable codes and standards, and concessions to social welfare through targeted social safety nets Create vertical and horizontal policy coherence Include businesses and firms in a Global Compact for Development and the PRSP process.includes a more poverty-focused approach that protects and supports the poor and prioritizes social spending on education and health.

Neoliberalism what is it? takes from basic principles of? governments must? (5) Seeks to? (4)

Neoliberalism is a policy model of social studies and economics that transfers control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector. It takes from the basic principles of neoclassical economics, suggesting that governments must limit subsidies, make reforms to tax law in order to expand the tax base, reduce deficit spending, limit protectionism, and open markets up to trade. It also seeks to abolish fixed exchange rates, back deregulation, permit private property, and privatize businesses run by the state.

corporate debt

Non-government debt securities. Short term corporate debt is issued as commercial paper whereas long-term debt is issued as bonds.

New international division of labor term was coined because? Occurs when? Under old division of labor until when? how were underdeveloped areas incorporated?

Outcome of Globalization. The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries—an ongoing geographic reorganization of production, which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor. It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies. Under the "old" international division of labor, until around 1970, underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities.

Second World type? pact? dominant power?

Second World: communist/planned - Warsaw Pact - dominant power: Soviet Russia

Territorialism vs. Capitalism (Giovanni Arrighi) define each? main point?

Territorialism - expanding and controlling territory the objective - expanding and controlling money the means Capitalism - expanding and controlling money the objective - expanding and controlling territory the means Two different modes of power always in combination

1955 Bandung Conference held? what was it? During which major war? met to condemn? (3) preferred? a few of the nations involved? (5) condemned more detailed with examples? (2) Called to end? fundamental message?

The Afro-Asian Conference-popularly known as the Bandung Conference because it was held in Bandung, Indonesia-comes to a close on this day. During the conference, representatives from 29 "non-aligned" nations in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East met to condemn colonialism, decry racism, and express their reservations about the growing Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. . These were nations that preferred to remain neutral during the Cold War, believing that their interests would not be served by allying with either the United States or the Soviet Union. In April 1955, representatives from 29 of these nations, including Egypt, Indonesia, India, Iraq, and the People's Republic of China, met to consider the issues they considered most pressing. condemned colonialism and imperialism and called for the freedom of all subjugated peoples. Racism in all forms was likewise criticized, with the apartheid system of South Africa coming in for particularly harsh denunciations. The assembled nations also called for an end to the nuclear arms race and the elimination of atomic weapons. The fundamental message of many of the sessions was the same: the Cold War struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union had little meaning to nations battling for economic development, improved health, and better crop yields, and fighting against the forces of colonialism and racism.

G8 what is it? the aim? when do they meet? what does G8 stand for? who is in it? 1st summit? called? formed because?

The G8 summit is an annual meeting between leaders from eight of the most powerful countries in the world. The aim is to try to tackle global problems by discussing big issues and planning what action to take. The leaders of the countries meet every year in a different member country. G8 stands for Group of Eight and is made up of leaders from Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK and the United States of America. The leaders of these countries take it in turns to be president of the G8, with the leader of the host country acting as the president that year. The first summit was in 1975 - but back then it was just six countries, known as the G6. It was formed because of big worldwide money troubles in the early 1970s, which prompted the US to form something called the library group, a meeting of senior financial officials from Europe, Japan and the US.

The Hague

The Hague is a city on the North Sea coast of the western Netherlands.The city is also home to the U.N.'s International Court of Justice, headquartered in the Peace Palace, and the International Criminal Court.

The North-South Divide what is it?

The North-South Divide (or Rich-Poor Divide) is the socio-economic and political division that exists between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as "the North," and the poorer developing countries (least developed countries), or "the South."

The Global South part of? made up of? (3)

The North-South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and political divide. The Global South is made up of Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia including the Middle East.

Globalization

The idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected on a global scale such that smaller scales of political and economic life are becoming obsolete.

Schumacher - "Idolatry of gigantism" general concept?

The idolatry of gigantism that I have talked about is possibly one of the causes and certainly one of the effects of modern technology, particularly in matters of transport and communications. A highly developed transport and communications system has one immensely powerful effect: it makes people footloose. Millions of people start moving about, deserting the rural areas and the smaller towns to follow the city lights, to go to the big city, causing a pathological growth.

Uneven development

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral (outlying) regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.

glocalization process? refers to?

The process by which people in a local place alter regional, national, and global processes; "think globally, act locally"; can refer to a business strategy for MNCs (multinational corporations) to build local roots.

International Division of Labor define? the concept suggests?

The specialization of particular countries in distinct branches of production, whether this be in certain products, or in selected parts of the production process. The concept suggests that the spread of markets and production processes world-wide creates (as indeed this same process has done within particular economies) a growing differentiation of economic activity.

Third World type? organization? Key powers?

Third World: anticolonial nationalist - Non-Aligned Movement/United Nations - key powers: India, Egypt, Indonesia, China

export processing zones (EPZ) type of zone? set up in? by? to promote? Offer what type of incentives?

Type of free trade zone (FTZ), set up generally in developing countries by their governments to promote industrial and commercial exports. In addition to providing the benefits of a FTZ, these zones offer other incentives such as exemptions from certain taxes and business regulations.

Washington Consensus set of ___? constitute? Main goal? criticism?

Washington Consensus is a set of 10 economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, D.C.-based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and the US Treasury Department. Economic growth main goal. Criticism of many of the Washington consensus policies, including evidence of their detrimental impact on health, led to the development of the post-Washington consensus.

International Labor Organization (ILO) what is it? deals with? specifically? what do they do? formed?

a United Nations agency dealing with labour issues, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all. The ILO registers complaints against entities that are violating international rules; however, it does not impose sanctions on governments. Formation 1919

positive externality define? whose included in 3rd party? example?

a benefit that is enjoyed by a third-party as a result of an economic transaction. Third-parties include any individual, organisation, property owner, or resource that is indirectly affected. ex: education personal benefit but also society benefits.

Technopoles define? term coined by?

a center of high-tech manufacturing and information-based quaternary industry. The term was coined by Allen J. Scott in 1990 to describe regions in southern California which showed a rapid growth in high technology fields.

negative externality define? who is affected? example?

a cost that is suffered by a third party as a result of an economic transaction. In a transaction, the producer and consumer are the first and second parties, and third parties include any individual, organisation, property owner, or resource that is indirectly affected. ex: air pollution from vehicles on the rest of society.

network define? ex? (3)

a group or system of interconnected people or things. ex: Shipping firms - Shipping lanes - Communications networks

exchange rates define

a measurement of the value of one nation's currency relative to the currency of other nations

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) what is it? its purpose? negotiated during? outcome of what failed negotiation? signed in? by # of nations? Took effect? lasted until? which lead to the establishment of?

a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis." It was negotiated during the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was signed by 23 nations in Geneva on October 30, 1947 and took effect on January 1, 1948. It lasted until the signature by 123 nations in Marrakesh on April 14, 1994 of the Uruguay Round Agreements, which established the World Trade Organization (WTO) on January 1, 1995.

American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) Type? made up of? represent? engages in? Founded?

a national trade union center and the largest federation of unions in the United States. It is made up of fifty-six national and international unions,together representing more than 12 million active and retired workers. The AFL-CIO engages in substantial political spending and activism. Founded: December 4, 1955

node define? ex? (4)

a point at which lines or pathways intersect or branch; a central or connecting point. ex: Factories - Warehouses/distribution facilities - Intermodal terminals - Container ports

imperialism define?

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Ruled by emperor. An unequal human and territorial relationship ... based on ideas of superiority and practices of dominance, and involving the extension of authority and control of one state or people over another.

European Union (EU) type? # of members? located? capital? formed? (2)

a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. Capital: Brussels Formation Treaty of Rome: 1 January 1958 Treaty of Maastricht: 1 November 1993

enclave define?ex?

a portion of territory within or surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct. Ex: Berlin

debt trap

a situation in which a debt is difficult or impossible to repay, typically because high interest payments prevent repayment of the principal.

nation-state define? example?

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent. example: Japan

remittance define?

a sum of money sent, especially by mail, in payment for goods or services or as a gift.

McDonaldization define

a term used by sociologist George Ritzer in his book The McDonaldization of Society (1993). He explains that it becomes manifested when a culture adopts the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant.

import substitution industrialization (ISI) what is it? based on? refers to? advocated since? by? (2) policies enacted by? intention? works by having? through? (4) what happened n the 1980s and 1990s? due to? aimed at?

a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production.ISI is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products. The term primarily refers to 20th-century development economics policies, although it has been advocated since the 18th century by economists such as Friedrich List and Alexander Hamilton. ISI policies were enacted by countries in the Global South with the intention of producing development and self-sufficiency through the creation of an internal market. ISI works by having the state lead economic development through nationalization, subsidization of vital industries (including agriculture, power generation, etc.), increased taxation, and highly protectionist trade policies. Import substitution industrialization was gradually abandoned by developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s due to the insistence of the IMF and World Bank on their structural adjustment programs of global market-driven liberalization aimed at the Global South

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) what is it? who signed? founded? Superseded? two supplements? the goal? brought immediate? within 10 years? sought to? (2) type globalization?

agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada. NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC). The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U.S., Canada and Mexico. The implementation of NAFTA on January 1, 1994 brought the immediate elimination of tariffs on more than one-half of Mexico's exports to the U.S. and more than one-third of U.S. exports to Mexico. Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement, all U.S.-Mexico tariffs would be eliminated except for some U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico that were to be phased out within 15 years. Most U.S.-Canada trade was already duty-free. NAFTA also sought to eliminate non-tariff trade barriers and to protect the intellectual property rights on traded products. World-regional trade blocs

1885 Berlin Conference aka? regulated? called for by? organized by? outcome? conference ushered in a period of? conference provided? For Europeans? For Africans?

also known as the Congo Conference regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. Called for by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance. The conference provided an opportunity to channel latent European hostilities towards one another outward, provide new areas for helping the European powers expand in the face of rising American, Russian, and Japanese interests, and form constructive dialogue for limiting future hostilities. For Africans, colonialism was introduced across nearly all the continent.

Kyoto Protocol what is it?

also known as the Kyoto Accord, is an international treaty among industrialized nations that sets mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions.

World Social Forum (WSF) what is it? first place held? Founder? year founded? Sparke: makes possible? Alternative? Helps to bridge?

an annual meeting of civil society organizations, first held in Brazil.Founder Chico Whitaker. Founded 2001. Making possible a scale of talking across boundaries and contributing to building a culture of open debate across conventional walls. The real "alternative" it offers is showing that it is possible to create, and to sustain, a non-directed space. Helping to bridge old politics and the new is arguably one of the most crucial but most difficult challenges for the Forum, and quite possibly also one of its historically most important."

Downward Harmonization define?

an econo-political term describing the act of adapting the trade laws of a country with an established economy "downward" to the trade laws of the country with a developing economy.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) what is it? founded? HQ? special about the countries that make it up? stated mission? (5) importance of the formation?

an intergovernmental organization of 13 nations, founded in 1960 by the first five members, and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria. The 13 countries account for 40 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world's "proven" oil reserves, making OPEC a major influence on global oil prices. OPEC's stated mission is "to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry. The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources, and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations.

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) what was it? what does it do? negotiated when? it introduced? remains as?

an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO Members. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994. introduced intellectual property law into the international trading system for the first time and remains the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property to date

Non-governmental organization (NGO) what is it? set up by? can be founded by? scaled? occur? Examples (2)

an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business. Usually set up by ordinary citizens, NGOs may be funded by governments, foundations, schools, businesses, or private people. Processes that are not globally scaled yet, and often occur in subnational/localized settings Example: Doctor's without Borders, Shack Dwellers International.

Transnational corporation (TNC) define?

an organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country.

highly indebted poor countries (HIPC)

are a group of 38 developing countries with high levels of poverty and debt overhang which are eligible for special assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.

"race to the bottom" related to time-space compression define?

as everything speeds up, standards tend to be lost. If factories are moved overseas as a result of faster shipping/globalization general, it becomes easier for consumers to ignore poor working conditions of laborers as they cannot see how the standards have dropped first hand.

G77 what is it? to promote? # founding members? in 2013 how many members? who holds current chairmanship? founded? by? issued at? First major meeting? what was adopted? Which two USA institutions are involved? (2)

at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations.There were 77 founding members of the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 134 member countries. Thailand holds the Chairmanship for 2016. The group was founded on 15 June 1964, by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).The first major meeting was in Algiers in 1967, where the Charter of Algiers was adopted and the basis for permanent institutional structures was begun. the Group of 24 in Washington, D.C. (International Monetary Fund and World Bank).

urbanization define? examples?

becoming more like a city. When populations of people grow, the population of a place may spill over from city to nearby areas. This is called urbanization. Maybe tall apartment buildings spring up on what had been the outskirts of town, bringing more people there to live and work.

bond rating

bond rating is a grade given to bonds that indicates their credit quality.

Financescapes

circulation of financial capital and narratives about it

Mediascapes

circulation of images and imagination

Ethnoscapes

circulation of people, voluntary<->involuntary

Ideoscapes

circulation of political cultures/discourses/narratives

Sparke interdependencies (7)

commodities, workers, money, law, governance, space, health

outsourcing define? risks? (3) Benefits? (3) Result of?

contracting work out to an external organization. Risks of outsourcing include misaligned interests of clients and vendors, increased reliance on third parties, lack of in-house knowledge of critical (though not necessarily core) business operations etc. Benefits: Usually companies outsource to take advantage of specialized skills, cost efficiencies and labor flexibility. Results: of flattening

Global North made up of? (4)

definitions of the Global North include the United States, Canada, Western Europe and developed parts of East Asia

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP) what is it? promoted by? (2) Structural adjustment loans? made by? designed to? SAPs policies reflect? aim to? (2) Policies include? (12) Gouvernements encouraged? which includes? Criticism of SAPs? ___ services? policies have slowed? results?(3)

economic policies for developing countries that have been promoted by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Structural adjustment loans are loans made by the World Bank. They are designed to encourage the structural adjustment of an economy by, for example, removing "excess" government controls and promoting market competition as part of the neo-liberal agenda followed by the Bank. SAPs policies reflect the neo-liberal ideology that drives globalization. They aim to achieve long-term or accelerated economic growth in poorer countries by restructuring the economy and reducing government intervention. SAPs policies include currency devaluation, managed balance of payments, reduction of government services through public spending cuts/budget deficit cuts, reducing tax on high earners, reducing inflation, wage suppression, privatization, lower tariffs on imports and tighter monetary policy, increased free trade, cuts in social spending, and business deregulation. Governments are also encouraged or forced to reduce their role in the economy by privatizing state-owned industries, including the health sector, and opening up their economies to foreign competition. criticism of SAPs: In health, SAPs affect both the supply of health services (by insisting on cuts in health spending) and the demand for health services (by reducing household income, thus leaving people with less money for health). SAPs policies have slowed down improvements in, or worsened, the health status of people in countries implementing them. The results reported include worse nutritional status of children, increased incidence of infectious diseases, and higher infant and maternal mortality rates.

derivatives

financial assets whose values depend on the values of other assets, such as stocks or bonds

financial institution (FI)

financial institution (FI) is an establishment that focuses on dealing with financial transactions, such as investments, loans and deposits. Conventionally, financial institutions are composed of organizations such as banks, trust companies, insurance companies and investment dealers.

Time space compression Who and when articulated the phrase? refers to?

first articulated in 1989 by geographer David Harvey in The Condition of Postmodernity, refers to any phenomenon that alters the qualities of and relationship between space and time.

fixed exchange rate

fixed exchange rate, sometimes called a pegged exchange rate, is a type of exchange rate regime where a currency's value is fixed against either the value of another single currency, to a basket of other currencies, or to another measure of value, such as gold.

floating exchange rate

floating exchange rate is a country's exchange rate regime where its currency is set by the foreign-exchange market through supply and demand for that particular currency relative to other currencies. Thus, floating exchange rates change freely and are determined by trading in the forex market.

Bretton Woods Conference formally known as? what was it? where? why? When was it held? what was established? (2) 3 main results?

formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was the gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II. The conference was held from July 1-22, 1944. Agreements were signed that, after legislative ratification by member governments, established the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). three main results: (1) Articles of Agreement to create the IMF, whose purpose was to promote stability of exchange rates and financial flows. (2) Articles of Agreement to create the IBRD, whose purpose was to speed reconstruction after the Second World War and to foster economic development, especially through lending to build infrastructure. (3) Other recommendations for international economic cooperation. The Final Act of the conference incorporated these agreements and recommendations.

neocolonialism define?

geopolitical practice of using capitalism, business globalization, and cultural imperialism to influence a country, in lieu of either direct military control (imperialism) or indirect political control (hegemony).

offshoring define? risk? (4) benefits? (3) Result of?

getting work done in a different country. Risks and criticism: Offshoring is often criticized for transferring jobs to other countries. Other risks include geopolitical risk, language differences and poor communication etc. Benefits: lower costs, better availability of skilled people, and getting work done faster through a global talent pool. Results: of flattening

global city

global city, also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, is a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system.

service-based economy economy type?

highly developed economies that focus on research and development, marketing, tourism, sales, and telecommunications

"race to the bottom" related to power geometry benefits who? what is seen as an advantage?

his benefits corporations (TNCs) but usually doesn't benefit the workers, as increasing globalization and time-space compression, driven by competitive advantage, allows for factories to be farther away from consumers, unseen, and increasingly deteriorative. Also, the increasing mobility of TNCs is used as an advantage, as labor is not as mobile and workers can be threatened with losing their jobs by TNCs moving the factory if the workers will not work for lower wages. TNCs can shop around for cheap labor.

Capital Flight define?

in economics, occurs when assets or money rapidly flow out of a country, due to an event of economic consequence.

Sparke's 3 myths of globalization

inevitability, leveling, newness.

adaptation define?

infastructure upgrades (sewers), residential programs, health programs, emergency and business planning.

World Bank what is it? comprises of two institutions? official goal? Articles of Agreement-> guided by? (2) Formed? Type? Legal status? Purpose? HQ? region? membership? (2) Key people? parent organization? type of institutions?

international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA). The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty. However, according to its Articles of Agreement, all its decisions must be guided by a commitment to the promotion of foreign investment and international trade and to the facilitation of Capital investment. Formation: July 1944 Type: Monetary International Financial Organization Legal status: Treaty Purpose: Crediting Headquarters: Washington, D.C., United States Region: Worldwide Membership: 188 countries (IBRD), 173 countries (IDA) Key people: Jim Yong Kim, president Parent organization: World Bank Group Global institution

G20 what is it? founded? aim of? (3) members include? (20) G-20 accounts for? (3)

international forum for the governments and central bank governors from 20 major economies. It was founded in 1999 with the aim of studying, reviewing, and promoting high-level discussion of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability. It seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization. The members include 19 individual countries—Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States—along with the European Union (EU). The EU is represented by the European Commission and by the European Central Bank. Collectively, the G-20 economies account for around 85% of the gross world product (GWP), 80% of world trade (or, if excluding EU intra-trade, 75%), and two-thirds of the world population.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) HQ? # countries working? (5) Formed? where? Formal existence? # member countries? with the goal of ? what do countries do? other activities? (3) org objectives stated in article of agreements? (6) type on institution?

international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments difficulties can borrow money. Through the fund, and other activities such as statistics-keeping and analysis, surveillance of its members' economies and the demand for particular policies, the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries.The organization's objectives stated in the Articles of Agreement are: to promote international monetary cooperation, international trade, high employment, exchange-rate stability, sustainable economic growth, and making resources available to member countries in financial difficulty. Global institution

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) define

investment made by a company or entity based in one country, into a company or entity based in another country.

public-private partnerships

is a contractual arrangement between a public agency (federal, state or local) and a private sector entity. Through this agreement, the skills and assets of each sector (public and private) are shared in delivering a service or facility for the use of the general public.

Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) what is it? signed? where? topics concerned with? (9) contain measures to?(2)

is a trade agreement among twelve Pacific Rim countries signed on 4 February 2016 in Auckland, New Zealand. The 30 chapters of the TPP concern many matters of public policy and the following stated goals: to "promote economic growth; support the creation and retention of jobs; enhance innovation, productivity and competitiveness; raise living standards; reduce poverty in our countries; and promote transparency, good governance, and enhanced labor and environmental protections." Among other things, the TPP contains measures to lower trade barriers, such as tariffs,and establish an investor-state dispute settlement mechanism (but states can opt out from tobacco-related measures).

International Criminal Court (ICC) What is it? located? have jurisdiction to? (3) Intended to complement? can exercise when? (4) Began functioning? when? principle organs? (4) what does each organ do? Dimension of?

is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague in the Netherlands. The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The ICC is intended to complement existing national judicial systems and it may therefore only exercise its jurisdiction when certain conditions are met, such as when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals or when the United Nations Security Council or individual states refer investigations to the Court. The ICC began functioning on 1 July 2002, the date that the Rome Statute entered into force. The ICC has four principal organs: the Presidency, the Judicial Divisions, the Office of the Prosecutor, and the Registry. The President is the most senior judge chosen by his or her peers in the Judicial Division, which hears cases before the Court. The Office of the Prosecutor is headed by the Prosecutor who investigates crimes and initiates proceedings before the Judicial Division. The Registry is headed by the Registrar and is charged with managing all the administrative functions of the ICC, including the headquarters, detention unit, and public defense office. Dimension of globalization

International Court of Justice (ICJ) what is it? established? location?

is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946. The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).

"race to the bottom" define?ex?

is the progressive lowering or deterioration of standards (sourcing efficiencies), especially as a result of the pressure of competition. An example would be s factory lowering safety standards of a factory that houses cheap labor production because renovating the factory would cut into profits.

commodity chain define? can be? depending on? different stages can involve?

it is the connected path from which a good travels from producers to consumers. Commodity chains can be unique depending on the product types or the types of markets. Different stages of a commodity chain can also involve different economic sectors or be handled by the same business

hegemony define?

leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.

Technoscapes

links made through technology and new tech labor

feminization

make (something) more characteristic of or associated with women.

Colonies define? economic features (3) cultural features (5)

more or less directly administered - some governed by small metropolitan staff, often with "indigenous" mid-level bureaucracy (e.g. India) - settler colonies created by large-scale settlement displacing existing populations (e.g. United States) Economic Features -extraction of resources through plantations, large-scale mining operations, market control - creation of investment opportunities for financial speculators - creation of markets for metropolitan finished goods through territorial control Cultural Features -formation of indigenous elite influenced by metropolitan culture and educated in metropole - transformation of local cultures/ideas/institutions - discourses and ideals often later adopted by new states • necessity of nation-state and modern institutions • racism and civilizational difference

geopolitics define?

politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors.

Sphere of influence define? example? Economic Features (4) Cultural Features (3)

polities indirectly controlled or influenced through trade or force by metropole, often from outposts and concessions (e.g. China) Economic Features -appropriation of resources based on existing methods - creation of administrative outposts to facilitate trade - creation of markets for metropolitan finished goods through monopoly power - sometimes disintegration of local power structures meant shift to formal colonies Cultural FEatures -less direct changes in institutions but pressure to modernize - metropole-oriented cultural life - discourses of exoticism

racialization of labor define? produces? which limits?

racialization of labor is said to involve the segregation and appointment of workers based on perceived ethnic differences.This racialization of labor is said to produce a hierarchical arrangement which limits employee agency and mobility based on their race.

Responses of globalization

reaction (protest), resistance (fair trade branding), resilience (shifts in economics)

cultural reproduction define? results in? Two examples?

refers to the mechanisms by which continuity of cultural experience is sustained across time. Cultural reproduction often results in social reproduction, or the process of transferring aspects of society (such as class) from generation to generation. Groups of people, notably social classes, act to reproduce the existing social structure to preserve their advantage. The processes of schooling in modern societies are among the main mechanisms of cultural reproduction, and do not operate solely through what is taught in courses of formal instruction.

informality define?

relaxed, friendly, or unofficial style or nature; absence of formality.

Global university rise in? offers? ex?

rise in international students in american universities. University offices nation wide. Ex: yale- national university Singapore. Online education.

International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) what is it? set up by? (2) established? membership open to? (2) produce? ultimate objective? reports cover? do they do their own research? who contributes? reports contain? Dimension of?

scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations,set up at the request of member governments.It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP.The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is the main international treaty on climate change.The ultimate objective "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-induced] interference with the climate system". IPCC reports cover "the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation." The IPCC does not carry out its own original research, nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself. The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature, which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources. Thousands of scientists and other experts contribute (on a voluntary basis, without payment from the IPCC) to writing and reviewing reports, which are then reviewed by governments. IPCC reports contain a "Summary for Policymakers", which is subject to line-by-line approval by delegates from all participating governments. Typically this involves the governments of more than 120 countries. Dimension of globalization

Discourse classified by Sparke Globalization discourse (3)

set of terms and arguments about the nature of reality that are tied together in a narrative that systematically shapes the reality it purports to describe. Globalization discourse: New, inevitable, leveling

Third World Project what was it? who was too powerful? what evnt played a role? who was not for revolution?

state-led development for global south.The global north became so powerful, south would never have a chance at economic equality. Bandung Conference played a role in third world project. China not as interested in calming Cold War not so much revolutionary Third world dominance

mitigation define?

sustainable transportation, nrg conservation, building codes change to be more efficient, renewable nrg, improve vehicle fuel efficiency.

Fordism term used to describe?

term widely used to describe the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company

Comparative Advantage define?

the ability of a firm or individual to produce goods and/or services at a lower opportunity cost than other firms or individuals.

social determinants of health define? how are circumstances shaped?

the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels.

Post-fordism define?

the dominant system of economic production, consumption and associated socio-economic phenomena, in most industrialized countries since the late 20th century.

geoeconomics

the economic policies or conditions of a country as seen in a global perspective.

capitalocene define

the historical era shaped by relations privileging the endless accumulation of capital

Financialization

the increasing role of financial motives, financial markets, financial actors and financial institutions in the operation of domestic and international economies

microcredit

the lending of small amounts of money at low interest to new businesses in the developing world.

colonialism define?

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

Trade Liberalization define? scaled? occur?

the removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods between nations. This includes the removal or reduction of both tariff (duties and surcharges) and non-tariff obstacles (like licensing rules, quotas and other requirements). Processes that are not globally scaled yet, and often occur in subnational/localized settings

Division of labor define?

the separation of tasks in any economic system so that participants may specialize.

De/reterritorialization

the severance of social, political, or cultural practices from their native places and populations. Americanizing of other cultures.

turnover time

the total time taken between the submission of a process for execution and the return of the complete output to the customer/user.

Commodification define?

the transformation of goods, services, ideas and not least people into commodities or objects of trade.

decolonization define? example? Major Factors (2)

undoing of colonialism, where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over dependent territories. not only refers to the complete "removal of the domination of non-indigenous forces" within the geographical space and different institutions of the colonized, but it also refers to the "decolonizing of the mind" from the colonizer's ideas that made the colonized seem inferior. India becoming independent from England after World War II. Major Factors: World War II, Cold War

tariffs define?

used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.

There is no alternative (TINA) what was it? only way for modern society to develop?

was a slogan often used by the Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. In economics, politics, and political economy, it has come to mean that "there is no alternative" to neoliberalism - that free markets, free trade, and capitalist globalization are the best or the only way for modern societies to develop. The phrase was used to signify that global capitalism is the only system possible and that debate about this is over. One commenter characterized the meaning of the slogan as "Globalized capitalism, so called free-markets and free trade were the best ways to build wealth, distribute services and grow a society's economy.

proximal causes 2 main features?

• "downstream" • direct causes of disease or mortality, including social context of onset and care

Distal causes 2 main features?

• "upstream" • indirect causes, social contexts, political-economic factors