Geography Chapter 1 LS

Passive remote sensing

Collects information by receiving emitted energy

When comparing GIS analysis with that done manually, ___.

GIS is superior because it can calculate irregular areas and interpolate data points

Choose which of these lines create small circles.

Parallels except the equator

In the PLSS coordinate system, offsets of the Principal Meridian are called ___, offsets of the Base Line are called ___, an subsections of these are divided into a grid of thirty-six ___.

ranges townships sections

Match the two types of GPS systems to their appropriate descriptions. 1. GPS 2. DGPS

1. Accurate to several meters; used for navigation, location of field samples, and biotic surveys 2. Performs self-checks; accurate to a few meters; used for monitoring landscape changes

Match the process of the hydrologic cycle with the appropriate description. 1. Precipitation 2. Streams 3. Evaporation 4. Groundwater flow 5.Ocean waves

1. Atmospheric water vapor forms drops and falls to the ground. 2. Moving water flows downhill and sculpts the landscape in its path. 3. Energy transformations cause water to collect in the atmosphere from all of Earth's surfaces. 4. Water seeps into the ground and flows through rock and soil. 5. This is motion caused by the transfer of momentum between wind and a body of water.

Give examples of how the four spheres interact by matching the interacting spheres with a phenomenon. 1. Atmosphere-Hydrosphere 2. Lithosphere-Atmosphere 3. Biosphere-Atmosphere 4.Hydrosphere-Lithosphere 5. Biosphere-Hydrosphere 6. Biosphere-Lithosphere

1. Clouds 2. Emission of volcanic gases 3. Vegetation in wet or dry climates 4. Stream-cut channels 5. Coral reefs 6. Plants growing in soil

Match the spatial distribution type to the appropriate description. 1. Clustered 2. Random 3. Regular

1. Data points are closer together; placement may indicate proximity to another favorable feature. 2. Data points are spread unevenly with no logical reasoning for placement 3. Data points are spread evenly apart; placement may indicate availability of resources in the immediate area.

Match the processes from the rock cycle with the appropriate description. 1. Deformation 2. Melting 3. Solidification 4. Uplift

1. Rock is exposed to force or heat that changes its shape. 2. Rock is subjected to increased pressure and temperature that changes its state. 3. Rock cools after being exposed to high temperatures. 4. Tectonic forces move rock to the surface

Conformal and equal-area map projections have different uses. Math the use or limitation with the type of map. 1. Equal-area 2. Conformal 3. Both conformal and equal-area

1. Shape is distorted so compass directions cannot be shown; areas are true 2. Scale varies across the map because areas are not true 3. Distortions and imperfections are exaggerated away from the center of the map; both areas and shapes are adjusted for an optimal medium.

Which of the two scales shows a map with larger representations of features and more detail?

1:10,000

Using the UTM system, estimate the location where the Osage River and Missouri River intersect in this image. (See Ch1I13 photo)

587,500mE; 4,269,000mN (Zone 15, Northern Hemisphere)

Earth's systems respond to changes that have an effect on the change that is occurring. We call these responses feedbacks. Select all the correct descriptions of how feedbacks works.

A feedback can amplify, or make worse, a change that is occurring. A feedback can counteract, or lessen, a change that is occurring.

Which of the following items can be identified as data from this map of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge? (See Ch1I2 photo)

Aldavik Dempster Highway Venetie Indian Reserve

___ maps are used in the field as a way of recording new data that are encountered while on the ground.

Base

Topographic map contours describe the landscape with ___.

Closely spaced lines in steep areas

Identify processes that are part of the biogeochemical cycle. (Select all that apply.)

Coal is created from decayed plant material. The coal is burned to create energy, and carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. A seed is deposited by a bird who ate it. The seed falls into soil and rain causes the seed to sprout.

Active remote sensing

Collects information by directing energy and measures energy returned

What type of projection is neither equal-area nor conformal, shows only one hemisphere accurately at a time, and can have two standard lines? (See Ch1I4 photo)

Conical projection

Which of the following are true for cylindrical projections? (See Ch1I5 photo)

Cylindrical projections are rectangular map projections. Cylindrical projections are created by "unrolling" a sphere around a standard line. Parallels are all the same length.

Fractions of degrees in the latitude and longitude system are expressed as ___ or ___.

Decimal degrees Minutes and seconds

The oil accident in the Gulf of Mexico in April of 2010 killed 11 workers, injured 17, and now is known as the largest oil spill in history. This oil spill was called the ___ ___ oil spill.

Deepwater Horizon

Describe the UTM system using the items below. (Choose all that apply.)

Earth is divided into north-south zones. The globe is shown as a rectangular image.

Considering the accuracy of transferring Earth's spherical shape to a two-dimensional map, which statements describe factors that may arise?

Feature shape may distort when area is accurate. Feature area may distort when shape is accurate.

On the included map, which of the following are classified as interpretations? (See Ch1I1 photo)

High- and low- pressure systems Rain/Thunderstorms

Name the two spheres that play a role in the following processes: the ocean transporting sand; a river carving a bedrock channel; an earthquake creating a tsunami

Hydrosphere Lithosphere

What are important requirements for a frame of reference to identify an object's location, and to communicate that location to another person?

Identify an origin near an object - specifically something fixed. Set a scale, or method of determining distance, within your system. Identify a method of determining direction within your system.

Qualitative data ___. (Choose all that apply.)

Incorporates related human opinions and factors Reduces the length of an explanation by providing an image.

180° from the Prime Meridian is the ___ ___ Line. When the Prime Meridian advances to the next day, this other meridian is exactly 12 hours behind the Prime Meridian, and therefore still in the previous day.

International Date

How was satellite imagery so helpful during and after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? (Choose all that apply.)

It allowed for application to GIS and use for navigating cleanup operations. It was able to track development as the situation changed. It provided a visual reference for what the spill looked like.

List the advantages of sinusoidal projections. (Select all that apply.) (See Ch1I7 photo)

Meridians can be shown as perpendicular to the equator for accurate area projections. Areas are preserved. Parallels maintain their correct length.

What factors are required for possible human activity in any given place? Use location and spatial distributions in the analysis. (Select all that apply.)

Moderate temperature extremes Accessibility of clean water

GPS has a wide range of applications. Physical geographers could use it for ___. (Select all that apply.)

Monitoring environmental changes Mapping landscapes

List some ways GPS is used. (Choose all that apply.)

Monitoring wildlife Tracking agriculture Tracking consumer product shipments

Using the PLSS system, choose the description below that describes the smallest upper left square in this image. (See Ch1I12 photo)

Northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 14, Township 2 South, and Range 3 East

___ projections connect to the globe at one point, show a single hemisphere, and have lines of true direction, making them useful for air navigation. (See Ch1I9 photo)

Planar

In western states, where there are large amounts of federally managed land, the ___ coordinate system is used.

Public Land Survey System

___ data are used to describe a process or observation through means other than numeric values

Qualitative

The image shown depicts a(n) ____ projection. It is known to represent a compromise between areas and shapes with gently curving meridians, horizontal parallels, and severe distortion of the poles. (See Ch1I11 photo)

Robinson

Summarize the State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) by identifying key elements of how it works. (Choose all that apply.) (See Ch1I3 photo)

SPCS uses X and Y coordinates. SPCS ingnores curvature of the Earth. SPCS is used only in the United States.

Give examples of quantitative data sources. (Select all that apply.)

Scientific experiments Field measurements Laboratory samples

What are some practical applications for remote sensing? (Choose all that apply.)

Temperature and vegetation monitoring Weather forecasting

Using the spatial perspective, distinguish attributes that may apply to this topographic image of Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). (Select all that apply.) (See Ch1I8 photo)

The mountain range has exposure to northern weather patterns. Water sources may be available from mountain water runoff.

Why would you want to view a stereopair photographs?

They allow you to see an image in 3D.

Once maps and data sets are assigned universal coordinates, they can be layered to generate a composite view of a site, data points, and zones. This layering is called ___.

a map overlay

An existing map can be used to analyze a new question. The original map then is considered to be ___.

a secondary data source

The process of georeferencing is ___.

assigning standard coordinates to data sets

The takeup of CO2 from the atmosphere by plants, the emission of greenhouse gases produced by humans, and the ocean acting as a sink for gases are all exchanges involved in Earth's ___ cycle.

carbon

Human influences on the landscape may ___.

change climates, landscapes, and appearances

GIS evaluates data spatially and can analyze ___ between variables and identify distribution properties.

correlations

To develop logical conclusions, free of personal bias, physical geographers will use ___ to evaluate possible explanations to a problem.

data and predictions

The major advantage of the UTM system is that it is convenient for measuring direction and ___.

disstance

Earth systems change and are influenced by feedbacks in a continual process of ___ equilibrium.

dynamic

Earth's climate and weather are driven by the processes of storing and transferring ____ through all forms of matter in the atmosphere and in the local environment.

energy

A dynamic system is constantly changing the position, amounts, or forms of ___.

energy and matter

During a site study, map overlays allow a user to ___.

examine multiple types of data for an area

Delivery services, bus operators, and just about any person who drives to unfamiliar locations uses GIS to ___.

find the shortest or best route to their destination

A land surface rising 2 meters for every 100 meters has a ___ of 0.02

gradient

Evaluating a landscape involves considering phenomena or processes that ___.

have happened, will continue, and are foreseeable

Local and global movement of water and associated energy near the earth's surface is called the ___ cycle.

hydrologic

Qualitative data may include _____, whereas quantitative data may include ______.

images; measurements

Referencing the scale of maps, those that show a local area in good detail on a small map are called ___-scale maps, and those that show a large area on a relatively small map are called ___-scale maps.

large small

Volcanic eruptions can have severe impacts on humans and the environment. Determining the type of eruption, how weather patterns might distribute ash, and what populations live nearby are all linked to the ___ of the volcano. (See Ch1I14 photo)

location

Longitudinal divisions of time zones are done along ____.

longitudinal and political lines, and landscape features

The greatest strength of using GIS is data ___.

manipulation and examination

During an investigation, ___ are valued as a source of primary data because they supply qualitative data about an area, and quantitative data such as topography, number of trees, and locations of other elements.

maps

In the latitude-longitude coordinate system, ___ are imaginary lines that run north-south and are measured in degrees east-west. (Use just one word for your answer.) (See Ch1I6 photo)

meridians

The UTM system's location accuracy is found in the ___ of each of the 60 zones. Coordinates are given as ___ from the center of the zone and from the equator.

middle; meters

A powerful use for GIS is the ability to ____ a landscape over time.

monitor changes to

The rock cycle primarily pertains to the ___ in the lithosphere, which includes processes of melting and the transportation of rock and soil.

movement of matter and energy

A geographer's holistic view to solve problems may be described by the integration of ___.

natural and social sciences

A change to a system that dampens an ongoing change is called a(n) ____ feedback.

negative

The hydrologic cycle is a complex cycle consisting of ____.

phase changes of water caused by energy transfers

Using GIS to study shoreline erosion, ___ area calculations would be used, whereas determining regional groundwater chloride concentration from 15 well samples would require spatial ___.

polygon; interpolation

A change to a system that supports an ongoing change is called a(n) ____ feedback.

positive

Earth's warming may elicit greater energy consumption to cool homes and businesses, and stimulate a ___ feedback cycle. Comparatively, rising gas prices may increase use of public transportation in a ___ feedback cycle

positive negative

The method of collecting data called ___________ sensing uses a platform and a sensor to collect data in the air or on land and water surfaces.

remote

The strength of planar projections ___.

results from the straight lines connecting the shortest distance between two points

The ___ cycle involves the movement of matter and energy on and below earth's surfaces through erosion, melting, metamorphism, and uplift.

rock

A GPS receiver unit calculates its position by determining distances from signals of four or more ___, within a precision of several meters.

satellites

Preexisting maps are ___ data sources, providing information to answer a new question using confirmed data from an established map.

secondary

A plane that intersects a sphere, without going through its center, creates a ____ circle. (See Ch1I10 photo)

small

Topographic images are made using laser and radar measurements form ___.

spacecraft and photographs

The longitude-based system for standardized time is used to determine _______.

the hours, minutes, and seconds of each day