geol 1001 exam 2 LS

they are an important contributor of sediment from the landslide. The deposition of sediment from them may form a delta

rivers

rank the following in order of the smallest volume of surface freshwater to the largest

rivers swamps lakes

this is created as glacial movement grinds up pieces of surrounding rock

rock powder

coastal land is made of hard rock that resists erosion

rocky coast

waves smash together loose rock, causing angular corners to wear away

rounded sediment

it is formed as waves and longshore currents move sediments and it may shift positions and is typically submerged

sandbar

lesser risk; protection of coast from wave action by these barriers

sandbars and reefs

glacial abrasion involves the _____

scraping of bedrock with rock and smaller sized sediment found within a glacier's base

it is formed when erosion cuts through small promontories jutting out to sea

sea arch

results in loss of the beach in front of the structure

seawall

a shoreline can gain or lose sand. The amount of sediment available to a shoreline system is called its ____

sediment budget

which of the following materials would serve as an aquitard

shale

the three important controls of how quickly water flows through rocks are porosity of the materials, permeability of the materials and the ______ of the water table

slope

unstable _____ produce landslides or mudslides that are capable of destroying buildings and killing people

slopes

how do waves erode material from the shoreline?

smashing together loose pieces of rock and making large, angular rocks become smaller rounded ones breaking directly on rocky coasts and swirling away loose pieces of bedrock wearing away of bedrock with the crashing and grinding of water and sediment

erosion by the ice sheet and filing by river sediment

smooth troughs

waves and longshore currents move sediment along the coast, building up a long, low mound of sediment

spit formation

this is created when the earth-moon-sun system is in alignment it occurs at times of the new moon and full moon high and low tides are more extreme than usual

spring tides

stalactites and stalagmites are formed when calcium rich water flows from the roof of a cave and evaporates on the ceiling or after dripping to the floor. Match the formation to the location where it is found

stalactites--> ceiling stalagmites ---> floor

snow and ice slide downhill and are not allowed to pile up

steep, exposed slopes

what are some hazards that exist along coastlines

storm surge strong winds and rain; flooding wave erosion, especially during storms

fjords create narrow, deep embayments coastal dunes become offshore bars or barrier islands estuaries give the coast an irregular outline

submergent coasts

how does a glacier at its base and sides, modify a bedrock valley

-rocks carried by glaciers grind and scrape the rock surface -sediment is left behind on the sides and bottom of the valley -the rock beneath may be smoothed, polished and scratched

what evidence exists for past and a colder climate in the US

-smoothed-off areas of bedrock -pollen records that show a change from colder to warmer climate plants - moraines and other glacial sediment -outcrops that display glacial scratches and polish

which of the following contribute water to a stream

-snowmelt -groundwater -direct precipitation

surface water can soak into the subsurface and become part of the groundwater if ______

-the surface material is permeable -the water table is deep enough so there is an unsaturated zone into which the water can seep

rank the top four uses of freshwater in the US from highest use to the least use

-thermoelectric power -irrigation -public and domestic use -industrial use

which of the following statements correctly describe the role of ocean currents and continental positions on glaciations and global climate?

-warm currents may either inhibit or increase glacations -upwelling ocean currents may bring cold water to the surface, helping to cool the adjacent landmasses -cold ocean currents may inhibit the growth of glaciers by putting less moisture into the atmosphere

the movement of a glacier through an area...

-wears down topographic highs - locally polishes smooth surfaces onto bedrock -may carve grooves and scratch marks into bedrock

which of the following are true of how proportions of oxygen isotopes are changed over interglacial and glacial periods in seawater and glacial ice

-when glaciers melt, oxygen-16 water is released back into seawater -when glaciers accumulate on land, more oxygen-16 is locked away in glacial ice and does not make it back to seawater -oxygen-16 is preferentially evaporated out of seawater

sinkholes, disappearing streams, and limestone deposits can be indicators of _______ below the surface

caves

what settings are groundwater typically found in

caves pore spaces fractures

which of the following countries or regions have widespread karst formations

central asia europe southeast asia

a bowl-shape depression is created as ice plucks pieces from the bedrock at the uppermost end of a mountain glacier

cirque

decreased sunspot activity

climate cools slightly

a rise in relative sea level flooded river valleys along the submerging coast

coastal outline of narrow inlets and bays

water molecules join together as they rise in the atmosphere and form clouds

condensation

which of the following are rock types, formations or other settings that may form caves

contact points between strong and weak rocks lava tubes

water in the oceans will slightly contract; sea levels drop

cooler ocean temperatures

sea level fall may expose the following features along a coastline

coral reefs wave-cut platform wave-cut notch

cracks in the surface of a glacier are known as _____ and form in areas of dramatic slope change and where the ice flows around a curve

crevasses

these are fractures in a glacier, formed as internal stresses causes its upper surface to break

crevasses

they may move either shallow or deeper level water and transport sediment along a coast

currents

piles of sediment deposited by melting glaciers

curved ridges

what decreases the sediment at the shoreline

erosion of sediment away from the shore by large storms

it may consist of a huge out of place block deposited on a landscape; glaciers transport huge rocks to places where such rock types are not present in the bedrock

erratic

sea stacks and sea arches wave cut platforms sea cliffs

ersion: uplifted

long, sinuous ridges deposited by a meltwater stream beneath a glacier as it retreats

eskers

water molecules rise into the atmosphere

evaporation

greater risk; allows the sea to wash farther into the land potentially causing more flooding by storm surge

gentle slope of the land adjacent to shore

land materials are soft and easily eroded here, and available sediment is fine grained

gentle slopes and rounded hills

river carried sediment that may either be deposited near to or distant from a retreating glacier

glacial outwash

higher ratios of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in seawater

glacial period

higher ratios of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in the compositions of marine shells

glacial period

a moving mass of ice, which may range in size from a huge ice sheet that covers large regions to smaller mass that is restricted to a single mountain or valley is called a(n) _____.

glacier

blocks the longshore drift, causing erosion down current

groin

these are created as sediment trapped in the glacier is being carried by the flow

grooves and streaks

farms, ranches and commercial orchards are contributors to contamination of ______ by using various chemicals such as pesticides, fungicides, and fertilizers that are not completely used when applied and then infiltrates the ground surface

groundwater

hydrogeologist collect information about _____ including depth, amount, setting, direction of flow and quality to understand its behavior

groundwater

there is a larger volume of water in _______

groundwater compared to surface water

this side valley is higher than the main valley because larger glaciers can sour deeper into bedrock than smaller, side valley glaciers

hanging valley

continuous permafrost is located primarily in northern canada and alaska but also can be found in discontinuous _____ -elevation, mountainous regions in north america

high

what is true regarding the causes of tides?

high tides occur on the side of earth facing away from the moon, as water bulges out due to a decreased force of gravity from the moon high tides occur on the side of earth facing away from the moon due to the pull of gravity on the oceans tides are primarily due to the gravitational pull of the moon

which of the following are specifically human made or human induced substances that can contaminate groundwater

human wastes agricultural wastes insecticides

a period of time in which large regions of land are covered year round with ice and snow, especially in the last 2 million years is called a(n)

ice age

rank the reservoirs of freshwater on earth by volume with that containing the highest volume on top

ice caps groundwater lakes rivers

large, regionally continuous masses of ice more than 50,000 km2 in area

ice sheets

what is true about tides

in most places high and low tide occur every 12 hours and 25 mins they are cyclic changes in the height of the sea surface they usually only vary between high and low levels by 1 to 3 m

increased snow and ice cover on earth

increased albedo makes a cooler climate

groundwater is free water exists beneath earth's surface as a(n) _____ rather than being chemically bonded in minerals

liquid

causes the land to lower relative to sea level downwarps the land surface

loading

glaciers can be the source of windblown silt called

loess

the ____ current moves sand parallel to the coast

longshore

the dropping of the ground surface elevation due to the effects of over pumping is called

subsidence

contamination typically flows with the groundwater down the slope of the water ______

table

forms at the farthest extent of a glacier's advance

terminal moraine

the lower end of a glacier, where the glaciers ends either on land or in sea is the _____

terminus

a perched lake is above the water table. If a perched lake is to remain permanent then _____

the amount of inflow of water must be equal to or greater than the amount of outflow and losses to evaporation

rapid increases and decreases in global sea level are related to____

the extent of continental ice sheets

calculations of the effect of melting the west antarctic ice sheet on global sea level are estimated at a 6 m rise. Much of the east coast of the US is at high risk in the event of sea level rise because of _______

the presence of barrier islands gentle slopes of the coast low-elevation land

most of the sediment that glaciers carry comes from ____.

the slopes that flank the glacier and the bedrock below the glacier

voids may form in limestone deposits where minerals have been dissolved. How are caves formed when these voids are exposed?

the water table and caves are drained roofs collapse and caves are exposed to air

in the past, global sea level was lower because ____

there was more widespread glaciation as one or more of the continents were nearer to the poles than they are today

the general name given to deposited glacial sediment

till

it consists of consolidated till and or poorly sorted, glacially deposited sediment that has now become a sedimentary rock

tillite

what decreases or increases sediment at the shoreline

longshore current transportation of sediment parallel to the coast creation of sand dunes from sand blown onto land from the beach or vice versa

the water table is the ____

top of the zone of saturation

permeability refers to the capacity of a geologic material to _____

transmit fluid

glaciers ___ sediment of all sizes within, on top of and underneath the moving ice.

transport

t or f: one of the best ways to avoid shoreline hazards is not to build in those places that have the highest likelihood of erosion, flooding, landslides and hazards

true

true or false: geologists use process and features found in currently active glacial environments to help interpret landscapes left behind by ancient glacial events

true

t or f: below the wave base there is no wave action (from surface waves)

true: wave action extends only wave base

the smoothing action of a glacier creates this large scale feature

u shaped valley

occurs when weight is removed from the land results in isotactic rebound causes the land to rise relative to sea level

unloading

the first step in constructing a contour map of a(n) _____ table is to collect and plot the elevations of all the available wells in an area

water

the highest part of a waveform

wave crest

it is formed when erosion at sea level bevels off bedrock and forms a flat surface that may be covered by water at high tide and fully exposed at low tide

wave cut platform

crashing water and sediment wear away at bedrock along a rocky shoreline in the same place over time

wave cut- notch

what increases the sediment at the shorelines

wave erosion and associated slumping of rocks along the coast runoff; river systems and deltas erosion of reefs by waves that transport the sediment toward the shore

the vertical distance between the wave crest and the wave trough

wave height

the lowest part of a waveform

wave trough

waves wash sediment back and forth across the sea bottom and smooth off the underlying bedrock

wave-cut platform

the horizontal distance between 2 wave crests

wavelength

they are generated by wind. They erode and move and deposit sediment

waves

why do initially straight water waves generally refract (bend) as they approach a shoreline?

waves almost always approach the shore at an angle as waves approach shore, segments closest to shore slow down relative to those farther out differences in velocity between segments of the wave cause the waves to bend and become more parallel with the shore

most surface ocean waves are caused by _____

wind blowing across the surface of the water

they move fine material on a beach. The transported sediment from them may form dunes

winds

it is formed by a wave cut platform that is uplifted above sea level

marine terrace

it increases the effects of the season. Warmer summer temperatures melt more polar ice. It cycles about every 40,000 years

maximum tilt angle of earth

it increases the effects of the seasons. Warmer summer temp melt more polar ice. it cycles about every 40,000

maximum tilt angle of earth

forms down the center of a glacier, when two tributary glaciers meet

medial moraine

large volumes of water are released back into the ocean; sea levels rises

melting of glaciers and ice sheets

what occurs at a subglacial channel

meltwater flows along the base of a glacier

it decreases the effect of the season. cooler summers lead to an increase in glaciation. it cycles about every 40,000 years

minimum tilt angle of earth

it decreases the effect of the seasons. Cooler summers lead to an increase in glaciation. it cycles about every 40,000 year

minimum tilt angle of earth

earth's orbit is slightly more elliptical; cycles last about 100,000 years

more eccentricity

earth's orbit is slightly more elliptical; cycles lasts about 100,000 years

more eccentricity

release of CO2 and CH4 into the atmosphere

more greenhouse gases tend to warm the planet

greater risk; allows erosion during storms, affecting structures sitting near the coastline

narrow beach

high and low tides are weaker than usual it occurs at times of the first and third quarter moon this is created when the moon is at a right angle from the sun in the earth-moon-sun system

neap tide

which of the following best describes the composition of the atmosphere and the amount of energy given off by the sun, both of which affect earth's global climate

neither one is constant over time

which of the following best describes the composition of the atmosphere and the amount of energy given off by the sun, both of which affect earth's global climate?

neither one is constant over time

changes in sea level may be caused by which of the following?

ocean temps amount of continental glaciation rates of seafloor spreading position of the continent

the majority of earth's water is found in the _____

oceans

a spring is a place where water flows naturally from rock ____

onto the land surface

what factors may directly influence the strength of wave action (and therefore the strength of erosion and transportation/deposition of sediment) striking a coast?

orientation of the coastline slope of the seafloor size and intensity of storms

the image shows _____ ground, which consists of geometric patterns and forms above permafrost

patterned

broad glaciers that form when a more restricted glacier spreads out, as it moves into less confined topography

piedmont glacier

the process of ____ is concentrated on the downflow side of irregularities in the bedrock beneath a glacier and can occur where rocks become loosened by and incorporated into ice at the glacier's base

plucking

a(n) ______ is a term given to the shape of contamination as it follows the flow of groundwater

plume

it consists of bedrock that has been smoothed and grooved; glacially carried sediment erodes away at the bedrock below

polished and scratched bedrock

what type of evidence is left in lake sediments that help us reconstruct climate change in the great lakes region during the ice age?

pollen

what word or phrase do geologists use to describe where groundwater exists between sediment grains

pore spaces

______ is the percentage of rock or sediment that consists of voids or openings and is a measure of a rock's ability to hold water

porosity

glaciation becomes widespread; sea levels drops

position of more continents near the poles

when continental ice sheet recede, sea levels ___

rise

unstable slope fallures ____.

can skill thousands of people in a single event

a part of a stream that receives water from the inflow of groundwater is called a

gaining stream

the ice ages _____

- are so called because over the past 2 million years, there was a marked increase in glacial periods - coincide with the pleistocene epoch

a glacier _____.

- is a moving mass of ice -may be restricted to a single valley -can cover a continent

the movement of a glacier through an area ______

- locally polishes smooth surface onto bedrock -may carve grooves and scratch marks into bedrock - wears down topographic highs

which of the following are true of how glaciers move?

- rates at which glaciers move are extremely variable (a few centimeters to tens of meters per day) -the upper part of a glacier flows faster than the lower part - only the coldest glaciers become locked to the bedrock at their base

which of the following are true regarding the location of ice sheets and glaciers

- the second-largest ice mass is on greenland -most glaciers are in high latitudes or high elevations -the largest ice mass is on antarctica

consider chromium contamination in a groundwater sample. At first, nothing is known of the chromium source, the groundwater characteristics or the extent of the plume. Rank in order the process for tracking the contamination and its remediation, with the first step on top

-determine the geology of the site and the water table -determine the direction of the flow of groundwater - determine possible sources of the chromium behind the plume -drill wells in front of the plume of contamination -process contaminated groundwater

the ice age hypothesis developed from _____.

-evidence of bones of reindeer and arctic birds in southern france -the large, out of place erratics scattered across much of europe -presence of scratched and polished bedrock far beyond the alps

the channeled scablands in western washington were formed during the last ice age when _____

-floodwaters caused rapid and large scale erosion -ice dam failures created enormous floods

select the 2 common ways in which groundwater originates and accumulates

-groundwater originates from precipitation into the surface where it accumulates - groundwater originates from snowmelt seeping into the surface where it accumulates

when a glacier encounters a sea or lake, ____

-ice along the leading edge of the glacier may calve and from icebergs - a large ice shelf may be formed, if a large quantity of ice is floating on the water -it may float on the water

which of the following are natural substances that can contaminate groundwater

-lead and arsenic from mineralized rocks -sulfur

what land areas were largely covered by a large continuous ice sheet 28,000 years ago but are not largely covered by an ice sheet today?

-northern asia -northern europe -canada -northern US

which of the following help scientist identify past glacial and interglacial periods

-oxygen isotopic compositions in cores taken from glacial ice -oxygen and carbon isotopes in marine fossils

which four factors are considered significant in causing the ice age?

-positions of the continents -changes in solar activity -amount of CO2 and methane in the atmosphere -changes in earth's tilt and orbit around the sun

choose the three properties that control the rate of groundwater flow through rocks

-propostity of the rock materials -steepness of the water table -permeability of rock materials

order the systematic changes that occur in waves as they approach the shore, with the first event at the top and the last at the bottom

1. Water shears on the bottom when the depth is shallower than the wave base, as the waves approach the shore 2. waves slow down 3. wave crest bunch up and become steep (wave height increases and wavelength decreases) 4. wave crests topple over and the wave breaks in the surf zone

what is the development of a sea stack?

1. a promontory extends out into the sea 2. wave action begins to erode at the weaker parts of the rock on the promontory 3. a sea cave is formed as rock behind the tip of the promontory is eroded faster than the tip 4. continued erosion collapses the roof of the sea cave, leaving a passage behind the tip of the promontory 5. a sea stack is created that was once the tip of the promontory

order the sediments formed in the surf zone by the general amount of time over which they have been eroded by wave action along the coast. Put the sediment formed in the shortest amount of time on the top.

1. large, angular rock pieces 2. flattened, smooth pebbles 3. sand

order the steps of glacier ice formation from snowflakes, beginning with the snowfall

1. snow falls as individual flakes 2. snowflakes are pressed together; air is forced out 3. snowflakes are compressed into irregular, dense spheres 4. snow changes into interlocking crystals and has a blush color

if 2 successive wave crest are 30 m apart, what is the aprox depth of the wave base

15m; depth of wave base = wavelength/2

how many ice sheets does antarctica have?

2

the rate at which glaciers move varies widely, from a few centimeters a day to over ___ per day

30 meters

a(n) ______ shaped valley in a landscape is indicative of a glacier carving and eroding the original v-shaped river alley

U

What is permafrost?

a condition in which water in the uppermost part of the soil profile is permanently frozen

the water table has _____.

a shape similar to that of the land surface lying above it

not all large masses of ice are glaciers. A large accumulation of snow and ice that does not move is called ____. When large masses of ice forms as the upper surface of the ocean freezes, that is called ____.

a snowfield; sea ice

glaciers that begin in the mountainous terrain and flow down valleys

alpine glaciers

waves break directly on the coast and swirl away loose, broken pieces of bedrock

angular sediment

a(n) _____ is a large body of permeable, saturated material through which groundwater can flow well enough to yield sufficient water to wells and springs

aquifer

this is a jagged ridge formed between two glaciers, as they are eroded from both sides

arete

large volcanic eruptions

ash and dust block sunlight, resulting in cooling

the water level in a well drilled into an unconfined aquifer will be _____ the aquifer

at the same level as in

sea level rises around former long, low mounds of sediment and bay cutoffs

barrier island formation

the largest waves generally do not reach here (through that may change some with the seasons); erosion is reduced this curve inward along a coastline produces quiet waters, so erosion is reduced

bay

the highest tides in the world are found in the _____, where the tidal range is as much as 16 m

bay of fundy in nova scotia

a long, low mound of sediment lengthens in the direction of the prevailing longshore current and becomes long enough that it cuts off a bay

baymouth bar formation

what approaches have been tried to address shoreline erosion problems

beach nourishment jetties and groins seawalls and breakwaters not building along coasts

the ogallala aquifer is located _____

beneath an area extending from south dakota to the panhandle of texas

this forms as snow gets buried and compressed

blue ice

large blocks of ice collapsing off the front of a glacier are said to be ____

calving

large blocks of ice collapsing off the front of a glacier are said to be _____

calving

based on the LIDAR images of elevations, how has LIDAR data helped scientist understand this shoreline ?

data demonstrate that this coastline is at high risk for storm damage data show large changes in erosion and deposition of sediment in different areas along the coast

spits and baymouth bars barrier islands

deposition: submerged

if groundwater is removed from an aquifer by overpumping, a cone of _____ will form

depression

which of the following contribute water to a stream?

direct precipitation snowmelt groundwater

the process of ____ can weather calcium in limestone to form caves along fractures or below water table

dissolution

any sediment carried by ice, icebergs, or meltwater is called glacial _____

drift

as the water table ____, the upper section of the original aquifer is now above the water table and is said to be dewatered

drops

it consists of a larger stone that is deposited in otherwise fine grained marine and lake sediment; floating icebergs dropped the stone

dropstone

streamlined hills formed as a moving glacier sculpts material into this shape

drumlins

old coral reefs are exposed on land wave-cut notches form topographic steps on the land marine terraces are found

emergent coasts

the area on a glacier where the accumulation of ice and snow exactly balances the loss is called the ____line

equilibrium

if ocean temperatures fall, then sea levels ____

fall

sea level ___ when glaciers and ice sheets grow during ice ages

falls

true or false: groundwater reservoirs are stationary with no movement or flow

false

true or false: there was only one glacial and one interglacial period during the past 2 million years

false

T or F: the only process responsible for the movement of sediment along a shoreline is water wave action

false: wind is common along shorelines and may carry sand and finer materials long distances. Also, seacliff erosion can add significant amounts of sand to the shoreline

mid ocean ridges become broader and ocean water is displaced out of ocean basins; sea level rises

fast rates of seafloor spreading

over time, they may rise or lower parts of a coast relative to sea level, causing either emergence or submergence of the coast

faulting/ tectonic activity

select all the geologic settings where springs could occur

faults limestone aquifers unconformities

what is true of the movement of sediment on a beach under normal (nonstormy) conditions?

fine dry sediment may be carried long distances by the wind sediment on the sea bottom is churned and carried shoreward sediment is reworked back and forth by waves not travel far

what the common processes that may affect shorelines

fine sediment carried by wind transport of sediment by rivers movement of waves and tides

of all the states in the US _____ has the greatest amount of karst topography and is at the highest risk for the formation of dangerous sinkholes

florida

groundwater found in crystalline rock such as granite usually moves through _____ instead of pore spaces

fractures

most groundwater is found in 3 settings: pore spaces, ____, and subterranean caves

fractures

precipitation seeps into the ground surface

infiltration

sea flooding the coastline after glaciers melted

inlets and bays

the time during an ice age that occurs between glacial periods, when glaciers are melting and retreating is called a(n) ______ period

interglacial

lower ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in seawater

interglacial period

lower ratios of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in the compositions of marine shells

interglacial period

what is karst topography

it is a landscape full of depressions, weathered grey rock and irregular drainage patterns through soluble rock

focuses waves on adjacent stretches of coast, causing erosion

jetty

formed as a block of ice left behind by a glacier melts, leaving a depression that fills with water

kettle lake

a wet climate exists along the coast

large amounts of soil and vegetation

lesser risk (particularly for those stabilized by vegetation); lowers the risk of erosion and risk from inland storm surge

large dunes

forms along the sides of a glacier

lateral moraine

what are caves called that have been formed in regions of volcanic activity?

lava tubes

earth's orbit is slightly more circular; cycles last about 100,00 years

less eccentricity

earth's orbit is slightly more circular; cycles last about 100,000 years

less eccentricity

each cycle last about 23,000 years; this "wobble" may affect global climate

precession

each cycle lasts about 23,000 years; this "wobble" may affect global climates

precession

clouds cool and water molecules bond together eventually falling towards earth

precipitations

it is a vulnerable projection of land into the water; wave action is focused here, causing more erosion waves may refract around this feature, causing waves to strike it from all sides and increase erosion

promontory

forms as the front of a glacier melts back and stagnates for some period of time in one location, depositing a pile of sediment

recessional moraine

groundwater ____ is the term that describes the replenishment of groundwater either naturally or by human processes

recharge

if seafloor spreading along a ridge is ______the ridge becomes broad, displaying water out of the ocean basin and increasing sea level

relatively fast