GEOL 4L Final Exam

The lithosphere is synonymous with (means the same thing as): -a rockfall deposit -The Earth's Crust -the atmosphere's lower layer -the Earth's crust & upper mantle -the Earth's core

-the Earth's crust & upper mantle

A geochronologist studies: -earthquakes -volcanoes -geography (topography) ! -the age of Earth materials

-the age of Earth materials

In the past, the current continents were connected in a supercontinent that we now call " ___(1)___ ." However, there is evidence that ___(2)___ .

1)Pangea 2) continents have joined, and split many times before

(look at lab) The softest minerals of the unknowns was number ___(1)___ , which has a hardness of ___(2)___ . 1) #1-5 2) #1-5

1) 1 2) 1

(refer to plate tectonic lab #7) In the seismological maps, red dots indicated shallow earthquakes (0-33 km), orange a bit deeper (33-70 km), green occurred in the lower crust and upper mantle (70-300 km), and blue were the deepest (300-700 km). Use this information to interpret the image below. (Note: North is at the top) Earthquake-1.PNG This pattern of earthquakes found in an ocean basin is probably associated with which type of earthquake-generating zone? -Transform Plate Boundary -Subduction Zone -Collisional Plate Boundary -Divergent Plate Boundary

-Subduction Zone

Earthquakes and volcanoes are both found in the following places: Pay attention to both the location and the type of geologic environment. -The Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Divergent Plate Boundary -South shore of Alaska: Subduction Zone -Oklahoma and Oregon: Continental Volcanic Arc -Japan: Subduction Zone -California: Transform Plate Boundary

-The Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Divergent Plate Boundary -South shore of Alaska: Subduction Zone -Japan: Subduction Zone

Which of the following statements would best substitute for letter B? (Streak which means...) -The color of a mineral -The internal arrangement of a mineral's atoms -The color of a mineral's powder -The crystalline structure of a mineral

-The color of a mineral's powder

In which of the following locations are the shallowest earthquakes taking place? -Collisional Zones and Induced Seismicity: The Himalayan Mountains and Oklahoma -Subduction Zones and Collisional boundaries: The Marianas Trench and the Himalayan Mountains -Divergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Zones: The mid-Atlantic Ridge and the west coast of South America -Transform Plate Boundaries & Divergent Boundaries: California and the mid-Atlantic Ridge

-Transform Plate Boundaries & Divergent Boundaries: California and the mid-Atlantic Ridge

Earthquakes take place in zones. -True -False

-True

Fine sediments create finely textured sedimentary rocks. -True -False

-True

(look at rocks lab #5)What type of rock surrounds the sink in image C? -a volcanic rock -a sedimentary rock -a metamorphic rock -granite

-a sedimentary rock

(refer to minerals lab #16) The image below shows a few mineral samples and an old penny. Notice that you can see the penny through one of the thinnest samples. The ability of this type of mineral to "peel" along flat planes is called: -streak -cleavage -fracture -habit

-cleavage

If a mineral reacts with weak hydrochloric acid, it is very likely: -also magnetic -composed of calcite -heavily fractured -low on the Mohs' scale of hardness

-composed of calcite

The map below shows the location of the Mariana Trench. What type of plate boundary does this exemplify? -transform -convergent -divergent -strike-slip

-convergent

The same image shown above gives evidence for a ____________ plate boundary. Multiple types of plate boundaries may be visible, select all that are correct. (map of Asia) -strike-slip -convergent -subduction -transform -divergent

-convergent -subduction -divergent

Which of the following choices could be substituted for the label "C?" ( *example* which scratches topaz) -hardness -corundum -a steel nail -orthoclase

-corundum

(refer to minerals lab #5) The image below shows four different substances (crystals). Which visible characteristic do these substances have in common? -color -streak -crystal structure -chemical composition

-crystal structure

Sedimentary rocks are generally classified according to: (Pick all that apply) -degree of rounding -cement type -particle or grain size -degree of sorting -the minerals that compose them -their relative ages

-degree of rounding -cement type -particle or grain size -degree of sorting

A seismologist studies: -the age of Earth materials -earthquakes -geography (topography) -volcanoes

-earthquakes

Lithification is the process of turning lava or magma into solid rock. -true -false

-false

(look at rocks lab #6) What type of rock is set on the counter in image D? -brickite -marble -granite -travertine

-granite

Which mineral is softer than your fingernail? -kyanite -quartz -gypsum -garnet

-gypsum

(refer to minerals lab #6) Looking at the same substances, if each of the items below were identified as quartz, which characteristic would they all have in common? (Check all that apply) -color -age -hardness -location of where they were mined

-hardness

(refer to minerals lab #18) The mineral sample shown below can best be identified by its pulverized (powdered) form. What is the likely identity of this mineral? -hematite -biotite -magnetite -pyrite

-hematite

The results of all three physical tests shown are most useful for determining the: -identity of the minerals -age of the minerals -environment in which the minerals formed -rate of weathering of the minerals

-identity of the minerals

Which physical property of a mineral is represented by letter A? (The way a mineral reflects light) -radioactivity -magnetism -luster -density

-luster

The three types of rocks are: -sedentary, igneous, metastatic -intrusive, sedimentary, metamorphic -ignatious, sedimentary, metamorphosis -metamorphic, sedimentary, igneous

-metamorphic, sedimentary, igneous

Which of the following substances can not be considered a mineral? (Check all that apply) -quartz -natural gas -diamond -gold and silver -solid ice -petroleum (crude oil) -liquid water

-natural gas -petroleum (crude oil) -liquid water

Michelle proposes to Julia, and gives her a beautiful ring. Julia is quite taken with the stone set in the ring. It is clear; it glitters; it simply must be a diamond. Julia's friend, Eva, is not too sure, so she tries to scratch it with a steel kitchen knife. It does not scratch! This test determines: -that it is a diamond, because diamonds cannot be scratched by steel -that it is a unique form of apatite, since that gem cannot be scratched by steel -that it is clear fluorite, since that mineral cannot be scratched with steel -nothing, since there are several minerals harder than steel

-nothing, since there are several minerals harder than steel

The classification of rocks into these three categories, is a function of their: -size: size of whole rock -age: of entire specimen -hardness: strength of the rock -origin: how they formed

-origin: how they formed

What are sedimentary rocks formed from? Select all that apply. -particles of other rocks -matrix or cement -rapidly cooled lava -sediments -crystals that grew in place

-particles of other rocks -matrix or cement -sediments

Which mineral has a metallic luster? -halite -talc -red hematite -pyrite

-pyrite

(refer to plate tectonic lab #13) The map below shows the Atlantic Ocean (North America on the west; Africa on the right) showing different colors in the bathymetry (ocean bottom). These colors symbolize: -rock types -earthquake activity -rock ages -rock hardness

-rock ages

(refer to plate tectonic lab #14) The same map shown above displays a great example of: -subduction -transformation -sea floor spreading -convergence

-sea floor spreading

Which mineral's streak does not match its surface's color? -silver hematite -halite -gypsum -talc

-silver hematite

Earthquake depths on the west coast of South America indicate that: (Select all that apply) -subduction is occurring -transgression is occurring -convergence is occurring -divergence is occurring

-subduction is occurring -convergence is occurring

A soapy-feeling mineral is used in cosmetics and even baby powder. This mineral is known as: -asbestos -spartanite -talc -kyanite

-talc

Eva is still skeptical about Julia's ring's identity, so she brings it to her mother's metal shop. There, Eva is able to scratch Julia's stone with a drill bit. This makes Julia very angry, because the test has revealed: -that she will now have to get her diamond cut into smaller stones -that the ring is made from quartz -that she will now have to get her diamond repaired to cover the scratch -that she can no longer tell whether the gem is apatite or fluorite

-that the ring is made from quartz

The best evidence for determining the cooling rate of an igneous rock during its solidification is provided by: -the disintegration of radioactive substances -faults in the rock -the crystal size of its minerals -fossils

-the crystal size of its minerals

All types of rocks are categorized based on their texture and composition. -true -false

-true

Lava and magma are different terms for the same material in two different places with respect to the ground surface. -true -false

-true

In the lab, there were six mineral samples on display at the "luster station." How many of these minerals could be characterized as "metallic?" (Refer to the luster station table on your worksheet.) -five -six -two -one

-two

(look at lab) Specimen number ___(1)___ , is frequently called a "book" because it ___(2)___ . This mineral is distinctly ___(3)___ in color, and it has a ___(4)___ . 1) #1-4 2) can leave a mark on a paper, cleaves into thin sheets 3) silver, black, white 4) non-metallic luster, metallic luster

1) 4 2) cleaves into thin sheets 3) black 4) non-metallic luster

(look at lab) Only one of the minerals studied was distinctly pink. This was sample number ___(1)___ , which has a ___(2)___ , a hardness of ___(3)___ , and is called ___(4)___ . 1) #1-6 2) *luster* 3) #2-6 4) halite, kyanite, orthoclase, chalk

1) 6 2) non-metallic luster 3) 6 4) orthoclase

(look at lab) Only one of the minerals studied was distinctly deep red. This was sample number ___(1)___ , which has a ___(2)___, and is called ___(3)___ . 1) #7-10 2) metallic, non-metallic, but glassy 3) bloodite, garnet, plagioclase, granite

1) 7 2) non-metallic, but glassy 3) garnet

(look at rocks lab #13) The rock shown to the right is black, and has a glassy luster. An example of this rock was available at the __(1)__. The name of this rock is __(2)__ . 1) Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic station 2) obsidian, pumice, fred, quartz

1) Igneous station 2) obsidian

Which of the following changes is possible, given the schematic known as "the rock cycle?" -Sedimentary rocks can melt to form magma -An igneous rock may be buried, where it is subjected to a great deal of pressure and increased temperature, recrystallizing to form a metamorphic rock -Magma may migrate to the surface of the Earth, where it may flow out of a volcano, forming an extrusive igneous rock -All of these changes are possible -An igneous rock may be broken down by weathering and erosion, and its particles can be compacted or cemented together to form a sedimentary rock

-All of these changes are possible

(refer to minerals lab #3) Which sequence correctly matches each test, A, B, and C, with the mineral property tested? -A—streak; B—cleavage; C—hardness -A—cleavage; B—hardness; C—streak -A—streak; B—hardness; C—cleavage -A—cleavage; B—streak; C—hardness

-A—cleavage (if it breaks); B—streak(if it leaves color); C—hardness(if it scratches glass)

Which minerals have a metallic luster? -D -B and C -All of them -A

-B and C

Metamorphic rocks... Select all that apply. -Are the subject of Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis". -Can be formed from any rock type. -Are either foliated or non-foliated. -Are formed via some combination of heat, pressure, and fluids. -Are created through a process called metamorphosis.

-Can be formed from any rock type. -Are either foliated or non-foliated. -Are formed via some combination of heat, pressure, and fluids.

Igneous rocks... Select all that apply. -Cool from lava, only. -Cool from lava or magma. -Have crystals. -Cool from magma, only. -Form via cooling and crystallization. -Are classified based on their texture and composition.

-Cool from lava or magma. -Have crystals. -Form via cooling and crystallization. -Are classified based on their texture and composition.

(refer to minerals lab #7) What do the specimens above most likely have in common? (Check all that apply) -Name (identity) -Crystal structure -Chemical composition -Streak -The internal arrangement of atoms -Hardness

-Crystal structure -The internal arrangement of atoms

(look at rocks lab #4) A student who took Geology 4L is looking for an apartment in the Bay Area. The agent showing her around says that the apartment has a granite countertop. (This is probably so that the rent can be at a maximum.) Which apartment is the student looking at? -C -Because the student took Geol 4L, she realizes that the realtor is mistaken, since none of the countertops are made of granite. The agent just wants to jack up the price. -A -B -The apartment may be A, B, C, or D because all of the counters are composed of granite -D

-D

(refer to plate tectonic lab #6) (In the seismological maps, red dots indicated shallow earthquakes (0-33 km), orange a bit deeper (33-70 km), green occurred in the lower crust and upper mantle (70-300 km), and blue were the deepest (300-700 km). Use this information to interpret the image below. (Note: North is at the top) Earthquake-1.PNG This pattern of earthquakes found in an ocean basin is probably an indication of: -Earthquakes aging from east to west -Earthquakes shallowing from west to east -Earthquakes strengthening from west to east -Earthquakes weakening from west to east -Earthquakes deepening from west to east -Earthquakes aging from west to east

-Earthquakes shallowing from west to east

Continental crust is more dense than oceanic crust. -True -False

-False

Volcanoes occur and erupt everywhere on Earth. -True -False

-False

Which of the following are requirements for any substance defined as a mineral? (Check all that apply.) -Are composed of one or more rocks -Have identifiable characteristics -Must contain more than two different types of atoms -All minerals have a single, specific color -Naturally-forming -Must be a solid

-Have identifiable characteristics -Naturally-forming -Must be a solid

(look at rocks lab #7) What conclusion can be made about countertops in general, from the images shown above? -Most countertops are composed of different types of granite -Although rock countertops are frequently called "granite," many different rock types may be cut into slabs -Rock countertops are usually made from igneous rocks -Only metamorphic rocks can be used in countertops, because igneous and sedimentary rocks are not hard enough

-Most countertops are composed of different types of granite

Lots of evidence pointed toward the possibility of continental drift. Click all of those that were considered. -Mountain ranges fit across continents. -Diamonds are found in Arkansas, and South Africa -Lava flows, of the same age and composition, are found on the West Coast of North America, and Asia -Evidence of glacial activity in places that are tropical. -The coastlines of Africa and South America seem to fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle -Non-swimming animal fossils are found on continents, thousands of miles apart

-Mountain ranges fit across continents. -Evidence of glacial activity in places that are tropical. -The coastlines of Africa and South America seem to fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle -Non-swimming animal fossils are found on continents, thousands of miles apart

Are earthquakes and volcanoes always found in the same places? -There is no correlation -No -Yes

-No

(look at rocks lab #9) The rock shown to the left looks like it has been twisted and contorted. It is similar in appearance to one or more rocks found at the ___(1)___ . 1) Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rock Station The white and black patterns we see are known as ___(2)___ . This type of rock must have formed ___(3)___ . 2) banding, foliation 3) deep in the ocean, under a great deal of heat and pressure California's state rock, known as " ___(4)___," forms under similar conditions, although it has a different appearance than the sample shown here. Although the conditions are extreme, these types of rocks cannot have ___(5)___ , because if they did, they would have formed ___(6)___instead. 4) gold, gneiss, serpentinite 5) melted, been compressed 6) Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rocks

1) Metamorphic Rock Station 2) banding 3) under a great deal of heat and pressure 4) serpentinite 5) melted 6) Igneous rocks

(look at rocks lab #11) The rock shown to the left contains a feature common only to __(1)__ . This rock contains __(2)__ . 1)Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rocks 2) foliation, ripple marks, a fossil

1) Sedimentary rock 2) a fossil

(refer to plate tectonic lab #4) The middle plate boundary, "B," is most like the border between __(1)__ . California has a major plate boundary which moves more like __(2)__ . The plate boundary at the upper left, "A," shows a diagram of what __(3)__ may look like. Finally, which of the diagrams shows how most of the plate boundaries surrounding the Pacific Ocean ("The Ring of Fire") move relative to each other? __(4)__ 1) a zone running generally north-south under the Atlantic Ocean, the Himalayan mountain seperating India from Asia, South America and the Pacific Ocean, California and the Pacific Ocean 2) A, B, C 3) a zone running generally north-south under the Atlantic Ocean, the Himalayan mountain seperating India from Asia, South America and the Pacific Ocean, California and the Pacific Ocean 4) A, B, C

1) South America and the Pacific Ocean 2) C 3) A zone running generally north-south under the Atlantic Ocean 4) B

In addition to being Mickey Mouse's dog and the ninth planet in our solar system (or not), in ancient times, Pluto was known as the god of the ___(1)___ . Some may ask "What does ancient mythology have to do with geology? There are a class of rocks that form ___(2)___ , called "Plutonic" or ___(3)___ . We observed several examples of this type of rock at the ___(4)___ . One of them, named " ___(5)___ " has a medium color, because it contains an intermediate amount of the mineral, " ___(6)___ 1) The underworld, the sea 2) deep in the earth's crust, deep in the ocean 3) intrusive, chemical 4) sedimentary, igneous rock station 5) dolomite, diorite 6) calcite, quartz

1) The underworld 2) deep in the earth's crust 3) intrusive 4) igneous rock station 5) diorite 6) quartz

When sediments pile up, the pressure at the bottom leads to the process of ___(1)___ , which is one of the ways in which __(2)__ rocks form. The other process is __(3)__ . 1) metamorphism, cementation, erosion, compaction, metamorphosis 2) igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks 3) erosion, weathering, lithification, compaction, cementation

1) compaction 2) sedimentary rocks 3) cementation

(refer to plate tectonic lab #3) The diagram labeled "A" (top) shows a __(1)__ boundary. The diagram labeled "B" (middle) shows a __(2)__ boundary. The plate boundary shown in diagram "C" (bottom) is known as a __(3)__ boundary. 1) divergent, convergent, transverse 2) divergent, convergent, transverse 3) divergent, convergent, transverse

1) divergent 2) convergent 3) transverse

"Lead" pencils aren't made with any lead at all. The mineral used in them is called ___(1)___ , which is so soft that it can leave a gray-black __(2)___ on a piece of paper. This mineral is composed of the element __(3)___, and so it has the same chemical composition as ___(4)___ ! 1) graphite, calcite, magnetite 2) soap, luster, streak 3) carbon, corundum, carborundum 4) diamond, silver, gold

1) graphite 2) streak 3) carbon 4) diamond

(look at lab) One of the dark gray minerals was very dense. It had a ___(1)___ and also had a ___(2)___ . Its streak was ___(3)___ as its surface. This mineral, number ___(4)___ is known as ___(5)___ . 1) non-metallic luster, metallic luster 2) cubic structure/cleavage, needle-like habit/no cleavage 3) a totally different color, the same color 4) 3, 6, 8, 10, 1 5) magnetite, pyroxenite, galena, graphite

1) metallic luster 2) cubic structure/cleavage 3) the same color 4) 10 5) galena

(look at rocks lab #14) This rock is different from the other two classes, because instead of being composed and classified by the __(1)__ it contains, it is generally characterized and identified by the __(2)__. The specimen to the left has __(3)__of __(4)__ of uniform size and shape. This is the only kind of rock that __(3)__. 1) clasts, minerals 2) minerals, grains 3) pieces, crystals 4) pre-existing rocks 5) displays banding, can preserve ripple marks

1) minerals 2) grains 3) pieces 4) pre-existing rocks 5) displays banding

A steel nail can be scratched by _____(1)____ , which can be scratched by ____(2)____, and they all can scratch ____(3)_____. 1) apatite, quartz, gypsum 2) corundum, orthoclase, plagioclase 3) topaz, orthoclase, diamond

1) quartz 2) plagioclase 3) diamond

The image below shows displacement along a fault in the Midwest of the United States. What type of movement is shown __(1)__, and is this taking place on a plate boundary? __(2)__ 1) convergent, divergent, strike-slip 2) no, yes

1) strike-slip 2) no

Igneous rock can be characterized by __(1)__ and __(2)__ . Gabbro is a __(3)__ rock that contains __(4)__ . If the same molten rock cooled more __(5)__ , the rock that would result would be called __(6)__. 1) texture, hardness 2) luster, color 3) mafic, felsic 4) small or invisible crystals, large crystals 5) slowly, rapidly 6) granite, basalt

1) texture 2) color 3) mafic 4) large crystals 5) rapidly 6) basalt