Geology 103 Lessons 4 & 5--Midterm

Review Q#12c Which of the following geologic sessions would be better to study for proof of punctuated equilibrium? 1. a continuous set of cores from the ocean floor 2. a section on the continent where there has been repeated episodes of uplift and erosion throughout geologic time

"One of the best indicators that validates punctuated equilibrium is the fossil record itself. In sequences of Layered, Fossible Rich SEDIMENTARY rocks, new species often appear suddenly in a specific bed, remain relatively unchanged in higher strata, and then disappear." NOTE: Ritter did not answer this directly but based on the above answer provided in the appendix for Lesson 5: 1. a continuous set of cores from the ocean floor

Learning Outcomes #5 Briefly discuss evolution in terms of modern genetics

"To this day, evolution by means of natural selection remains the single best scientific explanation for the nature and distribution of life on Earth. It is the only theory that combines the hard-won, acts listed above into a meaningful whole."

Review Q#10b What are the contributions of MENDAL to organic evolution?

--Pea experimentation lead to modern understanding of genetics. --Genes were the cause of the variations Darwin observed

Learning Outcomes #7 What was Darwin's role in the development of modern evolutionary theory?

-brought biology out of the Middle Ages -substituted divine design/supernatural forces with natural material causes that could be scientifically studied. -replaced a young

Review Q#10a What are the contributions of DARWIN to organic evolution?

-gathered physical evidence of Natural Selection -outlined a Methodolgy for testing evolutionary theory

Learning Outcomes #3 Discuss Lamarack's theory of evolution

1. All species descended from others 2. New structures appear out of need or want 3. Once acquired--structures can be passed on to offspring Giraffe develops longer neck to reach higher leaves--passes this on to offspring.

Learning Outcomes #2 Discuss the completeness of the FOSSIL RECORD

A. Sedimentation not continuous B. Preservation is rare Calculated that under 1% of species are fossilized. C. Plants and animals are not evenly distributed Land plants/animals are less likely to have fossil remains D. Geologic processes destroy -- biological materials are delicate and susceptible to microscopic decomposers and macroscopic scavengers --Hard parts, unless rapidly buried become disarticulated and battered by waves and currents.

Review Q#7a What is meant by the term ADAPTATION

ADAPTATION: modification of an organism that enables it to better live in its current environment or to compete in a new environment. beak size and shape enables bird to adjust to available/new food sources.

Review Q#7b Explain "ADAPTIVE RADIATION"

ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS -SEVERAL ORGANISMS ADAPT SIMULTANEOUSLY--usually because of mass extinctions--catastrophic events.

Review Q#7c The Cambrian explosion, the rise of reptiles to dominance and the demise of dinosaurs during the Mesozoic and the early-Cenozoic rise of mammals are examples of ___.

Adaptive radiations

Review Q#3 A chronostratigraphic unit contains a different fossil assemblage at one locality than at another located 200 km away. Suggest a possible cause for the dissimilarity.

Although that the two fossil assemblages are TIME equivalent(ie: chronstratigraphic), the difference must be because of ecological differences. For example, a shallow marine location would have different fossils than a deep water location two hundred kilometers.

Review Q#12a Distinguish between the concept of PHYLETIC GRADUALISM and PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

Are opposite terms PHYLETIC GRADUALISM--evolution occurs progressively, evenly, and slowly PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM: evolution proceeds fitfully, with long periods of statis interrupted by brief periods of rapid change.

Alfred Russell Wallace's quote, "Every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a pre-existing closely allied species." This statement best represents the field of study known as ___.

BIOGEOGRAPHY--The field of biogeography is concerned with the distribution of species in relation both to geography and to other species. Biogeography comprises two disciplines: historical biogeography, which is concerned with the origins and evolutionary histories of species on a long time scale, and ecological biogeography, which deals with the current interactions of species with their environments and each other on a much shorter time scale.

The study of fossil preservation can be divided into two domains

BIOSTRATINOMIC--the PROCESSES affecting the species from death-burial FOSSIL DIAGENESIS--the study of the fossil history postburial; alterations caused by chemical reaction with ground water are: Replacement, Recrystallization, Permineralization, Carbonization, Leaching/dissolution(Note: this one is listed in the Major Concepts reading, but not indicated on the Learning Outcomes list like the other 4 )

Review Q#4 In drilling for oil, geologists recover Devonian conodonts in a stratum known to be Permian in age. Explain how this may have occurred.

Conodonts are made of the durable mineral-apatite. The conodont was eroded from a Devonian layer along w/quartz sand grains, then transported by wind and water, and deposited into a layer of sediment during the Permian. This is known as REWORKED fossil

Review Q#6e DOMAIN KINGDOM

DOMAIN--two or more kingdoms; The three domains currently recognized are: Archaea, Bacteria, and EUKARYA. Eukarya is divided into 5 KINGDOMS: Plantae, Animalia, and Protoctista, Fungi, Monera

The change in gene frequency brought about by natural selection( and other minor processes) acting upon variation produced by sexual recombination, mutation, and other minor sources of variation is the definition of ___.

EVOLUTION

Learning Outcomes #1 List the subdivisions of the Linnean classification

From general to specific domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

Review Q#6c GYMNOSPERM ANGIOSPERM

GYMNOSPERM-Flowerless (Jim-NO flowers) ex: cycads and conifers evolved early Paleozoic) ANGIOSPERM-Flowering (Angi likes flowers); seeds protected by ovary; evolved late Mesozoic

Review Q#12b How did Darwin account for the rapid or abrupt appearance of new species?

Gaps/missing links in the fossil record due to missing time or imperfect preservation of the fossil.

Review Q#6b HAPLOID DIPLOID

HAPLOID--contain only one set of chromosomes DIPLOID--Two SETS of PAIRED chromosomes

The "mystery of mysteries" all historical geologists want answers to is _____.

How species come into existence

Review Q#1 What factors determine whether or not a particular fossil will be valuable as an indicator of the age and correlation of a stratum?

INDEX FOSSIL--those that existed for a short time(short geological range) --widespread geographical distribution --easily identified and abundant

Learning Outcomes #3 Indicate the role of fossils in establishing the age of equivalence of sedimentary strata.

Index Fossils=fossils that indicate specific or restricted periods of time -short-ranging species -abundant, -geographically widespread, and -environmentally robust,

Land plants and animals are ___ likely to have fossil remains. Less/More

Less

Review Q#6a MITOSIS vs. MEIOSIS

MITOSIS--(A sexual reproduction)cellular division produces daughter cells in which each nucleus contains the exact same complement of chromosomes as parent cell. MEIOSIS--(Sexual reproduction)Involves two successive cell divisions resulting in daughter cells having 1/2 the number of chromosomes as parent cell

Learning Outcomes #1c Define the following fossil preservation: CARBONIZATION

Original soft parts are flattened and reduced to a film of carbon

Learning Outcomes #4. Explain how fossils are used to reconstruct ancient ecosystems, climates, and geographies

Paleoecologist assume that past biological COMMUNITIES had many of the same physical and biological attributes and ecological needs as their modern counterparts. The presence of certain fossils or assemblages of fossils in rocks yields insight to the environment of deposition

The Science that seeks to understand life of the past and its relationship to the modern biosphere is

Paleontology

Review Q#8b Why do new species commonly arise from peripheral isolates?

Peripheral Isolates will adapt in response to the less than optimum environmental conditions. Adaptions will be retained and enhanced because of the reproductive isolation. If isolated long enough, the population may become significantly different from the parent population, giving rise to a new species.

Review Q#8a What are PERIPHERAL ISOLATES?

Peripheral-MARGINS A population that lives on the margins of a species ecological range and is somehow kept in reproductive isolation from the main population

Learning Outcomes #4 Explain the concept of natural selection

Plant and animal distributions reflect a long and complex history during which modern plants and animals arose with modifications from ancestral forms.

Review Q#6d STRATOPHENETIC PHYLOGENY CLADISTIC PHYLOGENY

STRATOPHENETIC PHYLOGENY-traditional method of reconstructing ancestor-descendant RELATIONSHIPS BASED ON AGE...with older forms near the bottom of the tree and younger forms at the tips and branches. CLADISTIC PHYLOGENY--based on the state or absence of STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS such as limbs, appendages, etc.

Name the geologist who noted the similarity between tonsteins and modern shark teeth?

Steno

The study of fossil preservation is called

Taphonomy

Review Q#11 Using fossils for age correlation is dependent on a previous knowledge of their age ranges. How has this knowledge been obtained?

This knowledge was obtained through carefully observing fossil occurrences in rock layers during the last 200 years. For example, dinosaur bones have been found in Mesozoic rocks, but to date, no dinosaurs have been found in Paleozoic rocks. Similarly conodonts have been found in late-Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devo. Miss. Penn, Perm, and Triassic strata. They have not been found in Jurassic or younger formations, in spite of efforts to find them there.

The fossil record has contributed little to our understanding of evolutionary PROCESSES(genetics and inheritance) but provides us with patterns. Which of the following is an example of an evolutionary pattern. a. the occurrence of three evolutionary faunas during Phanerozoic time. b. The sudden increase in fossil diversity at the beginning of the Cambrian Period c. the reshuffling of the evolutionary cards by periodic mass extinctions. d. adaptive radiations following mass extinctions e. the predominance of prokarayotic organisms during Precambrian

a-e. all answers are examples of an evolutionary pattern

The youngest period of the Mesozoic is a. Cretaceous b. Cambrian c. Jurassic d. Triassic

a. Cretaceous

___ accompanied and influenced the development of life on Earth. a. Extinction b. Evolution c. Biological Discoveries

a. Extinction

Has no fossil record a. Hadean b. Archean c. Protoerozic d. Precambrian

a. Hadean

Filling in of many small pores in a fossil by silica is called a. permineralization b. carbonization c. replacement d. mold making e. cast making

a. Permineralization

Review Q#2 Fossil A occurs in rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age. Fossil B occurs in rocks that range in age from early Ordovician through Permian. Fossil C is found in Mississippian through Permian strata. a. What is the maximum possible range of age for a stratum containing only fossil B? b. What is the maximum possible range for a stratum containing both A and B? c. Which is the better guide, A or C?

a. Silurian and Devonian(NOTE: This is Prof. Ritter's answer, but the Earth Through Time, 6th ed. Instructor's Manual/ study guide answer is "Ordovician through Permian" which makes more sense to me.) b. Ordovician c. This is difficult to evaluate given the scanty data. A would be better guide fossil than C for Cambrian and Ordovician rocks and vice versa.

The oldest specimen of an index fossil will be found at its a. first occurrence b. last occurrence

a. first occurrence

One of the best indicators that validates punctuated equilibrium is a. the fossil record b. seismic discontinuity c. uplift and erosion throughout geologic time d. the Ordovician Period

a. the fossil record

The human appendix and ear muscle and the pelvis of a whale are examples of structures that have no apparent function or usage. These structures are known as a. vestigial organs b. biological homology c. biological speciation d. vestigial adaptions

a. vestigial organs

The Phanerozoic began __ million years ago a. 1570 b. 570 c. 65 d. 245 e. 5

b. 570

A Precambrian Eon, 3.8-2.5 billion years ago: a. Hadean b. Archean c. Proterozoic d. Phanerozoic

b. Archean

Main fossils are bacteria, algae, and metazoans only a. Hadean b. Archean c. Paleozoic d. Proterozoic

b. Archean

New biologic structures appear because of "need" or "inner want" in a. Darwin's Theory b. Lamarck's Theory c. Mendel's Principles d. Modern Genetics

b. Lamarack's

First Angiosperm a. Hadean b. Mesozoic c. Paleozoic d. Proterozoic

b. Mesozoic (Me so like flowers!)

Cuvier documented abrupt changes in fossil populations in successive layers of late _____ and ___ rocks underlying the Paris basin. a. Paleozoic; Mesozoic b. Mesozoic; Cenozoic c. Cenozoic, Paleozoic

b. Mesozoic; Cenozoic

In the ___age, multicelluar animals first appear A. Paleozoic b. Precambrian c. Cretaceous d. Mesozoic e. Cenozoic

b. Precambrian

___ is a group of organisms having structural, functional, and devlopmental similarities, and that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. a. phylum b. species c. order d. family

b. Species

The nearly identical bone structure in the forelimbs of bats, birds, whales, horses, and humans is just one of many examples of ______. a. vestigial organs b. biological homology c. biological speciation d. vestigial adaptions

b. biological homology

Mendel's "character determiners" turned out to be a. genes b. DNA molecules c. chromosomes

b. genes

In the Linnaean name Tyrannosaureus rex, the first word is the a. species b. genus c. order d. phylum

b. genus

A slow and orderly evolution of organisms a. dinosaurs,amphibians, reptiles b. invertebrates, primitive vertebrates, amphibians c. Mammals, invertebrates, reptiles

b. invertebrates, primitive vertebrates, amphibians

A progressive evolutionary trend or lineage a. punctuated equilibrium b. phylectic gradualism

b. phyletic gradualism

The phlogenetic tree always has abrupt 90 degree branches in the concept of a. adaptive radiation b. punctuated equilibrium c. Phyletic gradualism d. Phyletic equilibrium

b. punctuated equilibrium

Dinosaurs lived in the a. Paleozoic b. Mesozoic c. Cenozoic d. Precambrian

b.Mesozoic

"Occupants of newly formed oceanic islands are more closely related to occupants of nearby landmasses than to those distant landmasses" is an example of which scientific field of study?

biogeography

Learning Outcomes #2 Indicate the difference between biological species and paleontological species

blahPaleontologists use the same system as biologists in naming and classifying fossil organisms. The fundamental unit of the Linnean system is the species, a group of organisms that look alike and that can produce viable offspring. Since paleontologists cannot determine if fossils could breed when alive, they must rely solely upon similarities in shape and appearance to define species.??

First fossil land plants a. Hadean b. Archean c. Paleozoic d. Proterozoic

c. Paleozoic

Initially speciation affects only those organisms at the edge of the environmental range of the species and not the species population as a whole. Once the speciation has occurred, the species remains unchanged until the next period of rapid change. Select the term(s) that best fit this description a. adaptive radiation b. Phyletic gradualism c. punctuated gradualism d. Peripheral isolate d. Darwinsim

c. Punctuated gradualism d. Peripheral Isolate

__ is the sum of all the combinations of genes in a population a. speciation b. population c. gene pool d. adaption

c. gene pool

The taxonomic order higher than phylum is a. species b. family c. kingdom d. order

c. kingdom

All living creatures, no matter how dissimilar have this one thing in common-- the presence of a. embryological cells b. homologous structures c. nucleic acids d. similar bone structure of the forelimbs

c. nucleic acids--RNA and DNA

In a sequence of layered, fossil-rich sedimentary rocks, new species often appear suddenly in a specific bed, remain relatively unchanged in higher strata, and then disappear. This is a description of what evolutionary concept? a. adaptive radiation b. Phyletic gradualism c. punctuated gradualism d. Peripheral isolate

c. punctuated gradualism

__ is the origin of species in a modern evolution theory a. gene pool b. a population c. speciation d. adaptive radiation

c. speciation

An index fossil should have a. slow rate of evolution b. geographic restrictions c. sensitivity to environmental changes d. widespread geographical distribution

d. widespread geographical distribution

The attributes that set Darwin and Wallace apart from other contemporary biologist were _____. a. a willingness to accept biological discoveries as facts b. their ability to properly use these facts to theorize about how species come into existence c. their willingness to use genetic evidence as argument for the relatedness of all life d. Only a and b are true

d. willingness to accept biological discoveries as facts their ability to properly use these facts to theorize about how species come into existence.

Abundant and diverse mammals characterize the ___Era. A. Paleozoic b. Precambrian c. Cretaceous d. Mesozoic e. Cenozoic

e. Cenozoic

The period younger than the Permian is a. Triassic b. Holocene c. Silurian d. Cambrian e. Pennsylvanian

e. Pennsylvannia

The bone structure in superficially dissimilar organisms suggest adaptation from a common ancestor and are called __________.

homologous structures

The fossil record has done little to our understanding of evolutionary process(genetics and inheritance) but provides us with a record of evolutionary _____.

patterns

Learning Outcomes #1d Define the following fossil preservation: PERMINERALIZATION

process of infilling of pores within bones and shells with additional mineral material.

Prior to Darwin's theory of evolution, most believed in the widely accepted and longstanding idea of ____.

special creation

Learning Outcomes #1a Define the following fossil preservation: RECRYSTALLIZATION

the original crystals comprising a shell have been enlarged while retaining their original mineralogy. ex. Small calcite crystals transition to larger calcite crystals Often results in obliterating the original internal structure of a shell (such as layering)

Learning Outcomes #1b Define the following fossil preservation: REPLACEMENT

the original shell of skeletal substance is replaced by a differenct mineral( ex. replacement of calcite by pyrite or silica)

Learning Outcomes #6 Phyletic Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium

two competing models explain the mode and tempo of evolution. PHYLETIC GRADUALISM: evolution proceeds by means of an infinite number of subtle steps, -proposed by Darwin PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM: evolution consists of fitful, sudden advances that punctuate long periods of negligible evolutionary change. 90* ANGLES