Geology 1110

The temperature below which magnetic material can retain a permanent magnetization is called the _____.

Curie point

________ is not a mineral.

Oxygen

The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon.

Paleozoic

The oldest rocks of the oceanic crust are found in deep ocean trenches far away from active, mid-ocean ridges.

True

The oldest rocks on the seafloor are much younger than the oldest rocks on the continents.

True -Continents stick around; oceanic crust eventually subducts.

The Cascade volcanoes in Washington, Oregon, and California (e.g. Mt St. Helens, Mt Ranier) are associated with ________. (hint: same as the Andes of the South American continent)

a convergent plate boundary -the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting beneath the North American plate.

Below is a ______ plate boundary.

divergent

The 3 types of plate boundariesare ___.

divergent, convergent, and transform.

Quartz scratches fluorite. This means that quartz is ____ than fluorite.

harder

If all of Earth history could be squeezed into one calendar year, beginning on January 1st, anatomically-modern human fossils show up _______.

on December 31st

What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?

oxygen

Many geologic events happened a long time ago when no one was there to take direct measurements. In these cases, geologists must use ______ to help fill in the story. These are forms of indirect measurement.

proxies

What is the driving force behind plate tectonics?

some type of convection within the mantle

Cooler, older, denser oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at ________.

subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries

The oldest known oceanic crust is approximately __________.

180 million years old -The oldest known oceanic crust is much younger than the oldest continental crust which has been dated at around 4 billion years old!

A typical rate of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean is ________.

2 centimeters per year

The average density of oceanic crust is _________.

3.0 g/cm^3

The atomic number for carbon is 6. This means that carbon atoms have ___.

6 protons

The thin, outer layer of Earth, from 7 to 40 km in thickness, is called the ________.

crust -there are two types of crust; the thin oceanic crust, and the thicker continental crust.

The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ .

mantle

A(n) ______________ is a naturally occurring solid, usually inorganic, with a definite, only slightly variable chemical composition and an ordered atomic structure.

mineral

Oceanic crust is _______ than continental crust.

more dense

The ________ is an example of an active, continent-continent collision.

northward movement of India in Eurasia

In the early part of the twentieth century, ________ argued forcefully for continental drift.

Alfred Wegener

Isotopes __________.

All of the these are true. -differ in atomic mass, are different varieties of an element, and differ in number of neutrons

________ was the highly influential, ancient Greek philosopher noted for his writings and teachings on natural philosophy and on the workings of the Earth.

Aristotle -Although Aristotle was interested in explaining how the Earth works, he did not employ all the elements of the scientific method (e.g. hypothesis testing). Therefore, Aristotle would not be considered a scientist.

Some physical properties of minerals are very useful for identifying minerals in the field. Important physical properties of minerals include ___

Both b and c -crystal form (if lucky), hardness, density, and cleavage. color, luster, streak.

MODULE 1: INTRO AND PLATE TECTONICS

CHAPTERS 1 AND 2

Of the following choices, ________ has the highest specific gravity.

Gold

What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology?

Historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface.

________ rocks form from the crystallization of magma.

Igneous

________ was an important eighteenth century English geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism (Hint: Considered by many to be the "father of modern geology").

James Hutton -James Hutton was a Scottish physician and gentleman farmer. He published Theory of the Earth in 1795. Some geologists today consider the English geologist Charles Lyell to be the "father of modern geology".

________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.

Sedimentary

Compared to the age of the Earth accepted by geologists today, how did seventeenth and eighteenth century proponents of catastrophism envision the Earth's age?

They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates

Which one of the following is NOT true for minerals?

They can be a liquid, solid, or gas.

New lithosphere and oceanic crust are created _______.

at divergent plate boundaries (constructive margins)

Of the following choices, ________ has the highest specific gravity.

cleavage

Below is a ______ plate boundary.

convergent

Which of the following is NOT associated with convergent plate boundaries?

creation of new oceanic crust

Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?

hornblende

What are the layers of the earth from the center outward?

inner core, outer core, mantle, crust -geologist divide the Earth into layers or zones based on both physical and chemical properties.

Sodium (Na) likes to bond with chlorine (Cl). This is because Na wants to give up its outer-layer electron to Cl, so that its remaining outer layer will have 8 electrons. Chlorine can use this extra electron to complete its outermost electron shell. This type of bonding, where one atom loses an electron(s) and the other atom gains an electron(s), is known as _______.

ionic bonding

The atomic mass (a.k.a. atomic weight) of atoms of the same element may vary, but their atomic number cannot. These varieties of atoms that vary in atomic mass are called _________________ .

isotopes

Which of the following describes the light reflecting characteristics of a mineral?

luster

The "plates" in Plate Tectonics are _________.

made up of crust plus uppermost mantle moving on top of weaker mantle known as the asthenosphere. -Note that "plates" and "lithospheric plates" are the same.

Geology is _____.

the study of the earth -Geology is divided into many areas of specialization such as volcanology, seismology, hydrology, paleontology, etc.

Luster is ______.

the way a mineral reflects light

A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations.

theory

Below is a ______ plate boundary.

transform