Geology Chapter 8 (2)

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The Precambrian consists of the Archean and ________ Eons.

Proterozoic

________ are chunks of rock from the Solar System that reach the Earth's surface.

meteorites

________ are "shooting stars." The glow comes from small particles of rock from space being heated as they enter Earth's atmosphere.

meteors

The Solar System is part of the ________ ________ galaxy

milky way

The ________ may have formed as a result of an impact of a large body with Earth about 4.4 billion years ago. Debris from the impact was thrown into orbit around Earth and collected to form the ________.

moon

The basic idea that the sun and planets formed from the same cloud of gas and dust in interstellar space.

nebular hypothesis

The gases that formed Earth during accretion, reached the Earth's surface through a process called ________.

outgassing

The release of water vapor and other gases from Earth through volcanic activity is known as ________.

outgassing

Earth's first, primitive atmosphere lacked free ________.

oxygen

The earth's early atmosphere lacked which significant element present today?

oxygen

The Milky Way galaxy is part of the ________.

universe

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars are ________ planets

Terrestrial

________ are substances easily driven off by heating.

Volatiles

The sun's energy comes from nuclear ________, which involves hydrogen atoms changing into helium and releasing energy.

fusion

The Universe hosts billions of ________.

galaxies

________ are rapidly moving apart (Hubble's Law).

galaxies

A ________ is an aggregate of stars, planets, dust, and gases.

galaxy

Less dense, sialic (silicon- and aluminum-rich) continental crust dominated by ________.

granite

One reason that we believe that the early atmosphere was anoxic is that we do not find oxidized ________ in the early rock record.

iron

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune are ________ planets.

jovian

Outer, ________ planets have low density.

jovian

________ planets are large gaseousos and have low density.

jovian

Calculations indicate that the Big Bang occurred ________-________ billion years ago.

18-15

The earliest evidence of life occurs in Archean sedimentary rocks that are about ________ billion years old.

3.5

Felsic crust began forming around ________ billion years ago.

4.4

The first mafic, oceanic crust formed about ________ billion years ago by partial melting of rocks in the upper mantle.

4.5

Moon rocks and meteorites are as old as ________ billion years.

4.6

The Solar System is about ________ billion years old.

4.6

The ________ Eon began 4.6 bya and ended 2.5 bya.

Archean

Earth's oldest rocks are found in ________. They are about 4.04 billion years old.

Canada

There is an asteroid belt with thousands of asteroids, primarily between ________ and ________.

Mars and Jupiter

What are the names of the 9 planets, in order, from the sun outward. M V E M J S U N P - (My very elegant mother just sent us nine pizzas).

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

The ________ ________ gives an explanation for the formation of our solar system.

Nebular Hypothesis

What are the two types of the Earth's crust today?

Oceanic and Continental

The moon's dominant rock type is ________.

anorthosite

Dense, mafic (magnesium- and iron-rich) oceanic crust dominated by ________.

basalt

Precambrian rocks are frequently referred to as "________" rocks because they lie beneath a covering of fossil-bearing sedimentary strata.

basement

The Universe is expanding. Everything began together at a point. A big explosion occurred, which astronomers call the ________ ________. This explosion caused everything in the Universe to begin moving rapidly apart.

big bang

The ________ ________ is how we refer to the instaneous creation of all matter in the Universe.

big bang

The ________ ________ marked the instantaneous creation of all matter in the Universe.

big bang

The oldest known rocks of the Archean were found in ________, and the oldest mineral grains were found in Australia.

canada

Earth's primitive atmosphere was derived from gases associated with the ________ and ________ which formed the Earth during accretion.

comets and meteorites

The early-melting, less dense components of the partially melted crust rose to the surface where it cooled to form ________ ________.

continental crust

Planets revolve around the sun in what same direction?

counter clock wise

Felsic crust formed in subduction zones where descending slabs of ________ partially melted.

crust

The outer planets are gaseous and therefore less ________ than the inner planets.

dense

The earth's internal layered structure is believed to have formed from primary or secondary ________ , happening either during or after accretion.

differentiation

Planet Earth orbits the Sun, a ________ star, that belongs to the Milky Way galaxy.

dwarf

Planets lie roughly within sun's ________ plane (plane of sun's rotation).

equatorial

The development of the ________ cell, which led to a dramatic increase in the rate of evolution, occurred as oxygen became more readily available in the atmosphere.

eukaryotic

Earth's atmosphere has ________ or changed over time.

evolved

Continental crust developed after the initial mafic to ultramafic crust. Continental crust is sialic or ________ (such as granite).

felsic

Precambrian rocks are often inaccessible, deeply buried, poorly exposed, or have undergone significant changes, so we do not have as much data for this early geologic time. Additionally, Precambrian rocks contain very few ________ to help us understand life during the time.

fossils

Sun's energy comes from ________, a thermonuclear reaction in which hydrogen atoms are fused together to form helium, releasing energy.

fusion

A shift toward longer wavelengths of the spectral lines emitted by a celestial object. Caused by the object moving away from earth.

red shift

The ________ ________ indicates that the universe is expanding.

red shift

The Earth is part of the ________ ________.

solar system

The Sun and the planets, moons, asteroids, comets and other objects that orbit it, comprise the ________ ________.

solar system

The ________ ________ is disk-like in shape.

solar system

The Sun is a ________.

star

Felsic crust formed in ________ ________ where descending slabs of crust partially melted.

subduction zones

Distribution of planet densities and compositions is related to their distance from ________.

sun

Most matter contained in our solar system is contained within the ________.

sun

Inner, ________ planets have high density.

terrestrial

________ planets are small and dense.

terrestrial


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