geology lab exam #1

Minerals are the building blocks of

rocks

Coquina has

shells.

texture

size, shape, and relationship of mineral crystals in the rock

Shale has a platy breakage, and it

sometimes has beddings (lines).

Rock Salt is

sometimes very crystalline. It also tastes salty

Streak

the color of a mineral's powder

Contour interval

the difference in elevation from one contour line to the next On a topographic map, tells the distance in elevation between adjacent contour lines.

SLP and DLP

types of seismicity shallow long period < 10km deep long periods > 10km

You can scratch Rock Gypsum

with your fingernail.

Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks:

• This rocks form where dissolved substances are precipitated from water. • Most common ones are limestones, and they react heavily with acid.

The process formation may include several steps:

• Weathering: physical or chemical • Erosion: loose sediments move downslope • Transportation: sediments was moved by water, air or glaciers

• Magnetism

Attraction to magnet.

pebble size

Breccia (angular fragments) and Conglomerate (rounded fragments). The more rounded the fragment, the longer the transportation. Imaging the angular edges bien cut off and smoothed off while rolling.

Phaneritic

Minerals are visible, intrusive, cooled slowly (ex. Diorite)

Porphyritic

Minerals different sizes (ex. Porphyritic andesite)

fine grained

Rock composed of mainly clay minerals and its associated with deep water environments. (Shale)

GREEN=DARK

Ultramafic (ex. Peridotite)

Rock that has a spongy appearance due to trapped gas bubbles in the lava

Vesicular texture (igneous)

• Specific Gravity

Weight

obsidian is

felsic

Intermediate:

fine grained light and dark (ex. Diorite)

Arkose is

red beige or deep red.

Ultramafic:

usually green (ex. Peridotite)

how to identify rock

-Determine if its detrital, chemical or organic by looking at the grain size and see if it reacts to acid. - For detrital rocks, look at the grain size. - For chemical rocks, describe the mineralogical composition (CaCO3, SiO2, CaSO4.2H2O, NaCl).

A mineral has to be/have a:

1. Naturally occurring 2. Inorganic 3. Solid 4. Defined Chemical Composition 5. Fixed Atomic Arrangement

Breccia and Conglomerate have

BIG fragments.

Mineral Composition

Color Index

How to make a topographic profile ????

Draw how far contour lines are apart from each other and then plot them onto a graph to see how elevation changes

• Reaction to acid (HCl)

Effervescence

RED=LIGHT=

Felsic (ex. Granite)

• Taste

Flavor

• Feel

Greasy, rough, soapy, etc.

What are contour lines?

Imaginary lines on the ground connecting equal elevation they represent high and low ground elevation.

Longitude lines

Imaginary north-south lines that run vertically around the globe parallel to the Prime Meridian(goes through greenwich england)

• Facture

Irregular or conchoidal

Latitude lines

Lines that run east to west and are parallel to the Equator. zero parallel of latitude= equator .

Glassy

Looks like glass, it's very smooth (ex. Obsidian)

Luster

Metallic, Submetallic, Non-metallic, Earthy

Aphanitic

Minerals are barely visible, usually extrusive, cooled rapidly (ex. Basalt)

• Hardness

Moh's Hardness Scale (1-10)

Pyroclastic

ONLY IDENTIFIED BY FRAGMENT SIZES

medium size

Sandstones (Arkose and Quartz Sandstone) Quartz sandstones usually come from continental shields and mountain erosions and were deposited in shallow seas. Arkose sandstones derive from recently uplifted blocks, mainly in continental areas. This type of sandstone is also associated with dry climate regions.

sedimentary environments

Sedimentary environments are the places where sediments accumulate and they are 3 in general: (pg. 40, exercise 4) • Continental: rivers, lakes, glaciers, desserts • Near shore/ Shallow Water: tidal flats, beaches, barrier islands, deltas, slits. • Offshore Marine areas: continental shelf and slopes, reefs, deep sea environments, deep sea fans. • Focus on the depositional environments that you filled out in your Sed rocks chart. • These terms are in your lecture textbook, so please review!

• Color

Should be used with caution since the same mineral can have different colors

Basic mineral groups are

Silicates and Non-silicates

• Odor

Smell

Rule of V's

Suggests which direction the stream flows by the contoured lines. The stream flows the way the V opens up.

• Cleavage

Tendency of a mineral to break along one or more planes of weakness

Organic Sedimentary Rocks

We only saw ONE organic sedimentary rock which was COAL. rocks that are made from once living things, usually consisting of carbon

stratovolcano (composite)

a steep-sided, often cone-shaped volcanic peak, formed by layers of ash, relatively sticky lava and other eruption products. most common most dangerous

crystals are not visible or barley visible

aphanitic texture

easiest way to identify igneous rocks

by their texture and mineral composition

Meaning of the spacing of contour lines

closer they are= steeper slopes further apart= flatter = indicate relatively gentle slopes or flat areas

intrusive(plutonic) igneous rocks

crystalize from magma within the earths crust (it did not reach the surface to cool or solidify) ex: gabbro and granite

Mafic:

dark colored (ex. Basalt)

There are mainly 3 types of sedimentary rocks:

detrital, chemical/biochemical, and organic.

• Non-Silicates are ____________to determine by their streak.

easier

Felsic:

fine grained light colored (ex. Granite)

• Detrital Sedimentary Rocks:

form from sediments that have been weathered and transported Named by grain size: pebble, medium grained (sand) and fine grained

Vesicular

full of cell holes (ex. Pumice and Scoria)

rocks are produced from rapidly quenched lava, that cools so quickly that there is no opportunity for minerals to crystalize to form

glassy texture

Silicates

have the anion complex (SiO4) -4 for example, Quartz has a formula of SiO2.

Minerals are _______________ by physical properties and are _____________ by their chemical composition.

identified, classified

SO2

if magma is too close to the surface, more SO2 will be generated. If the amount of SO2 shuts off quickly, it could signal that the gas is bein trapped underground, and that may trigger an eruption

When magma solidifies below the surface of the Earth, ________ are formed.

igneous rocks

Quartz is

light grey.

RSAM

measure of total seismic energy over time. dimensionless number that is generally less than 10,000. Increased very quickly before eruption

tilt

measures how much ground deformation has occurred on the volcano. It is very precise as the volcano inflates and deflates with magma input it will change accordingly

extrusive(volcanic) igneous rocks

one which crystallized from magma(now called lava) erupted on the earths surface ex: rhyolite and basalt

Crystals are visible to the naked eye

phaneric texture

crystals two distinct sizes

porphyritic texture

Chalk feels

powdery.

rock contains broken fragmented instead of crystals

pyroclastic

Limestone, Coquina and Chalk

react to acid due to their mineral composition (CaCO3).