geology lecture

Tides are controlled by:

Both the Sun's gravity and the Moon's gravity

Which of the following amplifies the effects of tides in the Bay of Fundy?

Orientation of the bay relative to the tidal bulge The sloshing movement (seiching) of water in the basin

Which of the following are actual principles of correlation in relative age dating? Click all that apply.

Principle of original horizonatality, principle of cross-cutting, principle of superposition, Principle of original horizontality, Principle of inclusions

Match each type of chemical sedimentary rocks with its composition.

chert- halite and gypsum evaporites-carbonate minerals like calcite and dolomite limestone- microcystalline quartz and or opal coal-remains of woody plants that have been altered by heat and pressure

Which of the following is in the correct order as you go from the shallow ocean to the deep?

continental shelf - continental slope - continental rise - abyssal plain

When local sea level rises and floods a river valley, the resulting feature is a(n):

estuary

Igneous rocks form when a magma or lava:

freezes

igneous rocks form when a magma or lava:

freezes

Which of the following are ways that minerals form in nature?

freezing of a liquid precipitation from a solution solid-state diffusion biomineralization preciptiation from a vapor

An artesian well:

has a water level above the aquifer

A seal rock must (click all that apply):

have low permeability

Which of the following is the best combination for a reservoir rock?

high porosity, high permeability

Banded Iron formations formed:

in sedimentary deposits

Which of the following are sources of energy that drive landscape change? Click all that apply.

internal energy external energy gravitational energy

Plutonic igneous rocks have _______ than volcanic igneou rocks.

larger crystals

Plutonic igneous rocks have _______ than volcanic igneous rocks.

larger crystals

In order for dead plankton to accumulate on the sea floor, the water at the bottom of the ocean must be _________ in that locality.

low oxygen

what is a rock

naturally formed solid aggregates usually (but not always) composed of minerals.

Groundwater flow in the saturated portion of an aquifer is primarily controlled by:

pressure gravity

A ____ produces stone while a ______ produces ore.

quarry; mine

The pelagic sediment that covers the oceanic crust:

thickens as the oceanic crust ages

Cyanobacteria releases oxygen into the surrounding environment as a waste product of photosynthesis.

true

Fossils include both body fossils (like bones) and trace fossils (like footprints).

true

Slumps (rotational slides) and debris flows can happen in the same event.

true

The epicenter is the point on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus of the earthquake.

true

Which of the following can produce seismic waves?

underground nuclear explosion volcanic eruptions sudden slip along a fault meteorite impact

Put the following foliation processes in the correct order for a rock experiencing prograde metamorphism (increasing temperature and pressure).

. 1.)Foliation - alignment of flat mineral 2.)Crystallization of new mineral 3.)Differentiation into bands made of equant and flat minerals

Approximately how many detectable earthquakes occur on Earth every year?

1,000,000

New York City's wastewater treatment plants process ______ gallons of sewage a day.

1,300,000,000

The composition of magma is primarily which pair of elements?

Silicone and oxygen

The paleoclimate studies sited by Wegener to support his continental drift theory showed what?

Some places that are currently very cold had tropical or hot desert climates in the past Some places that are currently very warm had continental glaciers on the landscape in the past

Most of the land-derived clastic sediments found on the abyssal plain was deposited by turbidity currents.

TRUE

Why was commercial fishing banned on the Hudson River? Click all that apply.

The fish were too toxic to eat

What is the real reason for apparent polar wandering?

The locations of the poles don't actually change, the location of the continental measuring points do

Which of the following is true about placer deposits (check all that apply)?

The ore mineral frequently ends up mixed in with much larger grains of other materials (e.g., gold flakes mixed in with small quartz pebbles) Placer deposits may be exploited using artisanal mining techniques when found near he surface of the Earth The ore mineral can not be particularly susceptible to chemical weathering if it is to survive long enough to become part of a placer deposit

Why is the current tidal energy power plant going to be replaced by by tidal turbines (essentially underwater windmills) in the future?

Tidal turbines produce more energy at a faster rate in the future.

Evaporites form:

When sufficient water evaporates from playa lakes When evaporite minerals precipitate from sea water As beds of mostly halite and gysum Massive amounts of evaporite minerals under favorable environmental conditions

geologists discovered and collected Glossopteris fossils in Antarctica?

Wilison

Does your answer based on the chart correlate with your answer based on calculating total cost/sand shifted in the first part of this exercise.

YES

Punctuated equilibrium describes:

a pattern of evolutionary change in a lineage

On Figure 12.5, what kind of unconformity is between sandstone 5 and the modern land surface?

angular unconformity

Most of the transform boundaries on Earth are found where?

associated with spreading boundaries on oceanic crust

When water flows on the surface of the Earth in one consistant directions, what sedimentary structure is formed?

asymmetrical ripple marks

Stripped of the specifics of each mode of energy production, the major fuels used to generate electricity essentially _____ to turn turbines.

boil water

Which of the following ranks clastic sedimentary rock types from least to most weathering of their contained clasts?

breccia-conglomerate-sandstone-siltstone

Put the following in order by depth (shallowest first, deepest last).

1.) continental shelf 2.)continental slope 3.)abyssal plain 4.) trenches

Put the following sources of water in order from cheapest to most expensive.

1.) groundwater 2.) surface water 3.) Desalinization

Unloading exfoliation is most common in ___1___igneous rocks that are exposed on the Earth's surface. It occurs because the rock ___2____ when exposed on the surface of the Earth. Unloading exfoliation is a kind of ____3____weathering.

1.)plutonic 2.)expands 3.)physical

Debinue cost/total sand shifted

10

The number of gallons of sewage wastewater dumped by New York City every year into the Hudson River is closest to

10,000,000,000 gallons

In the Bay of Fundy, the maximum sea level change between high tide and low tide is closest to:

15m (~50 FT)

Debidue total sand shifted

17,000,000

how much money has been spent to renourish Debidue beachers

17,000,000

Myrtle Beach money spent

39,000,000

How many oxygens does a silicate tetrahedron contain?

4

Myrtle Beach total sand shifted

4,600,000

Which of the following is closest to the depth of abyssal plain below sea level.

5,000 M

What percentage of the fresh water produced in the U.S. is pumped out of the ground?

50%

Water covers approximately how much of the Earth's surface?

70%

Folly Beach money spent

70,000,000

Folly Beach total sand shifted

8,200,000

Folly Beach cost/total sand shifted

8.5

Myrtle Beach cost/total sand shifted

8.5

Which region of the U.S. is most likely to commonly experience strong earthquakes.?

Alaska

fossils are

All of the above ( the remains and traces of once living things a record of life through geologic time useful for correlating rocks)

What locations are the most active globally for both earthquakes and volcanic activity?

Along tectonic plate boundaries

In which localities would you expect frost wedging would be a major physical weathering process?

Chicago, Illinois Rock Hill, South Carolina Anchorage, Alaska

Which of the following rock types form at the surface of the Earth? Check all that apply.

Clastic sedimentary rocks Chemical sedimentary rocks Volcanic igneous rocks

Which of the following statements is false?

Compaction and cementation are both processes that increase the pore space in a deposit

Life at mid-ocean ridge black smokers is:

Composed of organisms that are tolerant to hot water and toxic chemicals

Magma forms in the Earth's crust because of

Decompression melting flux melting

Why did BIF stop being formed?

Dissolved iron in the Earth's oceans was depleted

Which factor(s) are responsible for most of the draining of the Floridian Aquifer when this film was made (click all that apply).

Drought Excessive demand

The Earth's cicumference of the Earth was first measured by:

Eratosthene around 245 BCE

Aquifers are low permeable rocks and sediment while aquitards are high permeability rocks and sediment.

False

Longshore drift causes longshore currents.

False

Physical weathering is more important than chemical weathering in clast production.

False

Wave base is the depth of maximum disturbance from a surface wave.

False

You observe that a metamorphic rock contains well-formed garnet, which was not present in the protolith. Is the following statement true or false? The presence of garnet in the metamorphic rock indicates that at least part of the protolith must have melted to allow the garnet space to crystallize.

False

What is a metamorphic rock?

Formed by chemically and physically altering rocks under heat and pressure deep within the Earth's crust.

What is a sedimentary rock?

Formed from sediment derived from other rocks or material formed in the basin

Which of the following anomalies did Wegener cite as supporting his theory of continental drift? All answers below were anomalies in the "fixist" paradigm but are evidence that supports plate tectonics. Mark all that apply.

Fossils of the same species found on different continents separated by oceans The presence of coal in non-tropical regions The similarities in regional geology of Africa and South America

Which of the following would increase the chances of a slump.

Heavy rainfall Drought and wildfires Irrigation of farmland on the top of the slope Building a major highway at the toe of the slope

hich of the following is a way a city can handle sewage overflow (click all that apply)?

Holding tanks Enlarge sewage pipes

Which of the following are geological rock types

Igneous rock sedimentary rock metamorphic rocks

Choose the false statement about uranium ores on Earth:

It contains primarily the lighter isotope of uranium, 235U.

Which of the following is true about a potentially exploitable petroleum reservoir rock - an oil play (click all that apply)?

It could be an aquifer if it was filled with water instead of hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons can escape upwards out of the rock if nothing traps them Hydrocarbons need to have a way to get into the rock, but no way to get out Choose the false statement about uranium ores on Earth: It can be tapped using drilling

The boundary separating Earth's crust from the mantle is called the:

Moho

Which of the following is true of seismic belts? Click all that apply.

Most correspond to tectonic plate boundaries Most of the world's earthquakes occur within them

do the trend lines appear to be a good fit for the data on the chart?

NO

The chemical composition of the atmosphere consists primarily of:

Oxygen and nitrogen

Why did BIF start to form?

Oxygen levels rose due to photosynthesis

Crystal color is more useful in identifying minerals than streak color because crystal color is more intense.

P-waves S-waves

Which of the following are foliated metamorphic rock (check all that apply)?

Phylite, schist, gneiss

An earthquake can produce:

R-waves, P-waves, S-waves

Seismometers can record:

S-waves L-waves P-waves

The interior of the Earth is primarily studied using:

Seismic (earthquake) data

Which of the following criteria must be met for a substance to be considered a mineral? Check all that apply.

solid phase of matter definable chemical composition formed by geological processes Crystalline structure

Valleys differ from canyons in that canyons have:

steeper trough slope

Which feature is characteristic of convergent boundaries?

submarine trenches

To be a sedimentary basin, a section of the Earth's crust must:

subside

On Figure 12.5, what stratigraphic principle allows you to determine the relative ages of sandstone 5 and sandstone 7?

superposition

On Figure 12.5, which stratigraphic principle would not allow you to determine the relative age of the granite pluton and sandstone 5?

superposition

Coal forms in which sedimentary environment?

swamp

Upward flow of water in the hydrological cycle is driven by energy from:

the Sun

A stream's thalweg is:

the deepest part of the stream

Bowen's Reaction Series demonstrates the:

the mineral sequences that form as magma cools

Surface currents are affected by (click all that apply):

the rotation of the Earth wind direction and strength gyres

The angle of repose is:

the steepest slope that is stable

Based on the chart below (which includes a trend line for all data), which of the following is the most reasonable interpretation?

the trend line is not a good fit to the data

Based on the chart below, which beach had the lowest cost to shift sand, overall?

these data are insufficient to answer that question

Which of the following could form a petroleum trap?

trapped in the top of an anticline fault trap, where oil seeps in under a seal rock Salt-dome trap where oil is trapped on either side of a salt diapir

A metamorphic rock can be metamorphosed to form a new metamorphic rock.

true

Gasoline has lower viscosity than tar.

true

In geology, a fault is a fracture in the crust along which movement happens.

true

Limestone is composed of carbonate minerals, which dissolve when exposed to acid, releasing bubbles.

true

Rock glaciers form in cold environments.

true

Short chain hydrocarbons are more likely to be gases than hydrocarbons with more carbons in their carbon chain.

true

Slope failure occurs:

when downslope force exceeds resistance.

Which of the following is the correct order of clast size from smallest to largest?

clay, silt, sand, pebble

Which of the following are fossil fuels (click all that apply)

coal oil natural gas

Lithification of clastic sedimentary rocks involves which two processes?

compaction and cementation

Ore minerals:

contain easily extractable metal

The main driver for plate tectonics is:

convection in Earth's mantle

Accretionary prisms form at which kind of tectonic plate boundary?

convergent

What kind of plate boundary usually produces magma and thus volcanoes? Mark all that apply.

convergent divergent

Which kind of plate boundary produces earthquakes? Mark all that apply.

convergent transform divergent

Wadati-Benioff zones are characteristic of:

convergent boundaries

Which of the following are streams? Click all that apply.

creeks rivers

On Figure 12.5, what stratigraphic principle allows you to determine the relative ages of the granite pluton and the basalt dike?

cross cutting

What is the main cause of surface waves in the oceans:

wind

Which of the following are "alternative" forms of energy?

wind power hydrothermal power tidal power

Radiometric analysis of a pair of zircons indicates that zircon A has 80% of a parent isotope remaining while zircon B has 74% of the parent isotope preserved. Which is older, zircon A and zircon B?

zircon B

Magma forms at mid-ocean ridges because of:

decompressing melting

The most important factor in most travertine precipitation?

degassing

The area around the town of Kimberley, South Africa is best known for:

diamonds

On Figure 12.5, what kind of unconformity separates limestone 1 from shale 2

disconformity

Which of the following is not a way a stream carries sediment?

dissolved load

The location in which two tectonic plates move away from each other is what type of plate boundary?

divergent

Which of the following are synonyms for watershed? Click all that apply

drainage basin catchment

Groundwater

exists because there is porosity within bodies of rock and sediment is fed by infiltration of water flows where the rock or sediment is permeable

Mudslides are not hazards to humans because they move so slowly.

false

Which of the following are fossil fuels (check all that apply)

gas proprane coal

Earthquakes cause damage in which of the following ways?

ground shaking and displacement landslides sediment liquefaction tsunamis fires

Drilling a horizontal well is a technique used primarily in:

hydraulic fracturing

Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced primarily:

hydrogen and helium

Based on what you learned last week about the relative abundance of different minerals in the Earth's crust, which chemical weathering process should be the most important in breaking down rocks at the surface of the Earth?

hydrolysis

Which of the following chemical weathering process is responsible for the breakdown of most silicate minerals?

hydrolysis

which chemical weathering process should be the most important in breaking down rocks at the surface of the Earth?

hydrolysis

Which of the following are geological rock types (click all that apply).

igneous rocks metamorphic rocks sedimentary rocks

Yellowcake

is refined uranium ore in powder form

Which of the following correctly ranks types of coal from lowest to highest?

lignite - bituminous - anthracite

Which of the following is not a process that occurs during metamorphic change (click all that apply).

lithification

Slope failure can be triggered by (click all that apply):

load increases caused by construction load increase caused by excessive rainfall addition of fill

Which of the following are types of earthquakes.

normal fault earthquake reverse fault earthquake strike-slip fault earthquake

Which layer of the interior of the Earth is primarily responsible for the p-wave and s-wave shadows?

outer core

Which kind of wave routinely travels through the liquid and solid core of the Earth?

p-waves

Lava that forms rope-like ridges is called:

pahoehoe

The Floridian Aquifer is primarily recharged by (check all that apply):

rainwater

Which of the following drainage networks has a series of straight channels controlled by the bedrock's fracture pattern.

rectangular

Which if the following can stabilize slopes (click all that apply):

regrading/terracing reducing subsurface water preventing undercutting controlled blasting of unstable slopes

Which of the following are slow moving mass wasting events (click all that apply)?

rock glacier creep

Clasts with grain diameters of 1 mm would be classified as which?

sand

What kind of sediment makes up most of Earth's beach sediment?

sand

the Principle of Uniformatarianism:

says that basic physical and chemical processes stayed the same throughout geological time

Salinity varies due to (click all that apply):

sea water temperature latitude depth

The purpose of smelting is to:

separate metal

Metamorphism that occurs because of a meteorite striking the Earth is:

shock metamorphism

Which mineral class contains most of the Earth's rock forming minerals?

silicates

the composition of magma is primarily which pair of elements?

silicon and oxygen

The main difference between an outcrop and a hand sample of a rock is:

size

Which of the following is the correct order for the metamorphic changes that occurs in mudstone undergoing prograde metamorphism.

slate-phyllite-schist-gneiss

Flooding occurs when water escapes the stream channel.

True

Which of the following is true of an active margin, but not a passive margin

There may be a Benioff zone

Which of the following is false about petroleum source rocks like oil shale?

They contain kerogen, but not hydrocarbons

Which of the following are true of mid-ocean ridges

They run for thousands of miles along the sea floor They are regions where the sea floor is growing They are mountain ranges rising up from the abyssal plain The ridge extrudes basaltic lava Hot springs bubble out of the rift valley, forming black smokers

Which of the following tectonic boundaries does NOT have volcanoes associated with them?

Transform

A stream's discharge is the amount of water that passes a certain point in a given time.

True

An oxbow lake forms when a stream meander is cut off from the main channel.

True

Emergent coasts form where the local sea level falls relative to land level. Submergent coasts form when local sea level rises relative to land level

True

Thermohaline circulation causes vertical mixing of the ocean waters.

True

To form a placer deposit, the ore mineral must be a different density than other sediment in a stream.

True