Geology Unit 1

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The smallest particle of matter that exhibits and defines the distinctive chemical characteristics of and individual element is a neutron. True or False

False

If discharge of a stream increases to the point that the stream overflows its banks, the stream is said to be ___________.

Flooding

The continuous side-to-side erosion caused by shifting of the stream's meanders produces an increasingly broader, flat valley floor covered with alluvium. The flat part of this valley floor, next to the stream, is the ________.

Floodplain

Bajadas develop when multiple alluvial fans grow and merge along the fronts of mountain ranges in arid lands. True or False

True

Before it can be sedimentary rock, sediment must be produced (weathered from pre-existing rocks), transported, deposited, and lithified. True or False

True

Coal is a sedimentary rock that is made of organic matter. True or False

True

Compaction and cementation are the most common forms of lithification. True or False

True

Given the right conditions any kind of rock can be transformed into any other kind of rock. True or False

True

Although infrequent, running water is responsible for most of the erosional work in deserts. True or False

True

Ranked by discharge, what is the world's largest river?

Amazon

Ephemeral streams _________.

Are a major agent of erosion in desert regions

Old Faithful, a(n) ________ in Yellowstone National Park, erupts steam and hot water.

Geyser

Chemical weathering would be most effective ________.

In a warm, wet climate

What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?

Oxygen

An igneous rock that cools rapidly is likely to have __________ crystals.

Small

How is desert different from steppe?

Steppe is more humid than desert

Streams erode downward until they reach ________.

Their base level

The color of a powdered mineral is the physical property known as luster. True or False

False

The parent rock of marble is sandstone. True or False

False

About what percentage of Earth's land surface is covered by deserts?

30%

About what percentage of Earth's land surface was covered by glaciers during the Quaternary period?

30%

An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?

7

Which of the following minerals is a silicate (a mineral containing a silicon-bearing ion) A. Feldspar B. Iron C. Calcite D. Hematite

A. Feldspar

A(n) ________ is a cone of debris that forms where an ephemeral stream emerges from the confines of the canyon. Its runoff spreads over the gentler slopes at the base of the mountains and quickly loses velocity, dumping most of its sediment load within a short distance.

Alluvial Fan

Which of the following has the highest specific gravity? A. Olivine B. Gold C. Quartz

B. Gold

Which of the following is a silicate mineral with a single-chained structure? A. Olivine B. Pyroxene C. Epidote D. Tourmaline

B. Pyroxene

The ________ region of the United States is depicted in this image.

Basin and Range

Layers in sedimentary rock are called ___________.

Beds

Which of the drainage patterns shown here might develop on relatively uniform surface materials?

C

Synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture termed ___________.

Conchoidal

Which rock type is most likely to have been deposited in a high- energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream)?

Conglomerate

Which of the following is not true for minerals? A. inorganic B. naturally occurring C. liquid, solid, or gas in form D. definite chemical composition

C. Liquid, solid, or gas in form

________ is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in rainwater, and this mildly reactive substance aids chemical weathering.

Carbonic Acid

_____________ are formed when groundwater dissolves cavities into limestone.

Caverns

The skeletal remains of plankton make up the sedimentary rock ________.

Chalk

Rock salt and rock gypsum are examples of ________ sedimentary rocks.

Chemical

Due to the arrangement of weaker bonds in their crystal lattice, the tendency of certain minerals to break along the smooth, parallel planes is known as __________.

Cleavage

One drainage basin is separated from a neighboring drainage basin by a ____________.

Divide

All compounds are minerals. True or false

False

Diamond and quartz are both minerals composed of a single element. True or False

False

Electrons are found in the nucleus of an atom. True or False

False

Melting and calving are two forms of accumulation. True or False

False

Mud cracks and ripple marks are common features of igneous rocks. True or False

False

A cubic centimeter each of quartz, olivine, and native gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 respectively. This indicates that ______________.

Gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified and named principally on the basis of ________.

Grain size

_____________ is located in tiny pore spaces between grains of soil and sediment, underground.

Groundwater

The resistance of a mineral to scratching or abrasion is known as ________.

Hardness

To test whether a rock sample includes any of the mineral calcite, you should perform the __________ test.

Hydrochloric Acid

This cobble shows prominent scratches because __________.

It was scraped against other rocks in a glacier

In contact metamorphism, ________ is the dominant agent of change.

Limestone

The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral is called ________.

Luster

The downslope movement of rock or soil due to the influence of gravity is ________.

Mass wasting

Regional metamorphism occurs during ________.

Mountain Building

Which igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes?

Porphyritic

Precipitation of water on the land surface leads directly to ________.

Precipitation, Evaporation, Infiltration

Which of the following are the positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus?

Protons

All of the atoms making up any given element have the same number of _________.

Protons in the nucleus

Which kind of rocks contain fossils?

Sedimentary

At a delta, which of the following happens?

The main channel splits into a number of distributary channels.

If accumulation exceeds ablation (wastage) in a glacial budget, which of the following will happen?

The terminus will move downhill (advance).

In parts of the High Plains aquifer, water is being pumped from the ground faster than it is replenished. This has resulted in the water table dropping significantly. True or False

True

Loose, granular particles assume a stable slope called the angle of repose. True or False

True

Rusting is a form of mechanical weathering. True or False

True

The central region of an atom is the nucleus. True or False

True

Till is unsorted sediment deposited directly from the melting glacial ice; stream action is not involved. True or False

True

To transform an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock, which of the following processes must take place?

Weathering, transport, deposition, and lithification.

What is the least effective agent of erosion?

Wind

When a valley glacier leaves the mountains and enters the relative flat lands below, it may spread out to form ________.

a piedmont glacier

In an area of alpine glaciation, sinuous, sharp-edged ridges called ________ and sharp, pyramid-like peaks called________ are common features.

arêtes; horns

If you were on a geology field trip in an area of glacial deposition, how would you distinguish between samples of till and stratified drift?

by comparing their grain size and sorting

External processes that occur at or near Earth's surface and are powered by __________.

the Sun

________ make up the suspended loads of most rivers.

fine particles

Infiltration adds water to ________.

groundwater

A rainshadow desert forms ______.

in places where mountain ranges act as barriers to movement of water vapor.

Where do crevasses form?

in the zone of fracture

A glacier's downstream end __________.

is in the zone of wastage

Cross-bedding consists of many preserved ________ resulting from moving sand dunes.

slip faces


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