Gerontology Mid-Term

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Social structures, not age itself, determine the uses of time in later life. A. True B. False

A. True

Studies of interventions to promote advance directives have shown people are much more likely to complete these documents if they're given help by families or health professionals. A. True B. False

A. True

The average American woman will spend more years caring for older parents than she will spend caring for children under age 18. A. True B. False

A. True

The percentage of adults reporting that they are religiously unaffiliated has been increasing. A. True B. False

A. True

There is a lot of ambiguity around what constitutes elder self-neglect. A. True B. False

A. True

In later life, patterns of leisure activity ______. A. stay relatively the same as in midlife B. become much less involved and active than in midlife C. show a dramatic increase in social networking over midlife. D. drop-off entirely as most people lose the ability to see and hear well

A. stay relatively the same as in midlife

The Seattle Longitudinal Study found that the steepest average intellectual declines come after age ______. A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 70

C. 60

Which of the following affects an individual's experience in old age? A. social class B. formal education C. occupational experience D. all of the above

D. all of the above

At a minimum, dying well would mean which of the following conditions are met? A. having the right to know one's medical condition B. having the right to physician assisted suicide C. having the choice to accept or reject life-prolonging treatment D. both a and c

D. both a and c

The goal of offering a range of service options responsive to changing individual needs is known as a ______. A. nursing home B. longitudinal study C. cognitive reserve capacity D. continuum of community-based long-term care

D. continuum of community-based long-term care

The majority of Medicare dollars goes to what service for the elderly?

Hospital Impatient Services

Rate of major depression in 65+

1%

Alzheimer's Disease

Progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain

Exchange Theory of Aging

The idea that interaction in social groups is based on the reciprocal balancing of rewards depending on actions performed

Older adults make up around 14.5% of the U.S. population but account for what percentage of suicides? a. About 10% b. Almost 16% c. Almost 25% d. None of the above

b. Almost 16%

Which of the following are risk factors for elder abuse? a. Psychopathology, especially alcohol and substance abuse b. Family history of violence c. Social isolation d. Care giving burdens e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which state was the first in the United States to permit physician-assisted suicide? A. California B. Vermont C. Oregon D. Washington

C. Oregon

What states have passed the Death with Dignity Act?

California, Colorado, Washington D.C., Oregon, Vermont

A persistent pattern on IQ tests that shows relative stability in the verbal part but declines with age on the performance part of the IQ test

Classic Aging Pattern

A type of residential facility that offers a combination of housing and health or supportive services to residents

Continuing-Care Retirement Community (CCRC)

This theory of aging states that in old age people maintain habits, personality, and lifestyle developed in younger years.

Continuity Theory

Small group homes that provide mainly custodial care for older people who do not need the intensive support of a nursing home

Domiciliary Care Facilities And Board-And-Care Homes

There are difficulties in measuring how much elder abuse occurs because of ______. A. lack of formal reporting requirements B. disagreements among researchers on how to define elder abuse C. the way statistics are collected D. both a and b E. both b and c

E. both b and c

Legal responsibility for another person's welfare

Guardianship

Ageism

Prejudice or negative stereotypes about people based on chronological age

Respite Care

Temporary care for dependent older people to allow the caregiver some time off

Medicare

The federal government program that pays for acute health care for older people

Slower processing speed or reaction time usually isn't a factor in everyday cognitive performance. A. True B. False

A. True

More than two thirds of all deaths in the United States occur among people over the age of ______. A.55 B. 65 C. 75 D. 85

B. 65

Which theory states that the status of old people declines as societies become more modern? A. the disengagement theory B. the modernization theory C. the meaning of life theory D. the continuity theory of aging

B. the modernization theory

What percentage of states have formal reporting arrangements for suspected cases of elder abuse? A. 10% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%

D. 100%

Which of the following is a question that gerontologists seek to explore about old age? A. Does old age have meaning for society? B. How do individuals experience their lives as meaningful in later life? C. How do we imagine our future older selves, and what will be meaningful to us as we grow older? D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which country has legalized euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide? A. France B. Canada C. England D. The Netherlands

D. The Netherlands

Longitudinal Research

Research in which the same study individuals are followed over time

Rites of Passage

Rituals that mark major life events, thereby reinforcing shared norms about age grading

Error Accumulation Theory of Aging

States that aging is the result of the accumulation of errors in cellular molecules that are essential for cellular function and reproduction that eventually reaches a catastrophic level that is incompatible with cellular survival

Somatic Mutation Theory of Aging

The biological theory that aging results from damage to the genetic integrity of the body's cells

Cognitive Reserve Capacity

The degree of unused capacity for learning that exists at any given time

Sandwich Generation

Those people, usually women, who have obligations to care for children as well as older parents or in-laws

According to cellular theory of aging...

...the capacity of cell division weakens overtime

How many 65+ depressed in nursing homes?

11%

Dementia

A chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning

Medicaid

A federal and state program that pays for health care expenses of people who fall below the poverty line

The myth in which people idealize the "golden age" of preindustrial society is called the ______. A. "world-we-have-lost" myth B. "intimacy-at-a-distance" myth C. "nuclear-family" myth D. none of the above

A. "world-we-have-lost" myth

The chief federal government program that pays for health care for Americans over age 65 is ______. A. Medicare B. welfare C. Social Security D. Medicaid E. all of the above

A. Medicare

"Compression of morbidity" refers to the displacement of aging-related disease and declines as late in the life course as possible. A. True B. False

A. True

According to Brody, in the United States, ethical debate is now shifting from rationing health care to the avoidance of waste. A. True B. False

A. True

Biomarkers are biological indicators that identify features of the aging process. A. True B. False

A. True

Churches and religious organizations play many roles in the lives of older people. A. True B. False

A. True

Compression of morbidity is attractive because delaying dysfunction would enhance the quality of life, extend life expectancy, and reduce health care costs. A. True B. False

A. True

Faith can take on new meanings as we grow older. A. True B. False

A. True

Human beings have an average life expectancy and a maximum life span about twice as great as any other primate. A. True B. False

A. True

Legally, we are not permitted to curtail a person's liberties just because that person lacks the ability to carry out decisions they make without outside help. A. True B. False

A. True

Life span refers to the maximum age to which a member of a species can survive. A. True B. False

A. True

Medical advances in recent decades have forced us to make end-of-life decisions for ourselves. A. True B. False

A. True

Older people who commit suicide are more likely to have recently visited their primary health care provider than to have received mental health services. A. True B. False

A. True

Senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) is the most common cause of irreversible dementia of old age and accounts for two thirds of all dementia conditions. A. True B. False

A. True

The most persistent view of aging in society reflects continuous deterioration and decline, thus forming the basis for age-based prejudice known as ageism. A. True B. False

A. True

When it comes to the effects of aging on learning and memory, there are many individual differences, or "heterogeneity." A. True B. False

A. True

White men are the group most likely to kill themselves in later life. A. True B. False

A. True

The term euthanasia originally meant simply ______. A. a good death B. a happy ending C. a pleasant surprise D. none of the above

A. a good death

The type of euthanasia in which a deliberate intervention is used to end the patient's life is called ______. A. active euthanasia B. passive euthanasia C. assisted suicide D. advance directive

A. active euthanasia

In order to understand the role of religion in later life, social scientists need to distinguish formal religious behavior from ______. A. an inner attitude of spirituality B. societal expectations of religious beliefs C. what the scientists themselves might personally believe D. none of the above E. all of the above

A. an inner attitude of spirituality

Which of the following refers to the idea that there are traits that are beneficial in early life but harmful in later life? A. antagonistic pleiotropy B. compression of morbidity C. functional age D. none of the above

A. antagonistic pleiotropy

The free radical theory claims that the body itself produces so-called ______ substances as a protection against free radicals. A. antioxidants B. biomarkers C. collagen D. autoimmune

A. antioxidants

Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of biological theories of aging, which include ______. A. chance and fate B. luck and skill C. wear and tear D. immunity and susceptibility

A. chance and fate

Which of the following is not a strong determining factor in sexual decline? A. chronological age B. marital status C. general physical health D. the feelings of an older person about sexuality

A. chronological age

The degree of unused potential for learning that exists at any given time is called ______. A. cognitive reserve capacity B. decrement with compensation C. fluid intelligence D. learned helplessness

A. cognitive reserve capacity

According to the textbook, which theory stands out as an important reminder of how critical biological research will be for the future of an aging society? A. compression of morbidity theory B. cellular theory C. wear-and-tear theory D. aging-clock theory

A. compression of morbidity theory

The most widely pervasive view of adulthood assumes ______. A. continuous deterioration and decline B. continuous improvement and pleasure C. life will mostly stay the same as it was in childhood D. there is no predictable, foreseeable pattern throughout the life course

A. continuous deterioration and decline

One approach to rationing in which we ask how much a treatment costs in comparison with the total benefit that will be created if the patient lives is called ______. A. cost-benefit analysis B. cost-effectiveness analysis C. quality adjusted life years D. managed care

A. cost-benefit analysis

One of the biggest obstacles to researching creativity in later-life has been ______. A. finding an acceptable definition of creativity B. creating a reliable and valid instrument with which to measure creativity C. finding enough older adults who are creative D. none of the above

A. finding an acceptable definition of creativity

The common desire by older people to live independently yet still remain close enough to have regular contact with their grown children is referred to as ______. A. intimacy at a distance B. the nuclear family C. respite care D. both a and b

A. intimacy at a distance

One problem with age-based rationing is ______. A. knowing how much money would be saved B. defining age-based rationing in a gender-sensitive way C. figuring out a way to efficiently administer it to a growing older population D. measuring clinical effectiveness

A. knowing how much money would be saved

When a doctor or nurse conducts a full examination of an older person's physical, mental, and social conditions to determine what services they may need, it is called a ______. A. multidimensional functioning assessment B. compression of morbidity assessment C. normal aging assessment D. crystallized intelligence assessment

A. multidimensional functioning assessment

The capacity for the brain to form new neurons throughout adulthood is known as ______. A. neuroplasticity B. creativity C. wisdom D. mindfulness

A. neuroplasticity

We are finding that some of our stereotypes about the vulnerabilities of older people are ______. A. not accurate B. right on the money C. misconstrued by the media D. true only for the oldest-old

A. not accurate

The most expensive and service-intensive type of housing for the older adults is the ______. A. nursing home B. board-and-care home C. Section 8 housing program D. domiciliary care facility

A. nursing home

The type of euthanasia which refers to not doing something, such as withholding life-supporting therapy is called ______. A. passive euthanasia B. assisted suicide C. advance directive

A. passive euthanasia

Debates about risky behavior and mental health in later life often come back to the ambiguous phrase ______. A. quality of life B. compression of morbidity C. managed care D. divestment planning

A. quality of life

The body's ability to recover from assaults and withstand demands such as physical exertion is known as ______. A. reserve capacity B. cross-sectional methodology C. compression of morbidity D. the immune system

A. reserve capacity

The only environmental approach that has been shown to potentially extend life span in mammals is ______. A. restricting caloric intake B. getting plenty of sleep every night C. constant exercise D. none of the above

A. restricting caloric intake

The case involving Karen Ann Quinlan was the first of what kind? A. right-to-die B. right-to-live C. physician-assisted-suicide D. divestment-planning

A. right-to-die

The idea that people in a society share beliefs about the appropriate age for certain life events is called a/an ______. A. social clock B. age differentiation C. age grading D. age stratification

A. social clock

Which of the following still define transitions throughout life? A. social policies and institutions B. advertising and retail stores C. mainstream television shows and movies D. none of the above

A. social policies and institutions

The idea that some genetically determined trait can be beneficial early in life but harmful in later life.

Antagonistic Pleiotropy

Residential facilities for older adults that provide limited supportive care and permit a high degree of independence

Assisted-Living Facilities

The proportion of Americans who have prepared any kind of written advance directive is ______. A. 1 in 2 B. 1 in 3 C. 1 in 5 D. 1 in 10

B. 1 in 3

Widespread public discussion of the ethics of death and dying began during which decade? A. 1940s B. 1960s C. 1980s D. 2000s

B. 1960s

Women tend to outlive men by an average of _______ years. A. 3 B. 6 C. 10 D. 20

B. 6

Half of all cancers in the United States occur in people over age ______. A. 45 B. 65 C. 85 D. 105

B. 65

According to the textbook, the biological aging process is the direct result of a rigid genetic program and is inevitable for all species. A. True B. False

B. False

According to the textbook, the world that human beings live in has no shared meaning of any importance. A. True B. False

B. False

Biological aging is best seen as a disease process. A. True B. False

B. False

Chronological age alone is a strong predictor of an individual's functional capacity. A. True B. False

B. False

Cross-sectional research studies are the best way to track changes over time. A. True B. False

B. False

Depression is a normal part of aging. A. True B. False

B. False

Most adults in the United States have purchased a long-term care insurance policy. A. True B. False

B. False

Most of the characteristic qualities of old age are universal among all species. A. True B. False

B. False

Most older persons who have significant health issues have negative attitudes about growing older and later life. A. True B. False

B. False

Normal aging is a disease process that results in decline and death. A. True B. False

B. False

Old age is best understood as a separate stage of life. A. True B. False

B. False

Participation in intellectual and political leisure activities does not have protective benefits for cognition during later life. A. True B. False

B. False

Research on age and cognitive function has found that the personality changes through adulthood, particularly in response to health problems, economic hardships, and bereavement. A. True B. False

B. False

Researchers have located groups of people in remote parts of the world (e.g., in the mountains of Peru) who live beyond the maximum human life span. A. True B. False

B. False

Roles such as "student," "retiree," "grandmother," and "first-time father" are strictly linked to chronological age. A. True B. False

B. False

Studies of older people in previous decades provide a solid, reliable basis for judging what older people are capable of today or in the future. A. True B. False

B. False

The number of older people living in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities has been increasing in recent decades. A. True B. False

B. False

There is growing public disapproval for the right of the terminally ill to have the options of euthanasia or assisted suicide. A. True B. False

B. False

Ubel argues that health care rationing amounts to an egregious crime against humanity. A. True B. False

B. False

In 2016, more than ______ was spent on Medicare for Americans over the age of 65 each year. A. $100 billion B. $200 billion C. $600 billion D. $1 trillion

C. $600 billion

According to the Duke Longitudinal Study of Aging (1981), what percentage of older adults said they had never been bored in the previous week? A. 1 out of 10 B. 3 out of 10 C. 9 out of 10 D. 10 out of 10

C. 9 out of 10

The Disengagement Theory of Aging looks at old age as a time when ______. A. The more active people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life. B. People who grow older are inclined to maintain as much as they can of the same habits. C. Both the older person and society engage in mutual separation. D. none of the above

C. Both the older person and society engage in mutual separation.

When individuals or families impoverish themselves by spending all their income and assets into order to qualify for Medicaid, it's referred to as ______. A. nuclear family spenddown B. Medicare spenddown C. Medicaid spenddown D. extended family spenddown

C. Medicaid spenddown

When a doctor or family member actively provides the means or carries out the instructions required for an individual to end his or her own life, it is called ______. A. active euthanasia B. passive euthanasia C. assisted suicide D. advance directive

C. assisted suicide

Which of the following aspects of psychological functioning is most affected by the normal aging? A. self-esteem B. emotional stability C. cognitive functioning D. personal responsibility

C. cognitive functioning

The theory that people can optimize their cognitive functioning by drawing on their strengths or compensating for losses is called ______. A. adaptation and accommodation B. resilience C. decrement with compensation D. practice effects

C. decrement with compensation

Which of the following is the best research approach for following the same individuals over a long period of time? A. life transitions research B. cross-sectional research C. longitudinal research D. historical research

C. longitudinal research

Blazer (1991) identified six dimensions of "spiritual well-being" that included all of the following except: A. self-determined wisdom B. the discovery of meaning in aging C. participation in public religious activities D. revival of spirituality

C. participation in public religious activities

The commonsense view that 10 years of disability may not have the same value as 10 years of good health is known as ______. A. cost-benefit analysis B. cost-effectiveness analysis C. quality adjusted life years D. managed care

C. quality adjusted life years

The concept that metabolism and life expectancy are closely correlated is called the ______. A. Gompertz law B. rectangular curve C. rate-of-living concept D. wear-and-tear theory of aging

C. rate-of-living concept

Special events that mark the transition from one role to another are known as ______. A. modernizing events B. disengagements C. rites of passage D. continuity of aging events

C. rites of passage

Another term for biological aging is ______. A. decline B. antagonistic pleiotropy C. scenescence D. longevity

C. scenescence

According to the Global Perspectives section, Blue Zones are ______. A. areas of the United States where there are higher rates of depression B. countries where there are more children than older adults in the population C. specific regions across the globe with high rates of longevity D. areas of research considered to have the highest probability of reversing biological aging

C. specific regions across the globe with high rates of longevity

Which theory says aging is programmed into our bodies like a clock ticking away from the moment of conception? A. the cellular theory B. the autoimmune theory C. the aging-clock theory D. the cross-linkage theory

C. the aging-clock theory

Which theory of aging best accounts for sexual activity in late life? A. the wear-and-tear theory of aging B. the compression of morbidity theory of aging C. the continuity theory of aging D. the cross-linkage theory of aging

C. the continuity theory of aging

Which standard do courts use to determine treatment by asking what the patient would have wanted under the conditions? A. the best-interest standard B. the right-to-die standard C. the standard of substituted judgment D. the standard of best-practices in medicine

C. the standard of substituted judgment

The problem of measuring "real" intelligence is known as ______. A. the reliability problem B. the optimistic problem C. the validity problem D. the wisdom problem

C. the validity problem

What percentage of older people talk to their grown children at least once a week? A. one third B. one half C. three fourths D. one hundred

C. three fourths

A residential arrangement in which nutrition, housekeeping, and supportive services are provided

Congregate Housing

Men can maintain fertility until approximately what age? A. 50s B. 60s C. 70s D. 80s

D. 80s

Which of the following are considered to be wear-and-tear theories of aging. A. Somatic B. Error Accumulation C. Accumulation Waste D. All of the above E. Only A and B

D. All of the above

Which of the following might be an example of the term "multidimensional disengagement"? A. Older people are more likely to be involved with religious organizations but less involved with other community organizations. B. There are strong correlations between well-being and religious beliefs in older adults. C. Religion can help older people cope with stressors such as illness but not with dwindling psychological resources such as self-esteem. D. As people grow older, they may attend church less often but engage in more personal religious practice such as reading the Bible.

D. As people grow older, they may attend church less often but engage in more personal religious practice such as reading the Bible.

The first important right-to-die law was the _______ passed in 1976. A. Minnesota Assisted Death Act B. Oregon Physician-Assisted Suicide Act C. Kentucky Best-Interest Standard Act D. California Natural Death Act

D. California Natural Death Act

Who believes that society owes older adults a decent minimum of health care, at least up to a certain age? A. Harry Moody B. Emile Durkheim C. Karl Marx D. Daniel Callahan

D. Daniel Callahan

The most influential measure of global or general intelligence in use today is the ______. A. Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) B. California Achievement Test (CAT) C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

The idea that there should be a separate household for the nuclear family—only the parents and children—has become increasingly common in ______. A. Eastern societies B. Northern societies C. Southern societies D. Western societies

D. Western societies

Churches and other religious organizations play many roles in the lives of older Americans, including which of the following? A. formal religious programs B. pastoral care programs C. sponsoring or providing social services D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Older adults tend to take longer to learn new things ______. A. because of lack of practice B. because of lack of motivation C. because of differences in learning styles D. all of the above E. both b and c

D. all of the above

Self-determined suicide can refer to which of the following? A. termination of medical treatment B. active euthanasia C. assisted suicide D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Three quarters of all deaths among people over age 65 are caused by which of the following? A. heart disease B. cancer C. stroke D. all of the above

D. all of the above

According to the textbook, fluid intelligence ______ with age, while crystallized intelligence ______ with age. A. stays the same; increases B. increases; declines C. stays the same; declines D. declines; increases

D. declines; increases

The belief that responsibility for care of the aged falls on adult children is called ______. A. extended family responsibility B. female responsibility C. spousal responsibility D. filial responsibility E. All of the above

D. filial responsibility

For most older Americans surveyed, the greatest meaning in their lives came from ______. A. leisure activities B. work roles C. spiritual well-being D. human relationships E. all of the above

D. human relationships

In Britain, which treatment has routinely been withheld from people over the age of 55? A. nonlife threatening surgery B. cosmetic surgery C. angioplasty D. kidney dialysis

D. kidney dialysis

According to the textbook, which theory of aging completely explains all the complex processes that occur in cells and body systems relating to why we grow old? A. the wear-and-tear theory B. the autoimmune theory C. the aging-clock theory D. none of the above

D. none of the above

Which theory argues that aging results from the progressive weakening of capacity for cell division, perhaps through exhaustion of the genetic material? A. the wear-and-tear theory B. the autoimmune theory C. the free radical theory D. the cellular theory

D. the cellular theory

Which theory believes the changes we see with age result from the accumulation of collagen compounds that gradually become stiff? A. the wear-and-tear theory B. the free radical theory C. the aging-clock theory D. the cross-linkage theory

D. the cross-linkage theory

Patterns of late-life leisure activity may have important implications for which of the following areas of an aging society? A. the welfare system B. the educational system C. the political system D. the economy

D. the economy

According to the text, _______ embodies expectations of what is fair or right. A. the disengagement theory B. cross-sectional methodology C. the reserve capacity D. the moral economy

D. the moral economy

Which of the following is the proper sequence referring to the distinctions that are made between age groups? A. young-old -> medium-old -> super-old B. old-old->very-old -> oldest-old C. oldest-old -> old-old -> young-old D. young-old -> old-old -> oldest old

D. young-old -> old-old -> oldest old

According to ________ theory of aging, old age is marked by the mutual withdraw of older persons in society.

Disengagement Theory

Role Loss

The process of giving up or losing previous roles, such as the role of spouse (with widowhood) or the role of worker (with retirement)

A phrase that refers to the assumption that there is latent demand for long-term-care services that would not otherwise be provided or that families might have provided

Woodwork Effect

Among the patients studied by Pearlman and Starks, the pursuit of physician-assisted death was motivated by all of the following factors except: a. Illness-related experiences b. Threat to the person's sense of self c. Depression d. Fears about the future e. None of the above

c. Depression

Which of the following theories of aging is best applied to patterns of caregiving over the life span? a. disengagement theory b. activity theory c. continuity theory d. exchange theory e. conflict theory

d. exchange theory

Risk factors for elder abuse?

psychopathology, family history of violence, caregiver burdens, social isolation, stress

Activity Theory of Aging

A view holding that the more active people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life

The stages of life have always been viewed in the same ways throughout history. A. True B. False

B. False

Aging to the body and person via changes over time

Primary Aging

Modernization Theory of Aging

The view that the status of older adults has declined since industrialization and the spread of technology

Cross-Sectional Design

A research method in which people at different ages are studied at a single point in time

The "classic aging pattern" is defined as ______. A. the persistent difference in performance on measures of verbal and performance intelligence B. the idea that the interaction of social groups is based on reciprocal balance C. the ability for humans to displace aging-related disease and declines until later in life D. the idea that declines in cognitive functioning in later life can be compensated for by the expertise acquired with aging

A. the persistent difference in performance on measures of verbal and performance intelligence

Among older married couples, the primary caregiver tends to be ______. A. the spouse B. the oldest child C. the nearest sibling D. the parent

A. the spouse

Which theory sees aging as the result of chance and dates back to Aristotle? A. the wear-and-tear theory B. the autoimmune theory C. the aging-clock theory D. the cross-linkage theory

A. the wear-and-tear theory

How the meaning of old age will change in contemporary postindustrial societies is ______. A. unclear B. predetermined C. not expected to change much from present D. likely to be very different from modern societies

A. unclear

Some reasons given in favor of health care rationing include all of the following except ______. A. It would be efficient to administer. B. Older adults as a group are highly heterogeneous, and chronological age is not a good predictor of outcome for medical treatments. C. Older people are less productive in the economy. D. All people are members of every age group at some point over a full life course.

B. Older adults as a group are highly heterogeneous, and chronological age is not a good predictor of outcome for medical treatments.

The 1991 law that requires hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care facilities to advise all patients at the point of admission about their right to accept or refuse medical treatment is called the ______. A. California Natural Death Act B. Patient Self-Determination Act C. Minnesota Assisted Death Act D. Right-To-Admission and Right-To-Die Act

B. Patient Self-Determination Act

According to Goldberg, the "wisdom paradox" suggests that ______. A. Only a rare few older persons can become wise. B. The mind can grow stronger as the brain grows older. C. One must be well educated to become wise.

B. The mind can grow stronger as the brain grows older.

Biological indicators that can identify features of the basic process of aging are called ______. A. reserve capacities B. biomarkers C. rites of passage D. free radicals

B. biomarkers

The alternative to rationing in which we look at which treatment provides the desired outcome for the least cost is called ______. A. cost-benefit analysis B. cost-effectiveness analysis C. quality adjusted life years D. managed care

B. cost-effectiveness analysis

The use of statistical techniques to study the distribution of diseases in human populations is called ______. A. neurology B. epidemiology C. sociology D. psychology

B. epidemiology

James Fowler (1981) developed a framework describing how people move from simpler, more literalist ideas of religion to levels where they see themselves in more universal terms. This framework was called ______. A. biomarkers B. faith stages C. multidimensional disengagement D. the rectangular curve

B. faith stages

An activity engaged in for its own sake is known as ______. A. religion B. leisure C. social role D. free radical

B. leisure

The perspective taken by the textbook that seeks to understand "old age" by understanding the entire course of human life is called the ______. A. modernization perspective B. life course perspective C. the old age perspective D. meaning of life perspective

B. life course perspective

Older adults account for ______ of all national health care expenditures. A. one quarter B. one third C. one half D. three fourths

B. one third

The textbook says, "The future of an aging society will be shaped by all of us because the old are simply" ______. A. useless. B. our future selves C. the same as the young D. biologically impaired

B. our future selves

According to one widely shared view, the agenda for gerontology should be to promote the social integration of the aged by which of the following means ______. A. the disengagement of older adults from society B. participation in group activities, social involvement, and participatory roles of all kinds C. increase in religious participation D. none of the above E. all of the above

B. participation in group activities, social involvement, and participatory roles of all kinds

Which of the following is a strong predictor of subjective well-being? A. chronological age B. physical health C. emotional maturity D. intelligence quotient (IQ)

B. physical health

Which theory claims that the body may eventually become defective and no longer distinguish between its own tissues and foreign tissues? A. the wear-and-tear theory B. the autoimmune theory C. the aging-clock theory D. the cross-linkage theory

B. the autoimmune theory

The fear that if government funding were to start paying for in-home health care, more people would demand services that families have been providing is referred to as ______. A. the butterfly effect B. the woodwork effect C. the Medicaid effect D. the sandwich effect

B. the woodwork effect

Canada's national health care system implements which policy of allocating some types of medical care? A. highest bidder B. waiting lines C. first-come first-served D. all of the above

B. waiting lines

Social researchers theorize that religion helps older adults cope in which of the following ways? A. by reducing the stress of late-life illness B. by providing a sense of meaning in life C. by offering social networks and activities D. by strengthening inner resources E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following has a strong impact on one's pathway through life? A. early life events B. historical events C. gender-related events D. unpredictable life events E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Life Course Events

Perspective from which aging is viewed as part of the totality of human life, understood as a successive series of stages, from infancy through old age

Aging from disabilities resulting from disease

Secondary Aging

Federal laws providing subsidies for housing older adults

Section 202 and Section 8 Housing Programs

An alternative housing arrangement involving group residence with shared common areas or renting of unused rooms

Shared Housing

Accumulative Waste Theory of Aging

The biological theory of aging that points to a buildup of cells of waste products that presumably interferes with metabolism

Parens Patriae

The government, or any other authority, regarded as the legal protector of citizens unable to protect themselves

Demographic Transitions

The idea that population aging can be explained by a decline in both birthrates and death rates following industrialization

Disengagement Theory of Aging

The idea that separation of older people from active roles in society is normal and appropriate, and benefits both society and older individuals

Fluid Intelligence

The intellectual ability to solve novel tasks or problems (creative)

Crystallized Intelligence

The intellectual ability to use past experience in completing tasks or solving problems (practical)

Hayflick Limit

The maximum number of cell divisions that normal cells undergo, as typically measured in a laboratory dish

Cellular Theory of Aging

The view that aging can be explained largely by changes in structure and function taking place in the cells of an organism

Continuity Theory of Aging

The view that in aging people are inclined to maintain, as much as they can, the same habits, personalities, and styles of life they developed in earlier years


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