Gerontology Mid-Term
Social structures, not age itself, determine the uses of time in later life. A. True B. False
A. True
Studies of interventions to promote advance directives have shown people are much more likely to complete these documents if they're given help by families or health professionals. A. True B. False
A. True
The average American woman will spend more years caring for older parents than she will spend caring for children under age 18. A. True B. False
A. True
The percentage of adults reporting that they are religiously unaffiliated has been increasing. A. True B. False
A. True
There is a lot of ambiguity around what constitutes elder self-neglect. A. True B. False
A. True
In later life, patterns of leisure activity ______. A. stay relatively the same as in midlife B. become much less involved and active than in midlife C. show a dramatic increase in social networking over midlife. D. drop-off entirely as most people lose the ability to see and hear well
A. stay relatively the same as in midlife
The Seattle Longitudinal Study found that the steepest average intellectual declines come after age ______. A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 70
C. 60
Which of the following affects an individual's experience in old age? A. social class B. formal education C. occupational experience D. all of the above
D. all of the above
At a minimum, dying well would mean which of the following conditions are met? A. having the right to know one's medical condition B. having the right to physician assisted suicide C. having the choice to accept or reject life-prolonging treatment D. both a and c
D. both a and c
The goal of offering a range of service options responsive to changing individual needs is known as a ______. A. nursing home B. longitudinal study C. cognitive reserve capacity D. continuum of community-based long-term care
D. continuum of community-based long-term care
The majority of Medicare dollars goes to what service for the elderly?
Hospital Impatient Services
Rate of major depression in 65+
1%
Alzheimer's Disease
Progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain
Exchange Theory of Aging
The idea that interaction in social groups is based on the reciprocal balancing of rewards depending on actions performed
Older adults make up around 14.5% of the U.S. population but account for what percentage of suicides? a. About 10% b. Almost 16% c. Almost 25% d. None of the above
b. Almost 16%
Which of the following are risk factors for elder abuse? a. Psychopathology, especially alcohol and substance abuse b. Family history of violence c. Social isolation d. Care giving burdens e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Which state was the first in the United States to permit physician-assisted suicide? A. California B. Vermont C. Oregon D. Washington
C. Oregon
What states have passed the Death with Dignity Act?
California, Colorado, Washington D.C., Oregon, Vermont
A persistent pattern on IQ tests that shows relative stability in the verbal part but declines with age on the performance part of the IQ test
Classic Aging Pattern
A type of residential facility that offers a combination of housing and health or supportive services to residents
Continuing-Care Retirement Community (CCRC)
This theory of aging states that in old age people maintain habits, personality, and lifestyle developed in younger years.
Continuity Theory
Small group homes that provide mainly custodial care for older people who do not need the intensive support of a nursing home
Domiciliary Care Facilities And Board-And-Care Homes
There are difficulties in measuring how much elder abuse occurs because of ______. A. lack of formal reporting requirements B. disagreements among researchers on how to define elder abuse C. the way statistics are collected D. both a and b E. both b and c
E. both b and c
Legal responsibility for another person's welfare
Guardianship
Ageism
Prejudice or negative stereotypes about people based on chronological age
Respite Care
Temporary care for dependent older people to allow the caregiver some time off
Medicare
The federal government program that pays for acute health care for older people
Slower processing speed or reaction time usually isn't a factor in everyday cognitive performance. A. True B. False
A. True
More than two thirds of all deaths in the United States occur among people over the age of ______. A.55 B. 65 C. 75 D. 85
B. 65
Which theory states that the status of old people declines as societies become more modern? A. the disengagement theory B. the modernization theory C. the meaning of life theory D. the continuity theory of aging
B. the modernization theory
What percentage of states have formal reporting arrangements for suspected cases of elder abuse? A. 10% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%
D. 100%
Which of the following is a question that gerontologists seek to explore about old age? A. Does old age have meaning for society? B. How do individuals experience their lives as meaningful in later life? C. How do we imagine our future older selves, and what will be meaningful to us as we grow older? D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which country has legalized euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide? A. France B. Canada C. England D. The Netherlands
D. The Netherlands
Longitudinal Research
Research in which the same study individuals are followed over time
Rites of Passage
Rituals that mark major life events, thereby reinforcing shared norms about age grading
Error Accumulation Theory of Aging
States that aging is the result of the accumulation of errors in cellular molecules that are essential for cellular function and reproduction that eventually reaches a catastrophic level that is incompatible with cellular survival
Somatic Mutation Theory of Aging
The biological theory that aging results from damage to the genetic integrity of the body's cells
Cognitive Reserve Capacity
The degree of unused capacity for learning that exists at any given time
Sandwich Generation
Those people, usually women, who have obligations to care for children as well as older parents or in-laws
According to cellular theory of aging...
...the capacity of cell division weakens overtime
How many 65+ depressed in nursing homes?
11%
Dementia
A chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning
Medicaid
A federal and state program that pays for health care expenses of people who fall below the poverty line
The myth in which people idealize the "golden age" of preindustrial society is called the ______. A. "world-we-have-lost" myth B. "intimacy-at-a-distance" myth C. "nuclear-family" myth D. none of the above
A. "world-we-have-lost" myth
The chief federal government program that pays for health care for Americans over age 65 is ______. A. Medicare B. welfare C. Social Security D. Medicaid E. all of the above
A. Medicare
"Compression of morbidity" refers to the displacement of aging-related disease and declines as late in the life course as possible. A. True B. False
A. True
According to Brody, in the United States, ethical debate is now shifting from rationing health care to the avoidance of waste. A. True B. False
A. True
Biomarkers are biological indicators that identify features of the aging process. A. True B. False
A. True
Churches and religious organizations play many roles in the lives of older people. A. True B. False
A. True
Compression of morbidity is attractive because delaying dysfunction would enhance the quality of life, extend life expectancy, and reduce health care costs. A. True B. False
A. True
Faith can take on new meanings as we grow older. A. True B. False
A. True
Human beings have an average life expectancy and a maximum life span about twice as great as any other primate. A. True B. False
A. True
Legally, we are not permitted to curtail a person's liberties just because that person lacks the ability to carry out decisions they make without outside help. A. True B. False
A. True
Life span refers to the maximum age to which a member of a species can survive. A. True B. False
A. True
Medical advances in recent decades have forced us to make end-of-life decisions for ourselves. A. True B. False
A. True
Older people who commit suicide are more likely to have recently visited their primary health care provider than to have received mental health services. A. True B. False
A. True
Senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) is the most common cause of irreversible dementia of old age and accounts for two thirds of all dementia conditions. A. True B. False
A. True
The most persistent view of aging in society reflects continuous deterioration and decline, thus forming the basis for age-based prejudice known as ageism. A. True B. False
A. True
When it comes to the effects of aging on learning and memory, there are many individual differences, or "heterogeneity." A. True B. False
A. True
White men are the group most likely to kill themselves in later life. A. True B. False
A. True
The term euthanasia originally meant simply ______. A. a good death B. a happy ending C. a pleasant surprise D. none of the above
A. a good death
The type of euthanasia in which a deliberate intervention is used to end the patient's life is called ______. A. active euthanasia B. passive euthanasia C. assisted suicide D. advance directive
A. active euthanasia
In order to understand the role of religion in later life, social scientists need to distinguish formal religious behavior from ______. A. an inner attitude of spirituality B. societal expectations of religious beliefs C. what the scientists themselves might personally believe D. none of the above E. all of the above
A. an inner attitude of spirituality
Which of the following refers to the idea that there are traits that are beneficial in early life but harmful in later life? A. antagonistic pleiotropy B. compression of morbidity C. functional age D. none of the above
A. antagonistic pleiotropy
The free radical theory claims that the body itself produces so-called ______ substances as a protection against free radicals. A. antioxidants B. biomarkers C. collagen D. autoimmune
A. antioxidants
Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of biological theories of aging, which include ______. A. chance and fate B. luck and skill C. wear and tear D. immunity and susceptibility
A. chance and fate
Which of the following is not a strong determining factor in sexual decline? A. chronological age B. marital status C. general physical health D. the feelings of an older person about sexuality
A. chronological age
The degree of unused potential for learning that exists at any given time is called ______. A. cognitive reserve capacity B. decrement with compensation C. fluid intelligence D. learned helplessness
A. cognitive reserve capacity
According to the textbook, which theory stands out as an important reminder of how critical biological research will be for the future of an aging society? A. compression of morbidity theory B. cellular theory C. wear-and-tear theory D. aging-clock theory
A. compression of morbidity theory
The most widely pervasive view of adulthood assumes ______. A. continuous deterioration and decline B. continuous improvement and pleasure C. life will mostly stay the same as it was in childhood D. there is no predictable, foreseeable pattern throughout the life course
A. continuous deterioration and decline
One approach to rationing in which we ask how much a treatment costs in comparison with the total benefit that will be created if the patient lives is called ______. A. cost-benefit analysis B. cost-effectiveness analysis C. quality adjusted life years D. managed care
A. cost-benefit analysis
One of the biggest obstacles to researching creativity in later-life has been ______. A. finding an acceptable definition of creativity B. creating a reliable and valid instrument with which to measure creativity C. finding enough older adults who are creative D. none of the above
A. finding an acceptable definition of creativity
The common desire by older people to live independently yet still remain close enough to have regular contact with their grown children is referred to as ______. A. intimacy at a distance B. the nuclear family C. respite care D. both a and b
A. intimacy at a distance
One problem with age-based rationing is ______. A. knowing how much money would be saved B. defining age-based rationing in a gender-sensitive way C. figuring out a way to efficiently administer it to a growing older population D. measuring clinical effectiveness
A. knowing how much money would be saved
When a doctor or nurse conducts a full examination of an older person's physical, mental, and social conditions to determine what services they may need, it is called a ______. A. multidimensional functioning assessment B. compression of morbidity assessment C. normal aging assessment D. crystallized intelligence assessment
A. multidimensional functioning assessment
The capacity for the brain to form new neurons throughout adulthood is known as ______. A. neuroplasticity B. creativity C. wisdom D. mindfulness
A. neuroplasticity
We are finding that some of our stereotypes about the vulnerabilities of older people are ______. A. not accurate B. right on the money C. misconstrued by the media D. true only for the oldest-old
A. not accurate
The most expensive and service-intensive type of housing for the older adults is the ______. A. nursing home B. board-and-care home C. Section 8 housing program D. domiciliary care facility
A. nursing home
The type of euthanasia which refers to not doing something, such as withholding life-supporting therapy is called ______. A. passive euthanasia B. assisted suicide C. advance directive
A. passive euthanasia
Debates about risky behavior and mental health in later life often come back to the ambiguous phrase ______. A. quality of life B. compression of morbidity C. managed care D. divestment planning
A. quality of life
The body's ability to recover from assaults and withstand demands such as physical exertion is known as ______. A. reserve capacity B. cross-sectional methodology C. compression of morbidity D. the immune system
A. reserve capacity
The only environmental approach that has been shown to potentially extend life span in mammals is ______. A. restricting caloric intake B. getting plenty of sleep every night C. constant exercise D. none of the above
A. restricting caloric intake
The case involving Karen Ann Quinlan was the first of what kind? A. right-to-die B. right-to-live C. physician-assisted-suicide D. divestment-planning
A. right-to-die
The idea that people in a society share beliefs about the appropriate age for certain life events is called a/an ______. A. social clock B. age differentiation C. age grading D. age stratification
A. social clock
Which of the following still define transitions throughout life? A. social policies and institutions B. advertising and retail stores C. mainstream television shows and movies D. none of the above
A. social policies and institutions
The idea that some genetically determined trait can be beneficial early in life but harmful in later life.
Antagonistic Pleiotropy
Residential facilities for older adults that provide limited supportive care and permit a high degree of independence
Assisted-Living Facilities
The proportion of Americans who have prepared any kind of written advance directive is ______. A. 1 in 2 B. 1 in 3 C. 1 in 5 D. 1 in 10
B. 1 in 3
Widespread public discussion of the ethics of death and dying began during which decade? A. 1940s B. 1960s C. 1980s D. 2000s
B. 1960s
Women tend to outlive men by an average of _______ years. A. 3 B. 6 C. 10 D. 20
B. 6
Half of all cancers in the United States occur in people over age ______. A. 45 B. 65 C. 85 D. 105
B. 65
According to the textbook, the biological aging process is the direct result of a rigid genetic program and is inevitable for all species. A. True B. False
B. False
According to the textbook, the world that human beings live in has no shared meaning of any importance. A. True B. False
B. False
Biological aging is best seen as a disease process. A. True B. False
B. False
Chronological age alone is a strong predictor of an individual's functional capacity. A. True B. False
B. False
Cross-sectional research studies are the best way to track changes over time. A. True B. False
B. False
Depression is a normal part of aging. A. True B. False
B. False
Most adults in the United States have purchased a long-term care insurance policy. A. True B. False
B. False
Most of the characteristic qualities of old age are universal among all species. A. True B. False
B. False
Most older persons who have significant health issues have negative attitudes about growing older and later life. A. True B. False
B. False
Normal aging is a disease process that results in decline and death. A. True B. False
B. False
Old age is best understood as a separate stage of life. A. True B. False
B. False
Participation in intellectual and political leisure activities does not have protective benefits for cognition during later life. A. True B. False
B. False
Research on age and cognitive function has found that the personality changes through adulthood, particularly in response to health problems, economic hardships, and bereavement. A. True B. False
B. False
Researchers have located groups of people in remote parts of the world (e.g., in the mountains of Peru) who live beyond the maximum human life span. A. True B. False
B. False
Roles such as "student," "retiree," "grandmother," and "first-time father" are strictly linked to chronological age. A. True B. False
B. False
Studies of older people in previous decades provide a solid, reliable basis for judging what older people are capable of today or in the future. A. True B. False
B. False
The number of older people living in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities has been increasing in recent decades. A. True B. False
B. False
There is growing public disapproval for the right of the terminally ill to have the options of euthanasia or assisted suicide. A. True B. False
B. False
Ubel argues that health care rationing amounts to an egregious crime against humanity. A. True B. False
B. False
In 2016, more than ______ was spent on Medicare for Americans over the age of 65 each year. A. $100 billion B. $200 billion C. $600 billion D. $1 trillion
C. $600 billion
According to the Duke Longitudinal Study of Aging (1981), what percentage of older adults said they had never been bored in the previous week? A. 1 out of 10 B. 3 out of 10 C. 9 out of 10 D. 10 out of 10
C. 9 out of 10
The Disengagement Theory of Aging looks at old age as a time when ______. A. The more active people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life. B. People who grow older are inclined to maintain as much as they can of the same habits. C. Both the older person and society engage in mutual separation. D. none of the above
C. Both the older person and society engage in mutual separation.
When individuals or families impoverish themselves by spending all their income and assets into order to qualify for Medicaid, it's referred to as ______. A. nuclear family spenddown B. Medicare spenddown C. Medicaid spenddown D. extended family spenddown
C. Medicaid spenddown
When a doctor or family member actively provides the means or carries out the instructions required for an individual to end his or her own life, it is called ______. A. active euthanasia B. passive euthanasia C. assisted suicide D. advance directive
C. assisted suicide
Which of the following aspects of psychological functioning is most affected by the normal aging? A. self-esteem B. emotional stability C. cognitive functioning D. personal responsibility
C. cognitive functioning
The theory that people can optimize their cognitive functioning by drawing on their strengths or compensating for losses is called ______. A. adaptation and accommodation B. resilience C. decrement with compensation D. practice effects
C. decrement with compensation
Which of the following is the best research approach for following the same individuals over a long period of time? A. life transitions research B. cross-sectional research C. longitudinal research D. historical research
C. longitudinal research
Blazer (1991) identified six dimensions of "spiritual well-being" that included all of the following except: A. self-determined wisdom B. the discovery of meaning in aging C. participation in public religious activities D. revival of spirituality
C. participation in public religious activities
The commonsense view that 10 years of disability may not have the same value as 10 years of good health is known as ______. A. cost-benefit analysis B. cost-effectiveness analysis C. quality adjusted life years D. managed care
C. quality adjusted life years
The concept that metabolism and life expectancy are closely correlated is called the ______. A. Gompertz law B. rectangular curve C. rate-of-living concept D. wear-and-tear theory of aging
C. rate-of-living concept
Special events that mark the transition from one role to another are known as ______. A. modernizing events B. disengagements C. rites of passage D. continuity of aging events
C. rites of passage
Another term for biological aging is ______. A. decline B. antagonistic pleiotropy C. scenescence D. longevity
C. scenescence
According to the Global Perspectives section, Blue Zones are ______. A. areas of the United States where there are higher rates of depression B. countries where there are more children than older adults in the population C. specific regions across the globe with high rates of longevity D. areas of research considered to have the highest probability of reversing biological aging
C. specific regions across the globe with high rates of longevity
Which theory says aging is programmed into our bodies like a clock ticking away from the moment of conception? A. the cellular theory B. the autoimmune theory C. the aging-clock theory D. the cross-linkage theory
C. the aging-clock theory
Which theory of aging best accounts for sexual activity in late life? A. the wear-and-tear theory of aging B. the compression of morbidity theory of aging C. the continuity theory of aging D. the cross-linkage theory of aging
C. the continuity theory of aging
Which standard do courts use to determine treatment by asking what the patient would have wanted under the conditions? A. the best-interest standard B. the right-to-die standard C. the standard of substituted judgment D. the standard of best-practices in medicine
C. the standard of substituted judgment
The problem of measuring "real" intelligence is known as ______. A. the reliability problem B. the optimistic problem C. the validity problem D. the wisdom problem
C. the validity problem
What percentage of older people talk to their grown children at least once a week? A. one third B. one half C. three fourths D. one hundred
C. three fourths
A residential arrangement in which nutrition, housekeeping, and supportive services are provided
Congregate Housing
Men can maintain fertility until approximately what age? A. 50s B. 60s C. 70s D. 80s
D. 80s
Which of the following are considered to be wear-and-tear theories of aging. A. Somatic B. Error Accumulation C. Accumulation Waste D. All of the above E. Only A and B
D. All of the above
Which of the following might be an example of the term "multidimensional disengagement"? A. Older people are more likely to be involved with religious organizations but less involved with other community organizations. B. There are strong correlations between well-being and religious beliefs in older adults. C. Religion can help older people cope with stressors such as illness but not with dwindling psychological resources such as self-esteem. D. As people grow older, they may attend church less often but engage in more personal religious practice such as reading the Bible.
D. As people grow older, they may attend church less often but engage in more personal religious practice such as reading the Bible.
The first important right-to-die law was the _______ passed in 1976. A. Minnesota Assisted Death Act B. Oregon Physician-Assisted Suicide Act C. Kentucky Best-Interest Standard Act D. California Natural Death Act
D. California Natural Death Act
Who believes that society owes older adults a decent minimum of health care, at least up to a certain age? A. Harry Moody B. Emile Durkheim C. Karl Marx D. Daniel Callahan
D. Daniel Callahan
The most influential measure of global or general intelligence in use today is the ______. A. Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) B. California Achievement Test (CAT) C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
The idea that there should be a separate household for the nuclear family—only the parents and children—has become increasingly common in ______. A. Eastern societies B. Northern societies C. Southern societies D. Western societies
D. Western societies
Churches and other religious organizations play many roles in the lives of older Americans, including which of the following? A. formal religious programs B. pastoral care programs C. sponsoring or providing social services D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Older adults tend to take longer to learn new things ______. A. because of lack of practice B. because of lack of motivation C. because of differences in learning styles D. all of the above E. both b and c
D. all of the above
Self-determined suicide can refer to which of the following? A. termination of medical treatment B. active euthanasia C. assisted suicide D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Three quarters of all deaths among people over age 65 are caused by which of the following? A. heart disease B. cancer C. stroke D. all of the above
D. all of the above
According to the textbook, fluid intelligence ______ with age, while crystallized intelligence ______ with age. A. stays the same; increases B. increases; declines C. stays the same; declines D. declines; increases
D. declines; increases
The belief that responsibility for care of the aged falls on adult children is called ______. A. extended family responsibility B. female responsibility C. spousal responsibility D. filial responsibility E. All of the above
D. filial responsibility
For most older Americans surveyed, the greatest meaning in their lives came from ______. A. leisure activities B. work roles C. spiritual well-being D. human relationships E. all of the above
D. human relationships
In Britain, which treatment has routinely been withheld from people over the age of 55? A. nonlife threatening surgery B. cosmetic surgery C. angioplasty D. kidney dialysis
D. kidney dialysis
According to the textbook, which theory of aging completely explains all the complex processes that occur in cells and body systems relating to why we grow old? A. the wear-and-tear theory B. the autoimmune theory C. the aging-clock theory D. none of the above
D. none of the above
Which theory argues that aging results from the progressive weakening of capacity for cell division, perhaps through exhaustion of the genetic material? A. the wear-and-tear theory B. the autoimmune theory C. the free radical theory D. the cellular theory
D. the cellular theory
Which theory believes the changes we see with age result from the accumulation of collagen compounds that gradually become stiff? A. the wear-and-tear theory B. the free radical theory C. the aging-clock theory D. the cross-linkage theory
D. the cross-linkage theory
Patterns of late-life leisure activity may have important implications for which of the following areas of an aging society? A. the welfare system B. the educational system C. the political system D. the economy
D. the economy
According to the text, _______ embodies expectations of what is fair or right. A. the disengagement theory B. cross-sectional methodology C. the reserve capacity D. the moral economy
D. the moral economy
Which of the following is the proper sequence referring to the distinctions that are made between age groups? A. young-old -> medium-old -> super-old B. old-old->very-old -> oldest-old C. oldest-old -> old-old -> young-old D. young-old -> old-old -> oldest old
D. young-old -> old-old -> oldest old
According to ________ theory of aging, old age is marked by the mutual withdraw of older persons in society.
Disengagement Theory
Role Loss
The process of giving up or losing previous roles, such as the role of spouse (with widowhood) or the role of worker (with retirement)
A phrase that refers to the assumption that there is latent demand for long-term-care services that would not otherwise be provided or that families might have provided
Woodwork Effect
Among the patients studied by Pearlman and Starks, the pursuit of physician-assisted death was motivated by all of the following factors except: a. Illness-related experiences b. Threat to the person's sense of self c. Depression d. Fears about the future e. None of the above
c. Depression
Which of the following theories of aging is best applied to patterns of caregiving over the life span? a. disengagement theory b. activity theory c. continuity theory d. exchange theory e. conflict theory
d. exchange theory
Risk factors for elder abuse?
psychopathology, family history of violence, caregiver burdens, social isolation, stress
Activity Theory of Aging
A view holding that the more active people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life
The stages of life have always been viewed in the same ways throughout history. A. True B. False
B. False
Aging to the body and person via changes over time
Primary Aging
Modernization Theory of Aging
The view that the status of older adults has declined since industrialization and the spread of technology
Cross-Sectional Design
A research method in which people at different ages are studied at a single point in time
The "classic aging pattern" is defined as ______. A. the persistent difference in performance on measures of verbal and performance intelligence B. the idea that the interaction of social groups is based on reciprocal balance C. the ability for humans to displace aging-related disease and declines until later in life D. the idea that declines in cognitive functioning in later life can be compensated for by the expertise acquired with aging
A. the persistent difference in performance on measures of verbal and performance intelligence
Among older married couples, the primary caregiver tends to be ______. A. the spouse B. the oldest child C. the nearest sibling D. the parent
A. the spouse
Which theory sees aging as the result of chance and dates back to Aristotle? A. the wear-and-tear theory B. the autoimmune theory C. the aging-clock theory D. the cross-linkage theory
A. the wear-and-tear theory
How the meaning of old age will change in contemporary postindustrial societies is ______. A. unclear B. predetermined C. not expected to change much from present D. likely to be very different from modern societies
A. unclear
Some reasons given in favor of health care rationing include all of the following except ______. A. It would be efficient to administer. B. Older adults as a group are highly heterogeneous, and chronological age is not a good predictor of outcome for medical treatments. C. Older people are less productive in the economy. D. All people are members of every age group at some point over a full life course.
B. Older adults as a group are highly heterogeneous, and chronological age is not a good predictor of outcome for medical treatments.
The 1991 law that requires hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care facilities to advise all patients at the point of admission about their right to accept or refuse medical treatment is called the ______. A. California Natural Death Act B. Patient Self-Determination Act C. Minnesota Assisted Death Act D. Right-To-Admission and Right-To-Die Act
B. Patient Self-Determination Act
According to Goldberg, the "wisdom paradox" suggests that ______. A. Only a rare few older persons can become wise. B. The mind can grow stronger as the brain grows older. C. One must be well educated to become wise.
B. The mind can grow stronger as the brain grows older.
Biological indicators that can identify features of the basic process of aging are called ______. A. reserve capacities B. biomarkers C. rites of passage D. free radicals
B. biomarkers
The alternative to rationing in which we look at which treatment provides the desired outcome for the least cost is called ______. A. cost-benefit analysis B. cost-effectiveness analysis C. quality adjusted life years D. managed care
B. cost-effectiveness analysis
The use of statistical techniques to study the distribution of diseases in human populations is called ______. A. neurology B. epidemiology C. sociology D. psychology
B. epidemiology
James Fowler (1981) developed a framework describing how people move from simpler, more literalist ideas of religion to levels where they see themselves in more universal terms. This framework was called ______. A. biomarkers B. faith stages C. multidimensional disengagement D. the rectangular curve
B. faith stages
An activity engaged in for its own sake is known as ______. A. religion B. leisure C. social role D. free radical
B. leisure
The perspective taken by the textbook that seeks to understand "old age" by understanding the entire course of human life is called the ______. A. modernization perspective B. life course perspective C. the old age perspective D. meaning of life perspective
B. life course perspective
Older adults account for ______ of all national health care expenditures. A. one quarter B. one third C. one half D. three fourths
B. one third
The textbook says, "The future of an aging society will be shaped by all of us because the old are simply" ______. A. useless. B. our future selves C. the same as the young D. biologically impaired
B. our future selves
According to one widely shared view, the agenda for gerontology should be to promote the social integration of the aged by which of the following means ______. A. the disengagement of older adults from society B. participation in group activities, social involvement, and participatory roles of all kinds C. increase in religious participation D. none of the above E. all of the above
B. participation in group activities, social involvement, and participatory roles of all kinds
Which of the following is a strong predictor of subjective well-being? A. chronological age B. physical health C. emotional maturity D. intelligence quotient (IQ)
B. physical health
Which theory claims that the body may eventually become defective and no longer distinguish between its own tissues and foreign tissues? A. the wear-and-tear theory B. the autoimmune theory C. the aging-clock theory D. the cross-linkage theory
B. the autoimmune theory
The fear that if government funding were to start paying for in-home health care, more people would demand services that families have been providing is referred to as ______. A. the butterfly effect B. the woodwork effect C. the Medicaid effect D. the sandwich effect
B. the woodwork effect
Canada's national health care system implements which policy of allocating some types of medical care? A. highest bidder B. waiting lines C. first-come first-served D. all of the above
B. waiting lines
Social researchers theorize that religion helps older adults cope in which of the following ways? A. by reducing the stress of late-life illness B. by providing a sense of meaning in life C. by offering social networks and activities D. by strengthening inner resources E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Which of the following has a strong impact on one's pathway through life? A. early life events B. historical events C. gender-related events D. unpredictable life events E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Life Course Events
Perspective from which aging is viewed as part of the totality of human life, understood as a successive series of stages, from infancy through old age
Aging from disabilities resulting from disease
Secondary Aging
Federal laws providing subsidies for housing older adults
Section 202 and Section 8 Housing Programs
An alternative housing arrangement involving group residence with shared common areas or renting of unused rooms
Shared Housing
Accumulative Waste Theory of Aging
The biological theory of aging that points to a buildup of cells of waste products that presumably interferes with metabolism
Parens Patriae
The government, or any other authority, regarded as the legal protector of citizens unable to protect themselves
Demographic Transitions
The idea that population aging can be explained by a decline in both birthrates and death rates following industrialization
Disengagement Theory of Aging
The idea that separation of older people from active roles in society is normal and appropriate, and benefits both society and older individuals
Fluid Intelligence
The intellectual ability to solve novel tasks or problems (creative)
Crystallized Intelligence
The intellectual ability to use past experience in completing tasks or solving problems (practical)
Hayflick Limit
The maximum number of cell divisions that normal cells undergo, as typically measured in a laboratory dish
Cellular Theory of Aging
The view that aging can be explained largely by changes in structure and function taking place in the cells of an organism
Continuity Theory of Aging
The view that in aging people are inclined to maintain, as much as they can, the same habits, personalities, and styles of life they developed in earlier years
