GHY 3014 FINAL EXAM

multi-cropping

growing two or more crops in the same space during a single growing season

spatial patterns: rural

infections (poor)

amalgamation

mixing crushed rocks with mercury to extract silver

spatial patterns: lowland

mosquitos, malaria, dengue fever, diarrheal disease

spatial patterns: highlands

mostly respiratory (colds, coughs, URI, high fevers)

Mita

when colonists were allowed to use Indians for forced labor in colonial South America as a form of taxation

breast feeding

-

domesticated crops of the New World

-

plantations

-"factory in a field" -making a single crop for export... many times outside of country -examples: cotton, tobacco, sugar

adult mortality rate

-15 to 45 -women have a higher rate of mortality

import substitution industrialization

-an economic system aimed at building a country's industry by restricting foreign trade

estancia

-cattle ranch (little labor needed) -C climate zone such as Argentina and Uruguay

what is slash and burn farming?

-communally owned -clearing lands by cutting down vegetation and burning it to start over again

maquiladora

-factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico -usually young women (15-20) that live in dorms and work long hours

what is subsistence farming?

-growing what you eat and eating what you grow -enough to feed yourself

what is small-holder farming?

-having access to a small amount of land (acre or two) -don't have a legal title to the land

export promotion manufacturing

-increasing exports of manufactured goods --idea that you don't care where your products come from, but you want to make something & sell to the world

Potosi

-located in Bolivia -one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America

core-periphery theory

-looks at the difference among power in places -takes into account the rich/powerful & poor -core places set the standards and trades -periphery places have to deal with it

hacienda

-mixed agricultural activity (wheat, chicken, pigs, vegetables) -surplus to resale

ORT

-oral rehydration therapy consisting of 8 teaspoons of sugar, 1 teaspoon of salt, & a quart of water -treatment of childhood dehydration -rate of diarrhea decreases dramatically

what is the green revolution in agriculture?

-post WW2 -"modern" agriculture: Bourloug came up with the idea of high yielding varieties (HYY) that people can plant and get much bigger yields --super seeds

hydrology and land modification

-produced abundant harvests in harsh physical environments -sunken gardens: dig down to collect water better & the extremes of high temperatures (chinampas: floating gardens)

enclave economies

-small economically developed regions in developing countries in which the remaining areas have experienced much less progress -uneven development

chagas' disease

-the kissing bug (triatomid) -the bug "kisses" soft areas of face (around mouth or eyes) and stick its blood needle and takes your blood and defecates out with the infection in that -can be bitten, but no symptoms until later in life

infant mortality rate

0 to 12 months

child mortality rate

1 to 5

what are the three stages of plantations?

1) family-owned estates in coastal lowlands - very profitable 2) US and European involvement (early 20th century) 3) nationalism: nationalized plantations (US getting involved w/ Honduras)

primate city

a city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy -ex) LA or New York

monoculture plantation

an agricultural plantation specializing in the large-scale production of a single crop to be sold on the market

______ is a crop in Central America and Ecuador

bananas; largest producer in the world (harvests them very green)

spatial patterns: urban

chronic

growth poles

cities developed for economic expansion (government plan to develop a secondary city)

______ is a crop in Colombia, Central America, and Brazil

coffee

____ is a crop in the Caribbean

sugar; lots of rain and warmth (ideal environment)

dependency theory

the poor are dependent on the rick to given them stuff, but the rich depend on the poor (the rick are rick b/c the poor are poor)

MDs vs nurses

there's a lot more nurses than MDs