gkadj

spliceosome

A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.

gene

A sequence of nucleotides composing a segment of DNA that provides a blueprint for a specific hereditary trait.

hypoglycemia

Abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood.

NUCLEOTIDES

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

chromatin

Combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes chromosomes. Sometimes used to refer to diffuse and very extended form taken by chromosomes when a eukaryotic cell isn't dividing.

SIGNAL recognition peptide

Cytoplasmic protein that recognizes the signal sequences of proteins destined to be translated at the rough ER. Binds to the ribosome translating the protein with the signal sequence, then to an SRP receptor in the rough ER. the _____ brings the signal peptide and its ribosome to the ER

Intermediate filaments

Cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter in between that of the microtubule and the microfilament. Intermediate filaments are composed of many different proteins and tend to play structural roles in cells.

glucose utilization

Hormone: Insulin

phophodiester bond

Nucleotides are connected together in a DNA molecule by

pyruvate

Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis

promoter

Specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription

hexokinase

The enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis. This is one of the ain regulatory steps of this pathway. Hexokinase is feedback-inhibited by glucose-6-P. adds phosphate group to glucose (energy generation)

glycogenolysis

The process by which glycogen can be used for energy is called: breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycosylation

The process by which sugars are chemically attached to proteins to form glycoproteins

histones

The proteins around which DNA wraps in a chromatin fiber are called _______________.

phosphorylation

The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation.

exons

What are the coding segments of a stretch of eukaryotic DNA called?

glut

What is the largest muscle in the body?

clatherin

What protein is involved in transporting an endocytosed vesicle from the plasma membrane to the endosome? large protein that forms a "cage" around the coated vesicles and coated pits involved in endocytosis and other intracellular transport processes

kinesin

Which molecular motor protein is responsible for anterograde momevent on the microtubule? Which molecular motor protein is responsible for anterograde momevent on the microtubule?

nissl body

Which part of a neuron is directly involved with protein synthesis? areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasm of the neuron cell body; primary site of protein synthesis in neuron

copII

Which vesciele protein is responsible for anterograde (ER>cis-Golgi) vescile transportation

introns

_____ are intervening noncoding segments of DNA.

shuttle protein

_______ _______ are needed to take biological molecules into or out of the nuclear envelope

cytosol proteins

___is transported using slow axioplasmic transport Which proteins start translation in the cytosol and finish it in the cytosol?

euchromatin

a region of DNA that is uncoiled and undergoing active transcription into RNA

redox cycling

a wide variety of aromatic compounds are enzymatically reduced to form free radicals that contain one more electron than their parent compounds.

malate-aspartate shuttle

electrons are transferred from NADH to oxaloacetate, forming malate, malate can then cross the inner mitochondrial membrane and transfer electrons to mitochondrial NAD+, forming NADH

caveolae

little pockets or infoldings in the sarcolemma, in the extracellular fluid that contain calcium. The calcium is stored there in smooth muscles and will move through calcium channels into the the sarcoplasm.

dyenin

motor protein, uses ATP to undergo conformational changes, shape changes move dynein along microtubules toward the negative en

nucleosome

repeating subunit of chromatin fibers, consisting of DNA coiled around histones

glycolytic metabolism

skeletal muscle ATP sources: this form of metabolism can make ATP, but not much, but fast; some muscles don't get much blood so they use this How do they move quikly? WHat is the consequence of this?

microfilament

the smallest of the cytoskeletal elements; made of actin

Fast axonal transport

uses proteins that function as motors to move materials along the surfaces of microtubules in both directions in the axon either in an anterograde direction or in a retrograde direction

cop I

which vesicular trafficking protein takes vesicles from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde)?