Global Econ - Chapter 4
Which of the following statements about international marketing is true?
Markets are molded by a marketer's promotion and distribution system, the region's economy, and various cultural influences.
Power Distance Index
Measures the tolerance of social inequality
Which of the following statements about education as a social institution is true?
Nationwide literacy tends to help a country grow its economy rapidly.
rituals
Patterns of cultural behavior and interaction that are learned and repeated
What change has happened to American culture and social institutions?
People are spending time with media such as television and the Internet instead of socializing with their families.
Which of the following statements regarding cultures that score high on the Individualism/Collectivism Index is true?
Personal ambition and free will are valued and encouraged in these cultures.
The degree to which a culture will tolerate social inequality between superiors and subordinates is measured by the
Power Distance Index.
Which of the following statements about social institutions and their effect on a country's culture is true?
Religion has an enormous effect on a society's values.
In what way is culture changing in most countries?
Smaller families are now favored.
Which of the following statements about Jared Diamond's research regarding the influence of geography on international marketing is true?
He claimed that new ideas moved more quickly from east to west than from north to south.
The ______ Index denotes an inclination toward behavior that advances a person's self-interest.
Individualism/Collectivism
Which of the following is true of the similar-but-different aspect of culture?
It can lead people to think that cultures have more in common than they actually do.
Which statement is true of culture?
It exists in the mind of each person.
Which of the following statements about linguistic distance is true?
Large linguistic distances raise the price of international marketing.
Which of the following statements about markets is true?
Markets are in a constant state of flux.
Paying attention to the fine distinctions of culture so that it can be studied in an open-minded way, assessed, and admired is known as
cultural sensitivity.
The loss of various spoken languages is part of a general
decrease in cultural distinctiveness around the world.
Cultures that score high on the Individualism/Collectivism Index tend to
embrace an "I" mentality.
Ch'i
energy that supports life and travels through everyone's body and the environment
Which of the following statements about social institutions and their influence on culture is true?
Societies become acquainted with most new products via businesses.
Which of the following is true of cultures that have low Power Distance Index scores?
They usually think people should be treated equally, and they say power comes from knowledge.
Which of the following statements regarding similarities among cultures is true?
Two cultures that speak the same language might interpret certain phrases or words in a very different way.
Which of the following statements regarding the change in family as a social institution is true?
Women are delaying marriage, especially in Asia.
In the context of best marketing practices in the European Union, international marketers must
avoid the belief that consumers throughout Europe want to purchase the same products.
cultural sensitivity
being aware that cultural differences exist and have an effect on values, learning, and behavior.
True or false: The "planned change" marketing strategy involves introducing a product to an unprepared market and hoping for the best.
false
A marketer who practices cultural _____ is offering products that are much like what is already being sold, and the new products are offered in a way that fits into the existing culture as much as possible.
congruence
Mastersource Inc., an electronics manufacturer, introduces products that resemble what is already present in the market in order to reduce cultural resistance. Mastersource Inc. is engaging in cultural
congruence.
feng shui
connection between people and the universe to the energy that supports life and promotes balance and peace in a person's surroundings
Philip Parker's work indicates that managers should
consider a region's ambient temperature to be a market segmentation variable.
The Chinese practice of _____ refers to a connection between people and the universe to the energy that supports life and promotes balance and peace in a person's surroundings.
feng shui
When evaluating a situation, a Westerner is more likely to
focus on the central figures and not see much of the background.
Innovations most easily incorporated into a culture are those that
generate the most interest within society.
Masculinity/Femininity Index
high masculinity score prefers "to live to work" than "to work to live"
The emergence of cola brands such as Mecca Cola and Arab Cola in the Middle East in the 2000s is a reflection of which of the following?
historic events affecting culture
Marketers adapt to changes in their business circumstances through
innovation
Planned change
involves deliberately trying to alter things within a culture that cause consumers to avoid buying what the marketer is selling.
Culture
is composed of behaviors and values, the seen and unseen, that are learned, shared, and transmitted by a group of people. Culture is pertinent to the study of marketing, especially international marketing.
Culture
is the sum of the values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned and shared by a group of people, then transmitted from generation to generation.
The concept of linguistic distance revolves around the notion that
it is less expensive to do business in a foreign country where people speak a language that is similar to that of the marketer.
Before the birth control pill became widely available, men and women spent more time dealing with
larger numbers of children.
cultural borrowing
learn from the cultural ways of others in the quest for a solution to a society's problems
Unlike individualistic societies, collective societies
link people strongly together through close-knit groups.
In most cultures, an infant's first experience with a social institution other than the home is most likely to be
religious.
Patterns of cultural behavior and interaction that are learned and repeated are known as
rituals.
Cultures that score low on the Individualism/Collectivism Index tend to
subdue the individual and favor the group.
In the context of thought processes, Asians
tend to see the entire picture rather than just the foreground when evaluating a situation.
aesthetic
that is, its arts, folklore, music, drama, dance, dress, and cosmetics
linguistic distance
the measure of difference between languages; an important factor in determining the amount of trade between nations
Cultures that score high on the Uncertainty Avoidance Index
value security and try to always follow the rules.
Which of the following is a mistake sometimes made by marketers?
when doing business in a foreign country, ignoring how seriously the local people take their superstitions
A responsible effort to learn from the cultural ways of others in the quest for a solution to a society's problems is known as
cultural borrowing.
Individuals from cultures that have low Power Distance Index scores
are likely to hold egalitarian beliefs.
Cultures that score high on the Power Distance Index
are often hierarchical.
Which of the following is true of language?
Around the world, the number of spoken languages has been dwindling.
Which of the following types of governance competed for world dominance for most of the 20th century?
- Democracy - Fascism - Communism - Colonialism
Which of the following will cause the countries within the European Union to become increasingly similar in what they need, what they want, and how they behave in the economic market?
- Growth in global mass communications - Countries depending more on one another, both economically and socially
Which of the following are advantages of cultural sensitivity in international marketing?
- It enables communication between marketers and consumers. - It reduces strife between marketers and their customers.
In which of the following ways have the availability of birth control affected families throughout the world?
- Many women are waiting longer to have children. - More women are waiting longer to get married. - Families have fewer children.
What are the four primary dimensions along which the cultures of nations differ, according to Geert Hofstede?
- Masculinity/Femininity Index - Uncertainty Avoidance Index - Power Distance Index - Individualism/Collectivism Index
How has birth control changed social institutions and cultural values?
- School children are now discussing topics such as abstinence. - People now have smaller families.
Which of the following are characteristic of global marketers who understand cultural differences that affect their business operations?
- They anticipate changes in markets where they are presently doing business. - They pay attention to cultural differences in markets they are attempting to enter.
In which of the following ways do social institutions affect cultural values?
- They teach each new generation how to act in an acceptable way. - They influence people to live in peace together.
People who come from cultures with high Power Distance Index scores often say that power and social status are derived from
- inheritance. - manipulation. - social roles.
To be culturally sensitive, an international marketer should
- know how people resist change within their cultures. - recognize how cultures change. - understand how a culture began and what its essential beliefs are.
Which of the following features are associated with cultures that score low on the Uncertainty Avoidance Index?
- not much anxiety and stress - willing to take risks - willing to put up with people who deviate from normal behavior
A culture is most likely to accept something new when _____.
- the innovation will not disrupt existing beliefs and behaviors very much - people have some reason to be quite interested in the innovation
Which of the following have the greatest effect on values and culture?
- the media - families - schools
Which of the following statements about cultural change is true?
A marketer assessing a society should remember that cultures are constantly changing.
Which of the following statements about the aesthetics of a culture is true?
Aesthetic symbols help customers characterize their own personalities within the context of culture.
Which of the following is a misconception regarding the economic unification of Europe?
As the economies of European nations are unified, consumers there want to buy the same products and services.
Which of the following statements about cultural borrowing is true?
Borrowed cultural facets are combined in such a way that they become unique to a particular society.
_____ refers to energy that supports life and travels through everyone's body and the environment, including the inside and outside of houses and places of employment.
Ch'i
Which of the following types of governance crumbled in the 1990s?
Communism
Which of the following is the most likely reason for governments having relatively little influence on cultural values when compared to family, religion, school, and the media?
Cultural values are usually set before and during adolescence.
Which of the following statements regarding cultural values is true?
Cultural values can help marketers predict which consumers are most apt to buy something on impulse.
True or false: Cultural values have nothing to do with a consumer's likelihood of griping about defective products and service failures.
False
Which of the following statements is true?
Governments have little influence over cultural values when compared to school, religion, family, and the media.
Philip Parker said geography influences economics in what way?
He contended that a country's latitude strongly affects its per capita GDP.
Randy works for a large manufacturing company. Though he is in management, his anxiety and stress levels are low. He likes to brainstorm with his colleagues and is open to exploring new ideas and taking risks. Which of the following is true of Randy?
His Uncertainty Avoidance Index score is low.
Which of the following statements about the origins of culture is true?
Historic events can affect technology, social institutions, culture, and behavior.
Which of the following statements regarding the European Union is true?
It has led marketers to the false conclusion that there is such a thing as the "European consumer."
Which of the following statements regarding international marketing is true?
It is easier to communicate with consumers who can read and write than with people who can understand only symbols.
Which of the following statements regarding cultural heritage is true?
It is one of the basic traits of human beings.
Which of the following is the geographical argument used by Jared Diamond to theorize why Euro-Asian cultures have sometimes dominated African and American cultures?
It was easier for ideas and information to travel over the Silk Road instead of crossing the Sahara or the Isthmus of Panama.
Which of the following statements regarding culture in international marketing is true?
The marketer's interaction with the local culture determines whether the marketing will fail or succeed.
Which of the following statements about rituals is true?
The most obvious rituals take place when people are experiencing turning points in their lives.
Which of the following statements about individuals from cultures with high Power Distance Index scores is true?
They tend to distrust people who are not part of their groups.
The tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity among members of a society is measured by the
Uncertainty Avoidance Index
Which of the following statements regarding cultural borrowing is true?
When people are introduced to a belief or practice from another culture and they approve of it, they incorporate it into their own culture.
Which of the following best describes how birth control techniques have affected the lives of women in the past 50 years?
Women have more time to spend on their careers.
A high score on the Individualism/Collective Index indicates
a culture that encourages individual ambition.
Countries have been transitioning from agricultural to industrial to service economies. The result has been _______.
a drop in birthrates
An individual with a high score on the Uncertainty Avoidance Index is most likely to
adhere to tested patterns of behavior.
The arts, folklore, music, drama, dance, dress, and cosmetics of a culture are known as its
aesthetic
In the context of international marketing, culture
affects the way consumer prioritize the things they desire and the things they need.
Unlike a collectivist society, an individualistic society is one in which people
are connected to others, but only in a loose way.
Individuals from cultures with high Uncertainty Avoidance Index scores
are likely to believe that obeying the rules is the best way to avoid risk.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index
measures the tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity among members of a society
cultural congruence
offering products that are much like what is already being sold, and the new products are offered in a way that fits into the existing culture as much as possible.
What marketing strategy involves launching an effort to alter anything about a culture that stands in the way of the marketer's sales goals?
planned change
Individualism/Collectivism Index
refers to the preference for behavior that promotes one's self-interest
Corporations alter cultures and prompt new ideas by
skillfully distributing innovative products and services.
Interpersonal relationships are strongly affected by _____ such as family, religion, schools, the media, government, and corporations.
social institutions
Cultures are always changing, and yet
they also resist change, which is one of their fundamental attributes.
An individual who scores low on the Individualism/Collectivism Index is most likely to
think in terms of "we" instead of "I."
True or false: International marketers must remember that what appears on the surface of a culture may be different in its cultural meaning because a culture adapts and customizes borrowed cultural facets to its own needs.
true
True or false: Marketers must be aware that their own cultures affect how they perceive other cultures.
true
True or false: The beliefs of one individual can seem amusing and silly to someone else.
true