Global Health Study Guide 1

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normalized

"After all, all of those are among the people on the street, outraged and demonstrating, opposing a lethal power that is becoming more and more normalized and, to that degree, more and more outrageous.

science of heredity

"Eugenics is typically represented as a passing pathology, but Mukherjee suggests ways in which some of its impulses are endemic to the science of heredity.

social justice (art. 5)

"Governments have a responsibility for the health of their people which can be fulfilled only be provision of adequate health and social measures..." in Alma-Ata declaration

relentless focus on one disease

"Has fueled resistance to the polio campaign, for instance, in Nigeria and India. Governments of developing countries are rightly wondering whether their sacrifices for a global public health goal make sense" "Eradication programs should not hurt existing health services by siphoning away money and effort from basic health services for an increasingly rare disease, the Frankfurt report says - and to the extent that they can, they should have a broader beneficial effect."

interactive constructions

"He distinguishes between interactive constructions, such as ''women refugees'' who create themselves by reacting to their situation, and indifferent or inanimate kinds that are constructed by others, such as scientists.

All Lives Matter

"It is true that all lives matter, but it is equally true that not all lives are understood to matter which is precisely why it is most important to name the lives that have not mattered, and are struggling to matter in the way they deserve. Claiming that "all lives matter" does not immediately mark or enable black lives only because they have not been fully recognized as having lives that matter.

Judith Butler

"Maxine Elliot Professor in the department of comparative literature and the program of critical theory at the University of California, Berkeley. She is the author of numerous influential books, including "Dispossession: The Performative in the Political," which she co-authored with Athena Athanasiou. She will publish a book on public assemblies with Harvard University Press this year

scandalously Indian

"Our army," says Marcos, "became scandalously Indian." That meant that he wasn't a commander barking orders, but a subcomandante, a conduit for the will of the councils.

traditional healers

"Shaheen, the local healer, was described in the British report of the outbreak as a "distinguished looking gentleman of over 50 years of age." He was part of a family of traditional healers. It is clear from his descriptions by the public health officers involved that they respected his work"

Black Lives Matter

"So what we see is that some lives matter more than others, that some lives matter so much that they need to be protected at all costs, and that other lives matter less, or not at all. And when that becomes the situation, then the lives that do not matter so much, or do not matter at all, can be killed or lost, can be exposed to conditions of destitution, and there is no concern, or even worse, that is regarded as the way it is supposed to be. it states the obvious but the obvious has not yet been historically realized.

disposable

"The callous killing of Tamir Rice and the abandonment of his body on the street is an astonishing example of the police murdering someone considered disposable and fundamentally ungrievable.

war zones of the mind

"The fleeing figure is coming this way; the nearly strangled person is about to unleash force; the man on the ground will suddenly spring to life and threaten the life of the one who therefore takes his life.

minorities

"The new distribution of the world excludes 'minorities'," Marcos has said. "The indigenous, youth, women, homosexuals, lesbians, people of colour, immigrants, workers, peasants; the majority who make up the world basements are presented, for power, as disposable. The distribution of the world excludes the majorities."

waning immunity

"The protection doesn't last as long as we originally thought it would." from the new pertussis vaccine

whiteness

"Whiteness is less a property of skin than a social power reproducing its dominance in both explicit and implicit ways.

social construction of reality

"as introduced by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann in the 1960s, that has become foundational in the social sciences. This theory holds that the real world, no matter its material basis, is also made over into socially and culturally legitimated ideas, practices, and things. Hence the spread of the H1N1 influenza virus is made over globally into the socially threatening and culturally fearful swine flu epidemic; cancer takes on the meaning as the dread disease in the USA in the early 20th century...

revisionist argument

"close examination reveals no precise, datable event when the world changed, no one ''essence'' of the supposedly new way of investigating nature and no well-defined subject area at the time that could be called ''science.''

hip quietism

"gays and lesbians do not achieve legal protection" through intellectual activity like Butler's, she added, almost as an afterthought.

The Social Construction of What?

"is a collection of papers, not a systematic treatment, but it hangs together. Hacking starts out by defining the common claims of social constructionists: that X in its present form was not inevitable, that X is bad and that X should be abolished or at least reformed. He looks at how constructionists apply these levels of criticism, ranging from the mere historicizing of gender, race, the economy or the self through an ironical disillusionment to unmasking or revolution.

resource curse

"the paradox that countries rich with natural resources tend to have slower economic growth, less stable governments, and worse development outcomes (ex: not Wakanda) That's because in the real world, unlike in the movie, countries with such resources usually end up using them to enrich the elites rather than to finance public services like education and health care."

essence of sex

"the unfortunate system of classification that enshrines hierarchized biological features as the essence of sex. Hips are called a "secondary sex characteristic" because they likely widen during estrogen-heavy puberties. Hormones shape gender in the bone. Fat accumulations magnify differences. Colloquialisms exaggerate them. Women have hips, we say; men do not. People become pears or apples.

scientific revolution

"this idea of science as the reliable product of disinterested and dispassionate inquiry went hand in hand with the idea that such knowledge could be a tool for improving the human lot

ungrievable

"when lives are considered ungrievable, to grieve them openly is protest whose lives are thought not to be worth preserving.

combined sewers

- "the largest category of our Nation's wastewater infrastructure that still need to be addressed," - collect human waste, industrial waste, and stormwater runoff into a single pipe for treatment and disposal - overflows when it rains, but ok in dry weather--> gross because used for drinking water and swimming sometimes

refugees

1938 to discuss the Jewish refugee crisis caused by the Nazis, they exuded sympathy for Jews — and excuses about why they couldn't admit them. how does that relate today to refugee crises

city planet (pros & cons)

50 percent of us now live in large urban areas; metropolis rising

municipal water-treatment plants

80% of Americans have this sewage plan; Waste from their homes is whisked immediately off the premises, never to be seen, smelled, or considered again. Pipes carry waste from these homes to wastewater-treatment plants that, in some ways, work like a septic tank on a very large scale

Ronald Reagan

A decade and a half later, genocide was indeed an option in Guatemala, supported materially and morally by Ronald Reagan's White House. Reagan famously took a hard line in Central America, coming under strong criticism for supporting the contras in Nicaragua and financing counterinsurgency in El Salvador.

polio

A highly contagious infectious disease of the spinal cord caused by a filterable virus.

smallpox epidemic of December 1921

A smallpox patient was identified, so British public health workers came to see if it had spread and saw nothing, but 300 children were hidden in caves from them.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

Adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948, this declaration defines a "common standard of achievement for all peoples" and forms the foundation of modern human rights law.

non-self

Advertisement "This non-self," writes Juana Ponce de Leon who has collected and edited Marcos's writings in Our Word Is Our Weapon (see extracts on pages 14-16), "makes it possible for Marcos to become the spokesperson for indigenous communities. He is transparent, and he is iconographic." Yet the paradox of Marcos and the Zapatistas is that, despite the masks, the non-selves, the mystery, their struggle is about the opposite of anonymity - it is about the right to be seen.

guinea worm life cycle & transmission (general features)

After the larvae are ingested, they work their way from the intestine to just under the skin, where they mate and grow. the female exudes acid from her head, creating a painful blister, usually on the leg or foot, but sometimes even in eye sockets or on genitals. When the blister pops, she emerges. The agony inevitably drives the victim to cooling water, where the female releases her microscopic larvae. To continue the life cycle, they must be consumed by tiny aquatic creatures called copepods.

patient's model

All of this can be accomplished systematically and quickly by training clinicians to elicit the patient's model with a few simple, direct questions; formulate and communicate the doctor's model in terms which patients can understand and which explicitly deal with the five clinical issues of chief concern listed above; openly compare models in order to identify contradictions and conceptual differences; and help the patient and doctor to enter into a negotiation toward shared models, especially as these relate to expectations and therapeutic goals.

cultural relativism

Although definitions vary, cultural relativism is characterized by a reluctance to take one culture's norms as authoritative, not only because there may be no such standard (the postmodern position), but also, and perhaps more importantly, because asserting such normative authority demeans other cultures. It's not that objective facts don't exist — it's that asserting their existence is rude, oppressive, biased. The primary justification of relativism shifts from epistemology to ethics.

UNICEF

An agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries

formal health care system

An estimated 70% to 90% of all self-recognized episodes of sickness are managed exclusively outside the perimeter of the formal health care system (5). In all cases of sickness, the "popular" and "folk" sectors (self-treatment, family care, self-help groups, religious practitioners, heterodox healers, and so forth) provide a substantial proportion of health care.

life expectancy gap

As New York Magazine notes, the main conclusion of Alsan and Wanamaker's work is that the Tuskegee Study was responsible for over a third of the life expectancy gap between older black men and white men in 1980

World Health Assembly (malaria)

Assembly endorsed a plan to eradicate malaria through an aggressive mosquito-control program that relied on spraying DDT inside homes. In the 1960s, it became evident that the strategy wouldn't work, in part because the insects began to develop resistance against DDT, an insecticide that came under fire from environmentalists as well

colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

health utilization and outcomes

Black men and white men are already starkly different in health utilization and outcomes, and Alsan and Wanamaker needed some piece of data that could identify the Tuskegee Study itself as a factor in the divergence of those health outcomes

care & caregiving

Caregiving is relational and reciprocal. It can be thought of, in an anthropological sense, as a gift exchange. In this moral, emotional, and practical exchange, the gift of the person's human need for assistance to reduce pain and alleviate suffering and her responses to the care provided is reciprocated by the return gift of acknowledging, affirming, and responding in equally human ways.

cash rewards

Chad is paying villagers to tether dogs like Martoussia until all their worms wriggle out. The reward is $20 cash, plus a stout chain with two locks. The reward is $100 to humans with worms.

Chiapas

Chiapas is a southern Mexican state bordering Guatemala. Its mountainous highlands and dense rainforest are dotted with Mayan archaeological sites and Spanish colonial towns

do's and don'ts

Cultural competency becomes a series of "do's and don'ts" that define how to treat a patient of a given ethnic background. The idea of isolated societies with shared cultural meanings would be rejected by anthropologists, today, since it leads to dangerous stereotyping—such as, "Chinese believe this," "Japanese believe that," and so on—as if entire societies or ethnic groups could be described by these simple slogans

culture (Kleinman and Benson)

Culture is often made synonymous with ethnicity, nationality, and language. For example, patients of a certain ethnicity—such as, the "Mexican patient"—are assumed to have a core set of beliefs about illness owing to fixed ethnic traits.

structural adjustment programs (SAPs)

Development programs created in the 1980s; based on neoliberal principles of reduced government protection of industries, fiscal austerity, and privatization

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

guinea worm

Dracunculus medinensis; worm that causes guinea worm disease

Rembrandt

Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus; painted the public dissections

earlier editions of DSM

Earlier editions of DSM have reasoned that after the death of a close relation, a psychiatrist should wait 1 year (DSM-III) or 2 months (DSM-IV) before labelling the sadness, disturbed sleep, loss of appetite and energy, agitation, difficulty concentrating, and other psychological and physiological sequelae of such profound loss, depression; and treating it with pharmacological agents and psychotherapy.

Edward Tylor

Englishman with tuberculosis who travelled to find medical advice and discovered Aztec ruins and he published Primitive Culture

eradication v. elimination

Eradication refers to the reduction to zero (or a very low defined target rate) of new cases in a defined geographical area. C. Elimination refers to the complete and permanent worldwide reduction to zero new cases of the disease through deliberate efforts.

trait list approach

Ethnography is different than cultural competency. It eschews the "trait list approach" that understands culture as a set of already-known factors, such as "Chinese eat pork, Jews don't." (Millions of Chinese are vegetarians or are Muslims who do not eat pork; some Jews, including the corresponding author of this paper, love pork.)

factors & forces

Factors: (1) whether or not postexposure prophylaxis is available; (2) whether or not the steady decline in immune function is hastened by concurrent illness or malnutrition; (3) whether or not multiple HIV infections occur; (4) whether or not TB is prevalent in the surrounding environment; (5) whether or not prophylaxis for opportunistic infections is reliably available [30]; and (6) whether or not antiretroviral therapy (ART) is offered to all those needing it.

culture

For Arnold, culture was the "pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world" but for Tylor, "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society"

Guatemalan civil war

From 1960 to 1996, the Central American country of Guatemala was wracked by a civil war between the government of Guatemala and insurgents. The CIA had helped install the government in an earlier coup d'état and continued to support the government through the civil war. The counter-insurgency tactics of Guatemala are known to have been brutal and violent, with tens of thousands of forced disappearances. "a three-decade conflict in which the military has often equated dissent with subversion and unarmed Indian peasants have accounted for most of the 100,000 people believed to have been killed."

Sudan

From the Arabic term for "land of black people," a large region of West Africa that became part of a major exchange circuit. relates to the article based on bombings in the mountains

Gender Trouble

Gender Trouble, published in 1990, made Butler a star: It introduced "performativity," the idea that gender isn't something we are but something we continually do, opening the door for "cultural configurations of sex and gender [to] proliferate," as she put it in the book's conclusion, "confounding the very binarism of sex, and exposing its fundamental unnaturalness."

equity-linked

Global health research can be 'equity-linked' if it is focused on addressing social inequality and closing the '10/90 gap

GOBI

Growth monitoring, oral rehydration, breast feeding, immunization

guinea worm disease

Guinea worm larvae are ingested via contaminated drink- ing water, and they make a very painful exit, usually from the lower leg, a year later

worldless

Hannah Arendt once used the term "worldlessness" to define those conditions where a person doesn't belong to a world in which they matter as human beings Refugees are worldless in a world that is spliced into sovereign territorial states, and that demands identifying the possession of human rights with state citizenship.

therapeutic ally

He actively negotiates with the patient, as a therapeutic ally, about treatment and expected outcomes.

wind (fung) (beliefs about, illness)

He described his problem, as did his family, as due to "wind" (Jung) and "not enough blood" (m-kau-huet).

European

Herodotus: a kind of people

the solidarity of humans

Humanity is in crisis —- and there is no exit from that crisis other than the solidarity of humans.

Edward Jenner

In 1796 the British doctor created the smallpox vaccine, from the cowpox virus. (The vaccine helped lay the foundation for science of immunology in the 19th century.)

"popular" and "folk" sectors

In all cases of sickness, the "popular" and "folk" sectors (self-treatment, family care, self-help groups, religious practitioners, heterodox healers, and so forth) provide a substantial proportion of health care.

patient satisfaction

In the quest for "patient satisfaction" some health-care facilities have tried to codify acts of kindness and understanding and to embed them in the expectations and culture of their institutions

Article 12 (ICESCR)

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, treated created in 1966; "the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health"

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, treated created in 1966; backed by the Soviet Union: focused on the rights associated with socialist societies (right to health, employment, etc)

migrants

It illustrates how black migrants fleeing the southern exploitation and racism that the Tuskegee Study exemplified carried their experiences with them. Distance mitigated those effects, except in cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco, where clusters of Alabaman migrants lived and worked after the second Great Migration

explanatory model

It shows how divergent explanatory models, based on different cultural perspectives and social roles, can produce problems in clinical care.

identity categories

It's not that she rejected the label, she continued, but that she would like to remain "permanently troubled by identity categories."

gazes & gestures

Jacob de Wit is watching the hand of the corpse, while Calkoen is looking at the left hand of Tulp

pogroms

Jews were the scapegoat

British Mandate in Palestine (general features)

July 1920, the British Mandate civil administration took over from the military. Public health was among the first concerns of the new rule The government embarked on installing new sewage and drainage systems, invested in swamp drainage projects and hygiene education campaigns, and established a school hygiene service. It also instituted the registration of all cases of infectious diseases and decreed several ordinances related to medical and public health matters. two goals (not a colony): tried to accomplish two contradictory goals: to create a Jewish national home while also protecting the rights of the local Arab population.

Mayans ("Indian")

Just 10 days before this meeting, one declassified U.S. document reveals that the State Department had been informed of a "well-founded allegation of a large-scale killing of Indian men, women and children in a remote area by the Guatemalan army."

multiculturalism

Just as many advocates of multiculturalism see the imposition of "Western norms" as patronizing, colonial, and unjust, many Americans see the privileging of expert advice in much the same way, especially because it leaves voiceless those who do not have access to information and analytic tools that experts deem essential to the responsible pursuit of truth. asserts that "the" truth is intolerant These are all indispensable as tools of inquiry that promote empathy and serve as a corrective to myopia and bias

bridge character

Kristof's euphemism for white saviors in Third World narratives who make the story more palatable to American viewers

John Snow

Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London; Soho doctor

Culture and Anarchy

Matthew Arnold's book

History of Sexuality

Michel Foucault book

illnesses

Modern physicians diagnose and treat diseases (abnormalities in the structure and function of body organs and systems), whereas patients suffer illnesses (experiences of disvalued changes in states of being and in social function; the human experience of sickness) (6-8). Illness and disease, so defined, do not stand in a one-to-one relation.

depersonalization

Mr. Shapin's views: ''the growing separation between human subjects and the natural objects of their knowledge, especially as evinced in the distinction between mundane human experience and views of what nature 'is really like.' ''

translation

Much is lost in translation. With what do we replace the parts we let go? From one language to another, translators of poetry must decide: what demands unwavering loyalty? Translation creates two things: first, something new; and second, the illusion that there was an original from which the translation sprang. Hala Kamal reminds us, "translation is not merely an act of transferring information, but a process of knowledge production" Translation is the skin of transgender

neoliberal theory

Neoliberalism or neo-liberalism refers primarily to the 20th-century resurgence of 19th-century ideas associated with laissez-faire economic liberalism.

evidence-based

New eradication plans must be more evidence-based than the old ones, participants concluded. There should be an analysis of economic costs and benefits, a thorough funding plan, and new financial tricks to prevent perennial budget gaps like those hampering the polio campaign.

Nicholas Kristof

Nicholas Kristof's review of my book The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good

Nigerian protest movement

Nigeria has one of the most corrupt governments in the world and protesters clearly demanded that something be done about this. The protests went on for days, at considerable personal risk to the protesters. Several young people were shot dead, and the movement was eventually doused when union leaders capitulated and the army deployed on the streets. The movement did not "succeed" in conventional terms. But something important had changed in the political consciousness of the Nigerian populace. For me and for a number of people I know, the protests gave us an opportunity to be proud of Nigeria, many of us for the first time in our lives.

Amartya Sen

Nobel-winning economist wrote Identity and Violence

vulnerability

Nussbaum is an elegant and lyrical writer, and she movingly describes the pain of recognizing one's vulnerability, a precondition, she believes, for an ethical life. "To be a good human being," she has said, "is to have a kind of openness to the world, the ability to trust uncertain things beyond your own control that can lead you to be shattered.

diseases

Of 100 patients treated by a range of indigenous healers, 89 were found to be suffering from disorders that fell into one of the following three groups: [1] minimal, self-limited diseases; [2] non-life-threatening chronic diseases in which management of psychologic and social problems related to the illness were the chief concerns of clinical management; and [3] somatization. The last category accounted for 50% of the cases.

Omar Bashir

Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir is a Sudanese politician who is currently the seventh president of Sudan and head of the National Congress Party.; responsible for the current Sudanese humanitarian crisis that is a result of the government trying to shut down rebel groups

animal populations

Once a pathogen runs wild in an animal population, there is little chance it can be wiped out. "An animal reservoir is the kiss of death for eradication," Dr. Eberhard said. In the context of guinea worm

traditional liberal feminism

Once she began studying the lives of women in non-Western countries, she identified as a feminist but of the unfashionable kind: a traditional liberal who believed in the power of reason at a time when postmodern scholars viewed it as an instrument or a disguise for oppression

poverty in Africa

Poverty in Africa is the outcome of much deeper factors such as political elites who seek mainly to protect their own position, dysfunctional institutions like corruption and lack of property rights, and a long history of exploitation and meddling from abroad (the slave trade, colonial depredations, the creation of artificial states, military interventions).

foreign experts

Poverty never has been ended and never will be ended by foreign experts or foreign aid. The unaccountable foreign experts who promise to comprehensively end poverty "at an amazingly low cost," a claim that bears stronger intellectual kinship to late-night TV commercials than to African reality, will accomplish very little.

population level interventions

Public health deals with population level interventions, examining upstream causes of poor health and primary prevention strategies such as vaccination campaigns, injury prevention and food security.

Nikolas Kristof

Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Nicholas Kristof. Kristof is best known for his regular column in the New York Times in which he often gives accounts of his activism or that of other Westerners.

Rigoberta Menchu

Quiche Indian who fled the violence of her native Guatemala and became an eloquent spokeswoman for indigenous peoples and victims of government repression, won the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize today.

anatomic structure and function

Rembrandt portrays Tulp as establishing the connection between an anatomic structure and a function. So the painting of Rembrandt opens a new epoch. The 17th century was the century of the modern theory of movement in physics

infrastructure

Sewage and waste infrastructure has failed to keep up with urban expansion, leaving India to 'drown in its excreta' less than 30 percent of the country's officially recorded sewage being treated in proper facilities Old pipeline infrastructure has not kept pace with India's ever expanding cities, resulting in large urban areas being devoid of planned water supply and sewage treatment includes inequality between rich and poor areas

homosexuality

Sexual attraction to the same sex

economic migrants

Similarly, the choice open to the so-called economic migrants is one between famine or a prospectless existence and a chance, however tenuous, of tolerable conditions for oneself and one's family.

disease approach to health and illness

Small pox in Palestine. Focus on disease, not general well-being. cheaper and more manageable

pseudoscience

So if traditional Chinese medicine is so great, why hasn't the qualitative study of its outcomes opened the door to a flood of cures? The most obvious answer is that it actually has little to offer: it is largely just pseudoscience, with no rational mechanism of action for most of its therapies.

epigenetic

Some of those environmental influences may affect chemical switches turning genes on and off, acting as an "epigenetic" layer of control sitting above the genome, and, he writes, in certain cases etching themselves as "permanent, heritable marks" that may be passed on to future generations.

scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

terrorism

Terrorism in India is by no means peculiar to Muslims. A string of recent incidents has been linked to Islamic groups, most of these with foreign ties and pertaining to Kashmir. However, the most bloody recent example of terrorism in India was the slaughter of as many as 2,000 Muslim civilians by Hindu right-wing mobs in the state of Gujarat over several months in 2002.

American sentimentality

That is what made me compare American sentimentality to a "wounded hippo." His good heart does not always allow him to think constellationally. He does not connect the dots or see the patterns of power behind the isolated "disasters.

Bamako Initiative

The Bamako Initiative was a formal statement adopted by African health ministers in 1987 in Bamako, Mali, to implement strategies designed to increase the availability of essential drugs and other healthcare services for Sub-Saharan Africans.

"The Refugee Crisis" (Bauman)

The Refugee Crisis Is Humanity's Crisis; an opinion piece by Evans and Bauman

NAFTA

The Zapatistas chose January 1, 1994, the day the North American Free Trade Agreement (Nafta) came into force, to "declare war" on the Mexican army, launching an insurrection and briefly taking control of the city of San Cristobal de las Casas and five Chiapas towns. They sent out a communiqué explaining that Nafta, which banned subsidies to indigenous farm co-operatives, would be a "summary execution" for four million indigenous Mexicans in Chiapas, the country's poorest province. the last straw

India's minority Muslim population

The attacks will feed a powerful stereotype of the violent and untrustworthy Muslim, bent on religious conquest, who can never be a good democratic citizen. Such stereotypes already shadow the lives of Indian Muslims, who make up 13.5% of the population.

"bring down your dead"

The cart would come along the street in the morning, with the driver yelling, "Bring down your dead!" Very soon, the cemeteries were filled, and new ground had to be consecrated: "plague pits," where the corpses were laid on top of one another, often in stacks of five

mode of address

The chant "Black Lives Matter" is also a form; quite simply a way of speaking to or about someone. But a mode of address may also describe a general way of approaching another such that one presumes who the other is, even the meaning and value of their existence.

side effects

The earlier vaccine carried a high risk of alarming but temporary side effects like pain, swelling at the site of the injection and fever, as well as more serious complications like febrile convulsions or loss of consciousness

Robert Merton

The first social theory of global health is the unintended consequences of purposive (or social) action. Introduced by the sociologist Robert Merton

unintended consequences

The first social theory of global health is the unintended consequences of purposive (or social) action. Introduced by the sociologist Robert Merton, this theory holds that all social interventions have unintended consequences, some of which can be foreseen and prevented, whereas others cannot be predicted

antiretroviral therapy (ART)

The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs in an attempt to control HIV infection. There are several classes of antiretroviral agents that act on different stages of the HIV life-cycle--> is it offered to all of those who need it?

pertussis vaccine(s)

The older vaccine had some significant downsides; the new one is much better tolerated but may not be providing as robust protection

smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease. Outbreak in Palestine.

Peasant's Revolt of 1381

The peasants of post-plague Europe found themselves in a good bargaining position, and they drove up wages. British landowners turned to Parliament, Parliament imposed controls, and this eventually set off the Peasants' Revolt of 1381

ethno-religious cleansing

The revelation that members of the Hindu right have embraced ethno-religious cleansing should amaze nobody. Since the 1930s, their movement has insisted that India is for Hindus, and that both Muslims and Christians are foreigners who should have second-class status in the nation.

care & religion

The seriousness that comes from moral, aesthetic, and religious orientations attunes us to the central quality of authenticity.

Yersinia pestis

The source of bubonic plague; bacillus; primary carrier is the flea

urban & rural

The speed with which water is shifting from rural to urban areas is faster than the rate of industrialisation happening in India Carrying water to cities across great distances has resulted in leakages and theft en route as well as conflict with rural communities that are left with insufficient water for their own needs in the rivers and lakes that have served them for generations

gender attribution

The stakes include gender attribution and gendered pleasures. Maybe I want a soft curve or vertical hardness when you put your hands on my hips just so. The wrong hips can be anguish; the right hips divine

social suffering

The third social theory is that of social suff ering, which provides a framework that holds four potentially useful implications for global health. 1. socioeconomic and sociopolitical forces can cause disease 2. social institutions such as health care bureaucracies can make suffering worse 3. social suffering conveys the idea that pain and suffering of a disorder is not limited to the individual suffer, but can extend to family and social network 4. collapses the historical distinction between what is a health problem and what is a social problem

mother-to-child transmission (MTCT)

The transmission of an infection from a pregnant woman to her baby across the placenta, or during labour and delivery, or post-natally in breast milk; also known as 'vertical transmission'. Reduction: (1) providing combination ART to the mother during pregnancy; (2) enabling formula-feeding and close follow-up of infants; and (3) launching potable water projects within the catchment area—in even the most difficult regions, where electricity is scarce, food insecurity widespread, and health and sanitation infrastructure rudimentary at best

ordinary distress

The upshot is that unprecedented numbers of people with what was earlier regarded as the ordinary distress of living are taking psychotropic medication

security (Bauman)

There is currently a pronounced tendency —- among the settled populations as well as the politicians they elect to state offices — to transfer the "issue of refugees" from the area of universal human rights into that of internal security. Being tough on foreigners in the name of safety from potential terrorists is evidently generating more political currency than appealing for benevolence and compassion for people in distress. And to outsource the whole problem into the care of security services is eminently more convenient for governments overloaded with social care duties,

caring trajectories

These caring trajectories are also embedded in the local worlds we inhabit and negotiate—families, networks, workplaces. When one of us is sick or disabled we expect, or at least hope, that care will be forthcoming. It is a learned assumption, though not always fulfilled, about how families and communities will and should behave.

"disasters" and larger disasters

They have a different take on what Kristof calls a "humanitarian disaster," and this may be because they see the larger disasters behind it: militarization of poorer countries, short-sighted agricultural policies, resource extraction, the propping up of corrupt governments, and the astonishing complexity of long-running violent conflicts over a wide and varied terrain.

United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

This aid helped the Guatemalan military implement a key part of its counterinsurgency campaign: following the massacres, soldiers herded survivors into "model villages," detention camps really, where they used food and other material supplied by the U.S. Agency for International Development to establish control.

illness narratives

This involves a series of questions (about one's explanatory model) aimed at acquiring an understanding of the meaning of illness

redundant people

Those two qualities in particular act as factories endlessly capable of producing "redundant people," those who are either locally unemployable or politically intolerable, and are therefore forced to seek shelter or more promising life opportunities away from their homes.

transatlantic slave trade

Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas

mini-ethnography

What clinicians want to understand through the mini-ethnography is what really matters—what is really at stake for patients, their families, and, at times, their communities, and also what is at stake for themselves.

Kwame Anthony Appiah

a British-born Ghanaian-American philosopher, cultural theorist, and novelist whose interests include political and moral theory, the philosophy of language and mind, and African intellectual history

Lion Brewery

a business on Broad street where there were no cholera deaths because the workers only drank alcohol

antidepressants

a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression; part of reframing a previously normal experience as a disease?

public-private partnerships

a cooperative arrangement between two or more public and private sectors, typically of a long-term nature

avian flu (H5N1)

a deadly strain of chicken flu known as H5N1 that has been killing birds in Asia slightly more than 100 people are known to have contracted the disease, and 60 of them have died, there is still no sign that the flu has begun to spread from person to person

gender fluidity

a flexible range of gender expression, which can change day-to-day and allows for less restrictive and stereotypical gender expectations

The Gene

a frank celebration of progress - the immense and extraordinarily rapid increase of our knowledge of what genes are and how they work - but Mukherjee is concerned about what that knowledge is doing and about some unsatisfactory ways in which many of us are now encouraged to think about our genes and ourselves

tribal epistemology

a key component of which involves leveraging the dignity of one's culture to preserve beliefs against criticism has met with severe resistance from journalists, who have shifted away from a hands-off approach to truth and started reporting explicitly on the facticity (or lack thereof) of claims

Declaration of Alma Ata

a landmark consensus document that proposed "Health for all by the year 2000" advocated for health as a human right and included the need to address social factors related to ill health also addressed finances and specific goals

biosocial

a lens for medical phenomena

Balfour Declaration

a letter dated November 2, 1917, from the British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour, which supported Zionist plans for a Jewish "national home" in Palestine

Alma Ata

a place in the Societ Union, currently Almaty, Kazakhstan ; home of Alma Ata conference

The State of the World's Children (UNICEF)

a plan with a package of interventions, based on selective primary health care, to combat common causes of child mortality--> became GOBI

whooping cough

a potentially life-threatening childhood illness, pertussis

World Health Organization (WHO)

a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health

local world

a specific setting in a society—usually one different from that of the anthropologist's world

security

a strictly enforced quarantine could do more harm than good

Subcomandante Marcos

a subcomandante, a conduit for the will of the councils. His first words said in the new persona were: "Through me speaks the will of the Zapatista National Liberation Army."

traditional Chinese medicine

a system of ancient Chinese medicinal treatments including acupuncture, diet, herbal therapy, meditation, physical exercise, and massage to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease

biopower

a term coined by Michel Foucault to model the way political governance increasingly exerted its effects via the control of bodies and populations

science of life

a therapeutic philosophy, addresses persistent human needs

dysphoria

a word from Greek that means difficult to bear, difficult to carry

prophylaxis

action taken to prevent disease, especially by specified means or against a specified disease; --> is it available?

Matthew Arnold

an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools, he wrote Culture and Anarchy

cholera

an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food; easily treated in controlled environments, but extremely deadly and contagious in poor environments

transgender

an explicitly imperfect translation — itself carries institutional and imperial discipline: to be named and to name oneself transgender is to enter into disciplinary regimes that distribute recognition and resources according to imperial logics. As a term, transgender translates an infinite multiplicity into a single disciplinary body

World Bank

an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects

Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria

an international financing organization that aims to "attract, leverage and invest additional resources to end the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria to support attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

an old timer global health organization fund

alternative facts

are not "objectively" wrong America's new president, of course, is fond of alternative facts — about climate change, the safety of vaccines, the size of his inauguration crowd — and so are many of his surrogates

climate change

around the end of the first millennium, Europe, as part of a normal climatic cycle, began to warm up. Across the continent, the temperature increased by an average of more than one degree Celsius. This change, known as the Little Optimum, plumped up harvests and hence the population--> led to a golden age in europe with no major wars, etc.

contagion

as opposed to miasma; some people opposed this because they believed disease was a result of poor people's filth;

dark continent

as referring to Africa as quoted in the reading, "The Wakandans, for all their technological progress, still cleanly fit into the Western molds, a dark people in a dark continent."

ethnic identity

ask about ethnic identity and determine whether it matters for the patient—whether it is an important part of the patient's sense of self. As part of this inquiry, it is crucial to acknowledge and affirm a person's experience of ethnicity and illness. Ethnicity is not an abstract identity, as the DSM-IV cultural formulation implies, but a vital aspect of how life is lived

insurgent multiculturalism

ask tough questions about the roots of inequality and racism and involves examining power structures

Arthur Kleinman

author of 4 theories at harvard

Ian Hacking

author of are you for real?

Jeffrey Sachs

author of article The White Man's Burden; is being criticized To Professor Sachs, African poverty is just a technical problem that "the world's leading practitioners" can solve (as described in the thousands of pages produced by Sachs's UN Millennium Project) if only these experts are given enough money for their "proven strategies."

Teju Cole

author of white savior industrial complex

medieval medicine

basically a mixture of the ancient "four humors" theory and the astrological formulations of the Arabic physicians of the end of the first millennium avoid bathing, sex, exercise, quarantines were implemented

illness process

begins with personal awareness of a change in body feeling and continues with the labeling of the sufferer by family or by self as "ill."

global state of mind

beyond classical principles of ethics and into what Benatar calls a 'global state of mind'.16 He argues that ethics can be a mechanism for reframing the global health agenda, as well as the duties of wealthy nations and citizens within a universal social contract. Such an analysis draws on current ethical discourse within public health, human rights and theories of working with vulnerable populations.

curing, not healing

biomedicine is primarily interested in the recognition and treatment of disease (curing). So paramount is this orientation that the professional training of doctors tends to disregard illness and its treatment. Biomedicine has increasingly banished the illness experience

shantytowns

by 2030, a quarter of the world's population will live in shantytowns places of dynamic economic innovation and creativity have exploded at the margins of today's megacities

Siddhartha Mukherjee

calls his history of genetics "intimate"

Peter Berger & Thomas Luckmann

came up with second theory of social construction

medical tourism

can undermine existing health care and cause great harm, especially in emergency situations or humanitarian disasters

capabilities

capabilities approach, a theoretical framework for measuring and comparing the well-being of nations Nussbaum devised a list of ten essential capabilities that all societies should nourish, including the freedom to play, to engage in critical reflection, and to love. The capabilities theory is now a staple of human-rights advocacy, and Sen told me that Nussbaum has become more of a "purist" than he is.

Little Optimism, Little Optimum?

change in climate that led to european golden age

user fees

charges levied for the use of a good or service

cholera as a "Third World" illness

cholera is pretty much only epidemic in third world countries; it often appears in the wake of civil wars and natural disasters it is a major killer only in places lacking the infrastructure for effective emergency treatment

PIH model

clinical and community barriers to care are removed as diagnosis and treatment are declared a public good and made available free of charge to patients living in poverty

constellational thinking

constellationally. He does not connect the dots or see the patterns of power behind the isolated "disasters." All he sees are hungry mouths, and he, in his own advocacy-by-journalism way, is putting food in those mouths as fast as he can. All he sees is need, and he sees no need to reason out the need for the need.

impoverished countries

countries in Africa

tribal

criticisms of representation of movie; "at heart, it is a movie about a divided, tribalized continent, discovered by a white man..."

single point source

current term used by epidemiologists to describe ; one source of disease

stereotyping

dangerous stereotyping—such as, "Chinese believe this," "Japanese believe that," and so on—as if entire societies or ethnic groups could be described by these simple slogans Rather than assuming knowledge of the patient, which can lead to stereotyping, simply asking the patient about ethnicity and its salience is the best way to start.

neocolonial

definition: relations of domination by a foreign power, even though the dominated nation is formally recognized as an independent nation with its own government in relation to Black Panther: a black "redemptive counter-mythology" sails to the colonial vision of a childish people needing a strong guiding hand to lead them; derived from a neocolonial mind

virulence

degree of pathogenicity; important to consider whether or not this would increase in quarantine

embodied experience

denotes that the body of the human is a context and space of all experience. Humans never have an experience that is not embodied, as even thoughts depend on a body to happen. Every body, too, is specific in terms of its size, shape, color, age, ability, gender, and so on. includes racial, gender, and sexual experiences.

structural violence

describes social structures—economic, political, legal, religious, and cultural—that stop individuals, groups, and societies from reaching their full potential

discipline

discipline when deviating from the norm (of heterosexuality)

distal & proximal interventions

distal: performed late in the process, when patients are already sick proximal: trying to prevent illness through efforts such as vaccination or improved water and housing quality

economic aid

economic aid continued to flow, increasing to $104 million in 1986, from $11 million in 1980, nearly all of it going to the rural western highlands, where the Mayan victims of the genocide lived.

Zygmunt Bauman

emeritus professor of sociology at the University of Leeds, Britain. His latest book, "Strangers at Our Door" is published with Polity Press.

aesthetic education

emotional refinement for all citizens through poetry and music and art.

Article 25 (UDHR)

established that all people, regardless of their country of origin, have an inalienable set of human rights , supported unanimously except by Russia and South Africa

introspection

examine your motives

solidarity

exists when citizens of the community are mobilized, when capacity building of local organizations and strengthened links within civil society occurs, and when attempts are made to bridge power imbalances between the wealthy and the poor

ideological narratives

facts exist as a function of ideological narratives. Depending on the narrative, you end up with different facts, or, to adopt Kellyanne Conway's coinage, "alternative facts," which are not "objectively" wrong

Hurricane Katrina

fear of cholera following this natural disaster; had reduced a great American city to Third World conditions. Twenty-first-century America had had a cholera scare

Wakanda

fictional African state; the most technologically advanced nation in the world but which apparently prefers to hide its light under the bushel of Third World country status

flaws & problems

flaws and problems with big global health organizations is that global health exists in an obligatory improvement-success society (why do we need to improve, what do they actually do with the money?)

Selective Primary Health Care

focused on the prevention not treatment of disease; UNICEF adopted it because it focused on children under 5l based on the notion of sustainability, rooted in the neoliberal economic paradigm

Zapatismo

free spaces, born of reclaimed land, communal agriculture, resistance to privatisation, will eventually create counter-powers to the state simply by existing as alternatives. a global call to revolution that tells you not to wait for the revolution, only to stand where you stand, to fight with your own weapon. It could be a video camera, words, ideas, "hope" - all of these, Marcos has written, "are also weapons". It's a revolution in miniature

Africa

from reading on Black Panther, a continent historically abused by colonialism. in this film, it has been portrayed as not defined by colonization or by its relationship with Europe. Wakanda does not pose as a backdrop for white struggles and passions

President's Emergency Plan for HIV/AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)

from the Bush Administration that has pledged $15 billion to help selected countries; massive new effort

quarantine

from the Italian "quarantina," which means "space of 40 days," dates from 15th-century regulations devised in certain Italian cities to control the spread of plague by sequestering those thought to have been exposed to the disease. Along with isolation -- secluding those who are clearly sick -- it can be an effective tool for controlling outbreaks of certain types of disease

genocide

genocide was indeed an option in Guatemala, supported materially and morally by Ronald Reagan's White House.

social justice

global health work should be concerned with diminishing the gross inequity seen in the world

biological citizenship

government recognition of citizen's health needs and to intervene on their behalf "Adriana Petryna introduced the term biological citizenship to make sense of the post-Chernobyl disaster situation in the Ukraine. Although radiation scientists certifi ed only a few hundred victims of radiation exposure, a much greater number of people claimed disability from the accident, and in the process, a new identity: citizens biologically defined by this trauma as deserving of compensation from a caring state that exerts the power of governance via the welfare rolls.

Herodotus

greek historian in fifth century BC, he divided world into 3 geographical regions

Vesalius

had accomplished a true revolution in the knowledge of the human anatomy, similar to that of Copernicus in astronomy. refuting the anatomic descriptions of Galen, had abolished the distinction between theory and practice when teaching medicine and anatomy

cultural competency

has become a fashionable term for clinicians and researchers. Yet no one can define this term precisely enough to operationalize it in clinical training and best practices it suggests culture can be reduced to a technical skill for which clinicians can be trained to develop expertise

squatter communities

have been built on land that is, technically speaking, illegally occupied — without official title deeds, electricity, running water or waste removal systems

lifelong immunity

having pertussis does not confer lifelong immunity

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

he was elected burgomaster of the city on several occasions, He was elected as the Guild's Praelector Anatomiae in 1628 and gave his second public anatomy lesson on 31st January, 1632. In the tradition of his predecessors, Tulp wanted to have himself painted with a group of surgeons of the Guild

deviance

homosexuality, seen as a deviant sexuality (as compared to a normal one)

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

hope for basis of new relationship between Canadian aboriginal people and the Canadian government. there is concern from the government that aboriginal people who have sweeping veto over law, but it would just affirm rights already held by treaties.

womanhood

how is it defined

global Health Ethics Principles

humility, introspection, solidarity, social justice

good governance

idea that education systems, political systems, health-care systems — are beneficial, transparency and accountability

Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons

in 1555, given permission every year to dissect the body of an executed criminal for the purpose of teaching anatomy

outreach program

in Black Panther, California scientist sister will be leading an outreach program in Wakanda

imploding sewage

in India, by 2030 the number is estimated to double, presenting a frightening spectacle of imploding sewage in its cities, several of which suffer water scarcity and pollution problems caused by encroachments into lakes and water bodies

cities, water, & waste (general mechanisms & problems)

in India, sewage and garbage being dumped in the wetlands less than half of the sewage produced by this global information technology hub was being managed in modern treatment plants, with the rest ending up as raw, untreated sewage in the city's lakes and wetlands

poverty & vulnerability

in terms of cholera, prevention of water borne fecal oral route is much harder in poverty and where there is lack of good infrastructure

norms & normal

in terms of sexuality as a social construct; heterosexuality versus deviations from such

western culture

individualistic and democratic and liberty-minded and tolerant and progressive and rational and scientific philosophy, literature, art, music; the things Arnold prized and humanists study

White Savior Industrial Complex

is a valve for releasing the unbearable pressures that build in a system built on pillage. We can participate in the economic destruction of Haiti over long years, but when the earthquake strikes it feels good to send $10 each to the rescue fund. I have no opposition, in principle, to such donations (I frequently make them myself), but we must do such things only with awareness of what else is involved. If we are going to interfere in the lives of others, a little due diligence is a minimum requirement.

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)

is helping 72 countries fortify the immune systems of their children

intellectual agenda

it is not given prominence in research and teaching and doesn't carry the influence it ought to command in society and in health systems

Carter Center

leader of eradication of guinea worm; teach people how to filter water In 1986, when the Carter Center — the global health philanthropy in Atlanta founded by President Jimmy Carter — launched the eradication drive, an estimated 3.5 million people in 21 countries had worms.

colonial medicine

linked to the economic interests of the colonizers. Health was not an end in itself, but rather a prerequisite for colonial development. Colonial medicine, or "tropical medicine," as it was called during the late 19th century, was concerned primarily with maintaining the health of Europeans living in the tropics, because these individuals were viewed as essential to the colonial project's success. Productiveness=health.

power imbalance

may challenge true patient autonomy and can exist to a greater extent within global health settings. This is twofold, as students may be trusted simply due to their assumed membership in the medical community (e.g. wearing a lab coat and carrying a stethoscope can indicate a professional status) as well as due to their developed world background

the west

means the north Atlantic: Europe and her former colonies in North America. This way of talking notices the whole world, but lumps a whole lot of extremely different societies together, while delicately carving around Australians and New Zealanders and white South Africans, so that "western" here can look simply like a euphemism for white.

Nuisances Act of 1848

mptied many of the city's cesspools into the Thames, all in the name of combating the dangerous smells in the city streets; because cholera was believed to be spread by miasmas

Partners in Health (PIH)

non profit organization, designed in rural Haiti to prevent the embodiment of poverty and social inequalities as excess mortality due to AIDS, TB, malaria, and other diseases of poverty,

global south

non-western world in Africa, Asia and Latin America

desocialization

of scientific inquiry: a tendency to ask only biological questions about what are in fact biosocial phenomena

public dissections

often preceded by a moralistic introduction in which the audience was encouraged to acknowledge its own mortality. were popular events in the life of the city and most lessons took more than 1 day. They were held in the winter so that the corpse remained in a good condition for as long as possible.

Martha Nussbaum

one of the foremost philosophers in America

10/90 gap

over 90% of global research dollars are spent on health problems that affect only 10% of the world

Bajrang Dal

paramilitary Hindu right-wing group

reparations

payment for damages after a war; following colonialism

rational technical

practices of classifying, diagnosing, and intervening do not just change the world; they carry the potential to make up new people

Cold War

presented a great ideological divide between economic systems and forms of governance; US vs Soviet Union

bottom-up

proceeding from the bottom of a hierarchy upward or from the beginning of a process forward

Asiatic Cholera

reached Southeast Asia, East Africa, the Middle East, and the Caucasus, but petered out in 1823; first pandemic

humility

recognize own limitations; Rather one should recognize that being in a different setting puts one at a disadvantage, especially in clinical medicine.

feudal

relating to a system of lords and vassals, how Wakanda was run; there were elites, etc.

colonialism (in global health & research)

see class notes (must be aware of colonialism and historical past to understand how help will be perceived)

tropical medicine

see colonial medicine

solitarist approach

sees human beings as members of exactly one group." Sen argues that this view is not just morally undesirable, but descriptively wrong

Global Health Study Guide 1

संबंधित स्टडी सेट्स

M/S Chapter 45 upper GI

Econ

Dcom 142 Final

Chapter 4. Life Insurance

NCLEX

PathoPharm quiz 4

BUS finance Chapter 3

APEX health 5.2.1 public policy and your safety

NH Test 4 math

Ch. 27

Economics 202 Module 11

Lesson 19- Writing and Evaluating Expressions/Order of Operations

PreTest

EAQ Pt education

Unit 10: Goats

Maternal Newborn 3.)- Preeclampsia

Adv. Med-Surg Med Midterm

Psychology and the Law Final Exam

Stock Rights, Retained Earnings

Macroeconomics Exam 3