Global Sports
Who watched the ancient games? who were the spectators and from where did they travel? what was the "Truce of Zeus"?
100,000 people from all over the world - virgin women and men because married women weren't allowed to watch naked men; came from as far away as Egypt, France, Russia, Africa. etc; even from city states at war; traveled by boat - Olympia was on the coast; Truce of Zeus = 3 months protecting all travelers to the games - Spartans spread the news; did it because the city states were at war with each other - month before, month during, month after = 3 months
what happened on the morning of September 4th? (5th in Germany)
11 Israelis were taken hostage and 2 killed by terrorists; canadians helped, Moshe Weinberger shot and killed; wanted 200+ terrorists released; Issa is the leader of Black September
what happened in the aftermath of the Munich Massacre? how did it affect future Olympic Games? have you seen the movie 'Munich'?
11 killed, 2 gunshot and 9 exploded in airplane; luftansia flight hijacked, 3 of the 8 terrorists survived; no
When did sport in the modern sense develop?
1800s-1900s
describe the importance of soccer matches in India. what was the relevance to colonialism?
1870s. political, freedom, and independence. national pride, unifying element
How did the 1896 games compare toe the ancient olympics?
1896: athletes were dressed, events were less violent, more nationalized, women are in the stands watching, codified rules, rich people were in the stands. US dominated a lot of events; americans there were from Harvard, Yale, and Princeton Ancient: naked, violent events, not many rules that were followed
When were the first soccer leagues established in the US?
1920s
when were the first soccer leagues established in the US? why did they fail to continue?
1921 creation of American soccer league; economic depression of 1930s, American sports flourished - soccer considered un-American
How and when did soccer spread to Latin America? what role did it play in nation-building?
1930s - British brought the club in 1967 - railroads
In which year was Tokyo originally assigned the Olympic Games?
1940 (The 1940 Summer Olympics were originally scheduled to be held in Tokyo, Japan, but were ultimately cancelled due to the outbreak of WW2. Tokyo would eventually host the 1964 Summer Olympics.)
Which soccer match did Maradona call a "Soccer War" ("Guerra futbolistica")
1986 World Cup quarterfinal match between Argentina and England
Which FIFA World Cup did France win?
1998
How many times has Messi won the Ballon d'Or (award for being the best player in the world)?
5 (Ballon d'Or (Golden Ball): annual football award presented by France Football, awarded since 1956
The First Olympics in Ancient Greece are dated to...
776 B.C.
When were the first games held? how often did they occur? how long did this tradition last?
776 BC; every 4 years = Olympiad; held in the summer, in August during a full moon, for the next 12 centuries - then banned by Theodosius
How would you define "sport"? What definitions have been given?
Activity that challenges body or mind
How did the hostage crisis at the 1972 Munich Olympics end?
All 11 Israeli hostages died
how did soccer develop in Chile? why did it enter the scene later than in some of the other South American countries?
Andes mountains separated from rest of the countries. local clubs were means of resistance to dictatorships
Why did Pablo Escobar run for the House of Representatives in Colombia?
As an elected representative, he received four years of diplomatic immunity
what were some of the events surrounding the Atletico Nacional team in 1989? Describe the relationship between Nacional players and Pablo Escobar
Atletico, had people killed, bribed the referees
What parts of the olympic games represent these principles symbolically? think of the different ceremonies
At the opening ceremonies, we see all the athletes from all the countries in the Parade of Nations and showing how they are all together as one through sports culture (Greece always host and the host is last). in the awards ceremony we see those who have won and got their medals; even in the awards ceremony, the IOC doesn't recognize anyone nation as the winner; closing ceremonies everyone walks in together to symbolize friendship starting in 1956
What are reasons why slaves rebelled much more frequently in the Caribbean than in the US during the 18th Century?
Blacks outnumber whites by a greater number in the Caribbean than in the US; slaves were much more malnourished in the Caribbean; slaves in the Caribbean were often African, having been raised in Africa and brought to the islands, since slaves in on Caribbean plantations rarely reproduced due to the harsh treatment; death rates were so high on Caribbean plantations, that slaves didn't fear death if they
Describe the comparisons between sport and theater. what are the similarities between the two activities? what does this tell us about the place of sport in modern-day societies?
Bring people together, forget life for a bit, more involved in theater
describe the 1994 World Cup match between Colombia and the US
Colombia's last change to compete; were receiving lots of death threats; Andres Escobar scored on own team and was killed because of it by Miguel Rodrigues from the Cali Cartel
Give a recap of what 'Of Sport and Men' says about hockey in Canada
Comes from country
describe the political situation in Argentina in the 1970s. how did hosting and winning the 1978 World Cup affect it.
Dutch complained about antifutbol tactics; Argentina beat Holland; Reign of terror and feat (the dirty war)
Give a recap of what 'Of Sport and Men' says about bullfighting
Elegant ceremony, violent tragedy, man over ignorance/animal
What is a truly national sport for Barthes? What are the best examples of this?
Emerges from land and people
Which club team has Messi played for during his entire professional career?
FC Barcelona
Give a recap of what 'Of Sport and Men' says about soccer in England
Fananisism, temple
Who holds the world record for the 100-meter run and is commonly known as the "fastest woman of all time"?
Florence Griffith-Joyner (American track and field athlete; the fastest woman of all time based on the fact that the world records she set in 1988 for both the 100m and 200m still stand; popular figure because of her record-setting performances and flashy personal style)
What are considered to be traditional games?
Folk football, river jousting, petanque, sack races
Who could compete in the Ancient Games?
Free-born Greek men (any free-born Greek in the world)
The tavern where representatives of many different public schools met in London in 1863 to establish the rules of soccer was...
Freemason's Arms Tavern (November 1863: Meeting held at Freemason's Tavern in central London; series of meetings over two months, attempts made to generate a single code)
Who was Pierre de Coubertin? why did he decide to revive the Olympic Games? what were his ideas? what did he hope to accomplish?
French man that led to the revival of the Olympic games; decided to revive them because he felt the French were out of shape and that is why they lost the Franco-Prussian war; aristocrat; wanted to promote physical fitness of Frenchmen; suggested the games go along with the Universal expositions, wanted only amateurs to compete
What are some things that Pablo Escobar did for the poor in Colombia?
He built lights around already existing soccer fields, and created new ones, he built schools, he provided housing, he built hospitals and provided health care
What is something that Pablo Escobar did not do for the poor in Columbia?
He gave children free cocaine
What kind of medical treatment did Lionel Messi require from the time he was 10 years old?
Human growth hormone
Describe the ancient Olympic games? what were the like?
Held in Olympic, first Olympics dated to 776 BC; very religious, offered 100 oxen as a sacrifice, not very many events, did it for the gods and prayed to them, competed in the nude; violent and gruesome - a lot of fighting events; admired ability to endure pain and suffering; people would rather die than lose; physical test and test of faith
Describe the early Olympic Games (1900-1924). where did they take place? what were they like?
Held in Paris; they were highly (nationalized?) - did it for their nation; 19 sports; women could participate some people didn't even know that it was the Olympics because the name changed; as it progressed it got more and more organized
Which country doesn't use the word "soccer" commonly?
Ireland
Why did the documentary Tokyo Olympiad cause controversy?
It focused more on the athletes than the events (Tokyo Olympiad documents the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo; considered a milestone in documentary filmmaking. However, Tokyo Olympiad keeps its focus more on the atmosphere of the games and the human side of the athletes instead of concentrating on winning and the results)
Why was folk football banned in Britain in the 19th Century?
It represented a threat to law and order (folk football banned in many cities, threat to order, football only survived in the most remote areas of Britain)
what happened in Chile's Estadio Nacional in the 1970s? why did the Soviets refuse to play a World Cup qualification match there?
Killed opponents, torture house - left to starve; 12,000-20,000 opponents imprisoned in a detention center; soviets wanted a neutral venue
What is the nickname for Uruguay's national team?
La Celeste (The Blue Sky)
Which events were held in the Ancient Olympics?
Long jump, shot put, javelin, pentathlon
Give a recap of what 'Of Sport and Men' says about racecar driving
Man and machine being synced
How does the documentary 'Of Sport and Men' describe the practice of sport in general?
Man conquering something else (man, fear, nature, time, etc); man vs man
Who was the undisputed star of the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico?
Maradona
What event was not held in the Ancient Olympics?
Marathon
Which Italian player was head-butted by Zidane during the 2006 World Cup?
Marco Materazzi
how did the US declaration of the War on Drugs change the situation in Colombia? what is extradition?
Mecca has replaced Colombia as the battlefield for the War on Drugs; Colombian cartels switched to 2nd or 3rd division teams for money laundering
Which Olympic Games were called the "Protest Olympics"?
Mexico 1968 (the 1968 Olympics Human Rights Salute: a political demonstration conducted by African American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony on October 16, 1968, at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City)
Why did certain countries boycott the Olympics during the 1980s? how did these boycotts affect the Games? do you think that boycotting is an effective political and diplomatic strategy?
Moscow games US boycott - Jimmy Carter) - soviet invaded Afghanistan tried getting non-communist countries to boycott; cold war, don't agree with communism
what is "narco-soccer"? what does this term generally refer to?
Narco-soccer is used to designate the relationship between soccer and the drug trade in Colombia
which league was established in the US in the 1960s? what were the goals of the founders? what role de Pele play in the league? how long did it last?
North American Soccer League (NASL) -"sold" soccer to corporate America, turned it into a big business overnight, build a successful sport financially, be a successful financial venture; build a business with lasting quality; pele was the biggest and the best - 1975 - 7 million dollars - Cosmos = NASL started to flourish, he was a big star, season only lasts 5 or 6 months which he like better than Europe; Early 1980s NASL experiment began to falter - 1984 ended = new coaches that signed were in it for the money
What are the principles of Olympism? in other words, what values or ideas are the games meant to uphold?
Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind; blends sport with culture and education; the creed is the guiding principle; way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles; 1992 all professionals are allowed to compete as well
How are the 1936 Berlin Olympics remembered? what was their significance?
Olympic torch and Olympic salute; controversy; Hitler was in power and wasn't an advocate for modern sports; Hitler had just invaded the Rhineland; used the Olympics as propaganda; Nazi ideals were in contrast to all the Olympic ideals
describe Pablo Escobar's socio-economic background. what was his reputation? why did he decide to run of the House of Representatives?
Pablo;s family didn't have enough money to feed their family, pablo then went into contraband and drug dealing; he would give some money to the soccer team; he donated lights to the field and helped build fields; he was scrutinized for being a drug dealer, but they were grateful for the chance to have a field. he knew it would prelude his extradition
Which soccer star coined the term "the beautiful game," which is now commonly used to refer to soccer?
Pele
who was Rene Higuita and how did his friendship with Pablo Escobar tarnish the reputation of the Colombian national team? why did Higuita eventually go to jail?
Rene Higuita was often visited the prison; he made the mistake by talking to reporters on the road up to Cathedral Prison; it became a huge scandal and hurt the Colombian image; he risked everything by admitting he was friends with them; Higuita was arrested for mediating a kidnap negotiator; but, people think the true motive was that he visited Pablo in jail; the entire team played a game with Pablo
What is not considered to be a traditional game?
Rugby
What are the characteristics of a sport? What makes an activity a sport?
Rules and competition with two or more teams
What were the Zappas Olympics?
Series of athletic events held in Athens, Greece in 1850, 1870, and 1875 sponsored by the Zappas Family (sponsored by Greek businessmen Evangelos Zappas)
What is NOT a reason why slaves rebelled much more frequently in the Caribbean than in the US during the 18th Century?
Slaves were a lot more educated in the Caribbean than in the US and were therefore better at organizing themselves for revolt
What is the most popular sport in the world?
Soccer
What is "black-blanc-beur"?
Sociological phenomenon associated with integration and unity (Multi-ethnic national team: Zidane of Algerian descent, Thuram from Guadeloupe, Karembeu from New Caledonia, Desailly from Ghana, Djorkaeff of Armenian and Mongol descent; symbols of integration and brotherhood in a nation struggling with its colonial past; short-lived period of unity within the country that was counteracted by a growing sentiment of racism, fostered by the Front National
In the 18th Century, which was the main crop on the British islands in the Caribbean?
Sugar
What role did the Industrial Revolution play in the rise of mass sporting culture?
Technological advances - electric power extended the day, alienation of workers - repetitive tasks, railways led to expansion of playing other cities, leisure vs work time, economic growth - spending money on equipment and tickets
Who is the Roman emperor who put an end to the Olympics as part of an effort to impose Christianity as the state religion?
Theodosius (Emperor Theodosius I ended them in 393 A.D.)`
Why did the Irish initially reject soccer?
They considered it an instrument of British imperialism
What is "MarnGrook" football?
Traditional indigenous kicking game in Australia ("game ball" in Gunditjmara language; collective name given to a number of traditional Indigenous Australian recreational pastimes believed to have played at gatherings and celebrations of up to 50 players)
What are the differences between traditional and modern sports?
Traditional: chaotic, no winners, animals, festivals, hunting/equestrian - upper class, regional Modern: rules, less animals, competition, moves to lower class, more national
Which countries uses the word "soccer" commonly?
US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
Give a recap of what 'Of Sport and Men' says about The Tour de France
War, epic, battle; suffering and passion; landscape - national
the PEPEs took him down; alliances of his enemies, USDA and Special Forces, Cali Cartel
What was the Cathedral Prison? What did Escobar do while he was there?
When someone asks, "What is sport?" how does "sport" respond, according to 'Of Sport and Men'? What does this mean? Can you explain it?
Who is best? competitive nature
Do you consider so-called "mind sports" (chess, bridge) to be sports? What about equipment-assisted (race-car driving) activities? What about activities involving animals (equestrian, cock-fighting, hunting)? Why or why not?
Yes because heart race, competition, skill, no to cock fighting
What are principles of Victorian bodily culture?
a) sport was an instrument of natural selection b) sport physically hardened the Victorian ruling class for the task of imperial conquest and global hegemony c) sport cultivated moral and mental qualities as well as physical ones d) sport taught lessons of cooperation and competition e) it was important for working-class individuals to use sport to make themselves more attractive, in order to marry someone from a higher social class
What is not a principle of Victorian bodily culture?
a) sport was an instrument of natural selection b) sport physically hardened the Victorian ruling class for the task of imperial conquest and global hegemony c) sport cultivated moral and mental qualities as well as physical ones d) sport taught lessons of cooperation and competition e) it was important for working-class individuals to use sport to make themselves more attractive, in order to marry someone from a higher social class
what role did the Industrial Revolution play in the development of soccer?
able to play after work. travel between countries and locations to play (teams and fan bases); halve saturdays
what happened during the 1966 World Cup? where did it take place? why was the Argentina-Germany match so controversial?
argument over a call and then kicked off captain (red card); thinking on England and Germany go together against Uruguay and Argentina
Describe the games involving balls practiced by florentines (Calcio). What were some of the rules? How were they practiced? What were the goals?
ball always had to be in motion, conquering fears and opponents. latter day of roman gladiators
how did the Colombian national team fare in the qualifying for the 1994 FIFA World Cup?
beat Argentina 5-0, favorites to win
What are some of the images presented in 'Olympia'?
bell ringing with the eagle image, doves = peace, olympic stadium, the different flags, olympic rings, Hitler being saluted to, olympic torch being presented in front of the crowd, see the Nazi army a ton of swastikas, Hitler opened the games; parade of nations was similar to a military march
how did the German government respond?
block village, try communicating; tried to trade spots and tried to offer money
what was the atmosphere like in the Olympic Village during the crisis?
blocked off, very quiet
What were some of the events held in the ancient games? what were the rules?
boxing/wrestling/pankration = knife fight - vicious form of fighting = favorites because of the risk; boxers fought without a break, water, a corner, without gloves, fights lasted for hours until a boxer raised his single finger to signal defeat - most would rather die than lose - nothing was barred; pankration - no biting or gauging; even those weren't always enforced - genitals were frowned upon but no one did anything; wrestling = no finger breaking - but largely ignored chariot races/pentathletes = greatest athletes running, jumping, discus, javelin, and wrestling
what happened that made the Colombian government finally recognize that drug trafficking was a legitimate threat to the state?
bribed judges, still ran his business, possible death penalty
Describe the games involving balls practiced by scottish. What were some of the rules? How were they practiced? What were the goals?
champion cut off enemies' head and throws it to fans. taskar - tyrant. folk matches are aggressive in the town and can take all day; up and down the gates; no authority and chaos
what role did boarding schools in England play in the development of soccer?
control the students
why were soccer clubs ideal for money laundering
could misreport ticket sales and player transfers; used to be in cash
What image of Germany did this country hope to present before the world?
democratic state, modern, move past holocaust
what do Andres Escobar's friends and family say about him? as a player? as a person?
devoted and religious; stopped schooling to follow dreams; foster identity through soccer and try showing a positive image; work with the youth; well respected
Juan Peron was president of Argentina from 1946-1955. what role did soccer play in politics of Peronismo? why didn't he allow the Argentina national team play abroad?
didn't want to lose and thought would lose support in the government. roles was to get people to play, isolation of national team
describe the birth of soccer in the public schools of Britain. what were its origins? how did it develop?
educate the sons of the country's old land and new commercial families. for the elite. let the boys let off their energy, fight off homosexuality, and masturbation. thomas arnold
what is the Brazilian notion of futebol arte? what are the influences from popular culture?
emphasis on dribbling and artistry, didn't care if lost, as long as had beautiful shots. melting pot of racism and culture
what was the relationship between soccer and social class in Britain at the end of the 19th/beginning of the 20th Century?
everyone is making teams, spreads from upper-class to the lower-working classes. missionaries use soccer to entice people to religion
How did the greeks perceive sports? what elements did they value in athletic competitions? explain the notion of "agon"?
fascinated; agon = contest; agony comes from that; agony meant that the contest contained pain, strife, and suffering
What was the role of religious rituals in the games?
first day was religious purification, priest sacrificed genitals of bull, athletes took oath of Zeus to play with the rules; severe penalties for cheating because you were violating Zeus; athletes felt this was a way of gaining immortality
explain how controversies surrounding the 1998 world cup affected French notions of national identity?
first time France in Finals and beats Brazil. multi-ethnic teams; colonies become departments or territories. immigration was destroyed national identity; jean-marie le pen - "fracais de souche", "black-blanc-beur" - take from Arabic
describe the failed rescue attempts. what went wrong? what were the consequences? what should have been done differently?
food, live streamed, death
what happened with the sporting part of the Olympics after the crisis began?
games must go on
what happened during the 1986 World cup? who was the unquestionable star? what is the place of the quarterfinal match between England and Argentina in soccer mythology?
goal of the century from FIFA Poll (hand of god); unquestionable star was Diego Armando Maradona; considered a rematch of Falklands War
What do the medals represent?
gold, silver, and bronze represents the first 3 ages of man. gold - when men lived among gods, silver - when youth lasted for 100 years, bronze - era of heroes; image of Nike - greek goddess; used to be olive crown
why was soccer initially rejected in Germany? which sports were popular there at the time? when did soccer finally become popular?
gymnastics (turner) was popular at the time; initially rejected in Germany because was an english import and they were their opponents
What was the significance of Jesse Owens' performance in these Olympic Games? what doe the film tell us about the context?
he was african americans he won in 10.2 but they said it wasn't accepted because of "wind"; finally won again; hitler refused to shake his hand - went against Hitler's belief that the Aryan race was superior to every other race
who finally took down Pablo Escobar? how did he die? describe his funeral. what happened to the social order in Medellin following Pablo Escobar's death?
he was killed by the PEPEs. the minister of defense gave confirmation of his death to the President. they called Pablo their savior during his funeral; everyone praised him, mostly the poor people; they cheered; the city went out of control; since the boss died, everyone became their own bosses; even a policeman could be good or evil; it was a complete free for all; PEPEs were an alliance of the USDA's office, Colombian police, and the Cali Cartel
describe the special soccer matches played at Pablo Escobar's ranch
high players , big bets
what is antifutbol? which teams are associated with this style of play?
in Argentina - La Nuestra, Las Estudiantes; relies on the passing; more aggressive...winning at all costs
Describe the games involving balls practiced by Japanese (Kamari). What were some of the rules? How were they practiced? What were the goals?
introduced from China (Cuju), more ceremonial. life not death, just for dun. square platform - in between the trees
how and when was the Copa de Libertadores launched?
launched in 1960s, in response to champions league. club for teams in South America
who was Pablo Escobar? what do the people who knew him say about him'? how did he acquire his wealth?
leader of the Medilin Cartel, aggressive murderous thug; politician; constructed schools, health clinics, and soccer fields; wanted to be president; made money for demand of cocaine in the US; was one worth billions of dollars
why was folk football banned in Britain? why was it been perceived as a threat to the social order?
lots of people died; disruption to local order; banned because it distracted against war and archery
why did the level of Colombian soccer rise in the early 1990s? which clubs in particular were rumored to be funded by drug cartels?
lto more money in soccer, keeping players from going to European teams; Atletico Nacional, Medilin, America de Cali
what role did soccer play in the French "civilizing mission"? what was its place in the French educational system, both in mainland France and abroad?
make the colonized more "malleable". in missionaries and catholic churches to spread Christianity. soldiers, sailors, and new settlers especially in Caribbean and Algeria. European more superior. Jules Ferry
explain the process by which soccer was codified (obtained a set of rules). what were some of the rules that were established? how did soccer differ from rugby?
meeting for 2-3 months in Freemason's Tavern. Separation of soccer and rugby. still no real division. 1871 - First FA Cup, can handle the ball in rugby and so was hacking
what were some of the highlights of the Games during the first week?
memorial at Dachau, US win in swimming (Mark the shark) - flew him home in worry of him being taken because jewish american; ussr won in basketball (First gold)
Who participated in the games? what was expected of the athletes?
naked, free born greek men participated; arrive 30 days early for the games to train; swore a lot of oaths to compete fairly; dedicated physically and spiritually
what was Israel's position?
no deal will be struck with terrorists
How did the memory of the 1936 Berlin olympics affect the organization of the 1972 Munich games?
no military - Potsdam accords 1945; race 1936 memories; show new democratic face; erase military/propaganda
Describe the games involving balls practiced by romans. What were some of the rules? How were they practiced? What were the goals?
not as popular as chariot games, mainly for military. caesar invades Great Britain
What does the salute represent?
not only on statues because closely resembles the Nazi salute
Compare and contrast the revival of the games in 1896 with the most recent ones (Rio, London, etc.)
now: women compete, US still wins a lot of events, now we use blocks in sprints, still have a podium for winners, now we have professional athletes competing, still play national anthem of winner, dirt track
Where were the olympics held in antiquity? what was the significance of the place? what was the venue like?
olympia - zeus's sacred city - sits below Mt. Olympus, Zeus threw a thunderbolt and where it hit is where they made the altar of Zeus; the games were held in Zeus' honor; Nike was the symbol and spirit of the Olympics; the games evolved from religious rights; first event was a foot race to the shrine of Zeus
who is Zinedine Zidane? what happened during the 2006 World Cup? what is his place in soccer history?
one of greatest soccer players and greatest coach of all times. from Algeria; the most recognized player; Zidane came back but this marked end of his career; Zidane was ejected from the game and France loses to Italy in the finals
Who does 'Olympia' show Hitler's use of the 1936 Olympics as a form of propaganda for his ideology and regime?
opening ceremony everyone salutes to Hitler; fans and athletes alike; his military force was brought into the stadium, banners with swastikas, a lot of statues
how did Kissinger's knowledge of soccer help him determine that the soviets were building a naval base in Cuba?
overhead images of Soviets being at the naval base; nuclear missiles aimed at Url they saw a soccer field there and the Cubans don't play soccer
how is soccer culture in the US today described in 'the beautiful game"? do you agree?
political influences have been minimal; soccer is now the most popular youth sport; "soccer moms"; part of the fabric of society of the upper third of wealth in the country
What does the flame represent?
positive values associated between man and fire; taking the flame from Olympic holds a connection between Ancient and Modern Games
What were the 1968 Mexico olympics best remembered for? what is your opinion about Tommie Smith and John Carlos' Black Power salute?
protest olympics; "Black power" salute; Vera Caslavska looked away from soviet flag cuz took over her country
how did soccer spread from British public schools to the rest of the world?
railways, industry, shipping, during colonization. factory workers and missionaries would play soccer
What do the interlaced rings represent?
represents the unity and the meeting of the athletes of the 5 continents
why do the scholars in the video believe that football become so popular worldwide? do you agree with this explanation?
simple because all you need is players and a ball; also cheap
how would you describe soccer culture in the US? how is it different from soccer cultures that exist elsewhere? why isn't soccer more popular in the US? do you think it will become more popular in the future?
soccer culture in the US - very popular among youth = we have American football and baseball, it seems as if soccer is on an uprise; soccer cultures elsewhere - really big deal, most popular sport, passionate, a lot of support
describe how soccer spread throughout Latin America?
spain and portugal colonize Latin America. British bring in skilled labor from railways
how did soccer spread throughout Europe and the rest of the world at the beginning of the 20th century?
spread to Scotland and Wales; spreads from South to the more industrial North; railways help
Describe the 1956 Melbourne Olympics why were they so fraught with tension? what new tradition was established in the closing ceremonies, and what does it represent?
tension due to Hungarian revolution crushed by soviets and the suez crisis, athletes mingling with one another as paraded around for final appearance to represent the unifying, pacifying effect of the games, china protested because taiwan, money from taxes
What does the flag represent?
the five interlaced rings of blue, yellow, black, green, and red combined with the white background of the flag represents the 6 colors that appear on all the national flags of the world; white is the color of peace - evoking truce of Zeus in antiquity
explain the notion of "muscular Christianity"
thomas arnold, spread christianity by playing soccer
describe the image of soccer in the US during the depression and post- WW2 years?
un-American; believed to be communist to American kids; US was in isolation; US sports become popularized
Describe the games involving balls practiced by Mesoamericans. What were some of the rules? How were they practiced? What were the goals?
used balls made of rock which symbolized the sun and was sacrificed to them, first instance of heads as balls
How would you describe the 1896 Summer Olympics? what were the opening ceremonies like? who participated? what were some of the events?
very high national spirit; everyone was highly excited; men participating; less organized; 100, 400, 800, discus and long jump, triple jump; simple opening ceremonies, not a lot of nations = only 11 nations attended
What took place during the 1962 World Cup? who hosted it? what happened during the match between Chile and Italy? Why was this match so controversial?
violent; battle of Santiago; invention of red and yellow cards
What was the significance of japan hosting the 1964 games? why was this so important of its national agenda?
welcome back to community of nations (normalization), end of war (got to host since lost bid due to war) (atomic bombs), economic boost, modernized infrastructure
how has Brazilian soccer influenced notions of national identity in this country, especially with regard to race?
whites only sports (didn't want blacks or mulattos), Vasco de Game was first club to let them in and won championship and then other clubs started to follow; Leonidas da Silva
Why were these games especially significant for jewish and Israeli athletes?
yes because they had survived the Holocaust and have own state now
Describe the origins of the word, "sport."
"De sport" - leisure, sport used to be meant for "fun", end 19th century - physical activity
what is the place of Uruguay in soccer history? what is "gar charrua" an dhow does it apply to the Uruguayan national team?
"garra charrua" - tenacity (motivation), term comes from resistance of indigenous people to European colonizers (self love and passion for the game); Uruguay was first to play in Europe (power house); short-fast passing
What doe the motto "citius, altius, fortius" represent?
"swifter, higher, stronger" which is meant to get the athletes to embrace the Olympic spirit and perform their best; moral beauty
